THE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

❖
COURSE: DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENT

CHAPTER 4: BELT DRIVE

ASSOC. PROF. PHAN ĐINH HUAN

 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

1. INTRODUCTION
Function: Belt transmits power and torque between two distant
shafts.
❖ Classification:
• By Material: rubber belt, cotton belt, leather belt, wool belt.
• By Shape:

Flat belt V - belt Synchcronus belt Round belt

Đai dẹt (Toothed belt)
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

1. INTRODUCTION
Working principle based on friction (for flat belt and for V-belt). In the
case of timing belt (synchronous belt/ toothed belt), it is based on
meshing.
❖ Advantages:
• Able to transmit power between great distance shafts (up to 15m or
more).
• Simple structure and easy operation.
• Low noise, suitable for high speed cases
• Overload protection, reduce vibration.
❖ Disadvantages:
• Big dimension drives.
• High force acting on bearing.
• The velocity ratio is unstable (not constant).
• Short service life.
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

1. INTRODUCTION
• Types of flat belt transmission:

Open belt drives Crossed (or Twisted) belt drives

Half-crossed belt drives Vertical belt drives

ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

1. INTRODUCTION
Maintaining belt tension methods:
• Periodically setting belt tension: use screws.

• Automatically setting belt tension : use spring, use weight.

ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

2. MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE

Belt Material:
• Flat belt: rubber, cotton, wool, leather (Table 4.1 on page 125)
• V- belt: rubber (Table 4.3 on page 128)
Belt Length: by Standard.
Structure of pulleys:

Sheave of Flat belt Sheave of V - belt

ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

3. GEOMETRY PARAMETERS
Đai bố trí trước hộp giảm tốc
Xích bố trí sau hộp giảm tốc

Geometric parameters of belt drives

𝑑1 : driving pulley diameter 𝑑2 : driven pulley diameter
𝑎: center distance 𝛼1 : wrap angle on driving pulley
𝛼2 : wrap angle on driven pulley
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

3. GEOMETRIC PARAMETER
• Wrap Angle (or Contact Angle) on Driving Pulley (in radian):
d 2 − d1
1 =  −
a
• Wrap Angle (or Contact Angle) on Driving Pulley (in degree):
d 2 − d1
1 = 180 − 57 Khi thiết kế góc ôm nhỏ quá, tăng khoảng cách
trục lên
a
• Belt Length:
 (d 2 + d1 ) (d 2 − d1 )2
L = 2a + +
2 4a
• Centre Distance a:

 (d1 + d 2 )   (d1 + d 2 ) 
2 2
   d 2 − d1 
L −  + L −  − 8 
 2   2   2 
a=
4
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

4. VELOCITY AND SPEED RATIO

• Linear velocity of driving pulley
 d1 n1
v1 =
6.10 4
• Linear velocity of driven pulley

 d 2 n2
v2 =
6.10 4
• Speed ratio
n1 d2
u= =
n2 d1 (1 −  ) Hệ số trượt

• In case not consider slip

n1 d 2
u= 
n 2 d1
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVES

5.1 Forces
• F0: Initial (Static) Force

F0 = A. 0
• F1: Tension on Tight- side
Ft
F1 = F0 +
2
• F2: Tension on Slack- side
Ft
F2 = F0 −
2
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVE

Euler equation
F1 − Fv f '
=e
F2 − Fv
Where  is angle of friction
If not consider centrifugal force
coefficient friction
F1 f '
=e Flat belts V-belts
F2
: sheave angle ( 400) f = f
'
f = ' f

sin
To avoid slip
  1 2
Tensile force Tension force
f '
−1 Ft (e f  + 1)
'
e
Ft = 2( F0 − Fv ) F0 =
f '
+ Fv
e f  +1 − 1)
'
2(e
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVE

5.2 Stresses
• Normal Stress:
F0
0 =
A
• Stress on Tight - side:
Ft
F0 +
F1 2 t
1 = = =0 +
A A 2
• Stress on Slack - side:
Ft
F0 −
F2 2 t
2 = = =0 −
A A 2
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVE

• Tensile stress:
Ft
t =
A
• Centrifugal stress:
Fv
v = =  v 2 .10 −6
A
• Bending stress:

 F = E = E
d
• d1  d 2 so  F1   F 2
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVE

• Stress Diagram:

• Belt Stress changes on Period.

 max =  1 +  F 1 +  v
 min =  2 +  v
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

5. FORCES AND STRESSES FOR BELT DRIVE

5.3 Force on shaft

1
Force on shaft Fr  2 F0 sin
2 
In case no tension device Fr  3F0 sin 1
2
6. Slip and efficiency
6.1 Slip
Phenomenon of insufficient frictional grip of belt drives is caused by:
Geometry slip: depend on geometrical profile of cross section of belts. Flat belts do
not occur geometry slip, V-belts occur geometry slip . Because of small value, it is
not considered.
Creep: due to elasticity of material of belt. Its value is small (usually from 0.01 ~
0.03) so it is accepted. As a result the velocity ratio depends on transmission power.
Slip: when overload occurs. Driving pulley moves while driven pulley does not
move. Belt drive does not work correctly. We have to avoid slip when designing.
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

6. SLIP AND EFFICIENCY

6.2 Slip and Efficiency
Experiment conditions:
- Transmission ratio u = 1
- Speed v = 10 m/s
- Static load
- Open belt drive. Experiment of belt slip
v1 − v2
with = %
v1
Traction factor

