The general notion of the grammatical

category of tense. The problem of the

Future tense.
Adzhyan Karina, 1a
The category of According to one view, there are only
tense is considered two tenses in English: past and present.
Most British scholars do not recognize
to be an immanent the existence of future. It is considered
to be a combination of the modal verb
grammatical and an infinitive used to refer to future
category which actions. However, there are some
examples in which we have to recognize
means that the the existence of pure futurity in English.
finite verb form
eg. He will die in a week.
always expresses I shall be twenty next Friday.
time distinctions.

In traditional linguistics
grammatical time is often
represented as a three-form
category consisting of the “linear”
past, present and future forms.
The meaning of the category of
tense is the relation of the action
expressed by a finite verb to the
moment of speaking. Present
denotes coincidence, past denotes
a prior action, future denotes a
posterior action which follows the
moment of speaking.
The future-in-the-past does j not find
its place in the scheme based on the
linear principle, hence, this system is
considered to be deficient, not covering
all lingual data.At the same time
linguists build up new systems of tenses
in order to find a suitable place in them
for future-in-the past. Nevertheless,
many of such schemes are open to
criticism for their inconsistency i which
finds its expression in the fact that
some of them deny the independent
status of future tenses while others
exclude from the analysis future-in-the-
past forms.

The specific feature of the category
of primary time is that it divides all
the tense forms of the English verb
into two temporal planes: the plane
of the present and the plane of the
past, which affects also the future
forms.
The first category - the
category of primary time -
expresses a direct
retrospective evaluation of
the time of the process
denoted, due to which the
process receives an absolutive
time characteristic. This
category is based upon the
opposition of "the past tense"
and "the present tense", the
past tense being its strong
member.
 The category of primary time is subjected to
neutralization and transposition, transposition being
more typical. The vivid cases of transposition are the
"historical present" and the "Preterite of Modesty". As
for the category of prospect, it is often neutralized;
neutralization can be of two types: syntactically
optional and syntactically obligatory.
 The category of prospect is relative by
The second tense nature which means that it
category is the category characterizes the action from the
point of view of its correlation with
of "prospective time", it some other action. As the future
verbal form may be relative either to
is based upon the the present time, or to the past time
opposition of "after- included in non-future, the English
verb acquires two different future
action" and "non-after- forms: the future of the present and
action", the marked the future of the past. It means that
the future of the past is doubly strong
member being the expressing the strong members of the
future tense. category of primary time and the
category of prospect.
THE PROBLEM OF THE FUTURE
TENSE.
 A certain modal colouring of the English Future can' t be denied,
especially in the verbal form of the first person. The future of the
English word is highly specific as its auxiliary are verbs of obligation
and volition. In some modal uses of the verb “shall and will”, the idea
of the future is not expressed at all. Within the system of the English
future tense peculiar minor category is expressed which effects only
the forms of the 1st person. It is constituted by the oppositions of the
forms will, shall + inf. expressing voluntary or non-voluntary future.
And it may be called the category of futurity option. The view that
shall and will retain their modal meanings in all their uses was
defended by such a recognised authority on English grammar as Otto
Jespersen.
When speaking of the
expression of time by the absolutive
verb, it is necessary to
strictly distinguish
between the general
notion of time and the
lexical denotation of
time. non-absolutive
Time denotations can be:
 the sphere of the present
The absolutive with the present moment
included within its framework
time denotation
distributes the the sphere of the past
intellective which precedes the sphere of
the present by way of
perception of retrospect

time among the sphere of the future

three spheres: which follows the sphere of
the present by way of
prospect.
Examples of absolutive names of time: now, last week, in our century, in the
past, in the years to come. These expressions give a temporal characteristic of
an event in reference to the present.

The non-absolutive time denotation does not characterise an event in terms of

orientation towards the present. This kind of denotation may be either
"relative" or "factual".
The relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing
some of them either as preceding the others, or following the others,
or happening at one and the same time with them. Here belong such
words and phrases as after that, before that, at one and the same time
with, some time later, etc.

The factual expression of time either directly states the astronomical

time of an event, or else conveys this meaning in terms of historical
landmarks. Under this heading should be listed such words and phrases
as in the year 1066, during the time of the First World War, at the epoch
of Napoleon, at the early period of civilisation, etc.
 LITERATURE
Blokh M.Y., Semenova T.N., Timofeeva S.V.-Theoretical English
Grammar Seminars, - Москва - "Высшая школа" - 2010 - стр. 167-168

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