Ft
=
2F0
P2
Efficiency  = normally considered as  = 0.95 ~ 0.96
P1
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

6. SLIP & EFFICIENCY CURVES

Slip and efficiency chart

Conclusion:
- When    0 only creep appear
- When  0     max creep and slip appear
- When    max only slip appear
- To avoid slip    0
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING
7.1 Maintenance.
• Slipped by Overload → Calculate on Pulling Ability
• Broken by Fatigue → Calculate on Longevity
7.2 Calculating on Pulling Ability.
Slipfree condition:   0
Broken by Fatigue
Flat belt:
Useful Stress

 t   t  =  t 0 C

where [ t ]0 followed Table 4.7

ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING

Load factor C = C r C v C  C 0 (page 147)

Where:
Cα: wrap angle factor, consider difference between experiment and
reality.
Cv: velocity factor
C0: arrangement of drive factor
Cr: shock factor
Belt width 1000P1
b
v t 
(round off by standard)
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING

TABLE 4.7: SELECT VALUE [t]0

Types of d1/
Belt 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 75 100

RUBBER 2.1 2.17 2.21 2.25 2.28 2.3 2.33 2.37 2.4

LEATHER 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.04 2.15 2.23 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

COTTON 1.35 1.5 1.6 1.67 1.72 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.9 1.95
WOOL 1.05 1.2 1.3 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING
V-belt
Centrifugal stress

=  t 
Ft
t =
Z .A
The number of belts
1000P1 P1
z =
 t vA [ P]
Permission power
[ P ] = [ P0 ]C
Correction factor C = C r C v C Cu C z C L Permission power 𝑃 depend on
type of belts and belt length
(page 151)
a) Z and A belt b) B and C belt
Permission power [P0] showed in figure
c) SPZ and SPA belt
ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING
Table 4.9 Factor Cu
u 1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.5
Cu 1 1.04 1.07 1.1 1.12 1.14

Where: CL - Effect of Belt Length

Li Li: Belt Length on Experiment, mm.

CL = 6
L L : Real Belt Length, mm.

Cz - Effect of Shock Factor between Strands

Z 2÷3 4÷6 >6

Cz 0.95 0.9 0.85
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

7. CALCULATING
7.3 Calculating by lifespan
Lifespan of belts
m
 r 
  107
  max 
Lh = flat belt 𝑚 = 5, Vbelt 𝑚 = 8
2  3600  i
Round per second
v
i =  [i ]
L
when flat belts [i] = 5 V-belts [i] = 10
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

8. BELT DESIGN PROCEDURE

8.1 Flat Belt
Innitial given: Power P1 (kW), Speed n1 (vg/ph), Ratio u, Working conditions.
1. Select Belt Material and Width (Table 4.1).
2. Obtain the minimum allowable sheaves datum diameters (followed Standard
Sizes – page 148).
P1
d1 = (1100  1300)3
n1

Select d1 followed Standard Sizes: 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 71, 80, 90, 100, 110,
125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250, 280, 320, 360, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630,
710, 800,900, 1000, 1250, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000.
3. Calculate Speed v1.
4. Select Slipping Factor  and calculate d2 (followed Standard Sizes – page 148).
Recalculate the exact Ratio u.
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

8. BELT DESIGN PROCEDURE

5. Calculate center distance a
Calculate a by construction or Lmin

In case no idler pulley

v
Lmin =
35
In case idler pulley
v
Lmin =
8  10
In case no idler pulley a  2(d1 + d 2 )
In case idler pulley a  (d1 + d 2 )
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

8. BELT DESIGN PROCEDURE

6. Calculate L by a.
7. Check number of rounds per second.
8. Calculate Wrap Angle α1.
9. Select the Belt Width followed conditions:
If Leather Belt: d1  25

d1 d1
If Rubber Belt:  30 normally regarded: = 40
 
10. Browse Table and calculate Correction Factor C.
11. Determine the Belt Width b and Modified by Standard.
12. Select the Width of Sheave.
13. Determine Force on Shaft.
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

8. BELT DESIGN PROCEDURE

8.2 V-belt design
Initial parameter: power P1 (kW), round per minute n1 (vg/ph), velocity ratio u, work
condition
1. Select cross section of belt by power and round per minute.

2. Calculate diameter of smaller pulley d1=1.2dmin, where dmin is followed in table 4.3.
Select by standard in page 153.
 ASSOC. PROF. PHAN DINH HUAN

8. BELT DESIGN PROCEDURE

6. Calculate L by a.
7. Check number of rounds per second.
8. Calculate Wrap Angle α1.
9. Select the Belt Width followed conditions:
If Leather Belt: d1  25

d1 d1
If Rubber Belt:  30 normally regarded: = 40
 
10. Browse Table and calculate Correction Factor C.
11. Determine the Belt Width b and Modified by Standard.
12. Select the Width of Sheave.
13. Determine Force on Shaft.
References
[1]. TS. Phan Tấn Tùng, Bài giảng Chi tiết máy, ĐH Bách Khoa,
2012
[2]. PGS TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc, Cơ sở chi tiết máy, NXB ĐH Quốc
gia, 2011
[3]. TS Bùi Trọng Hiếu, Bài giảng Chi tiết máy, ĐH Bách khoa,
2012
END OF CHAPTER

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