Test Bank for Principles of Animal Physiology, 2nd Edition: Christopher D.

Moyes

Test Bank for Principles of Animal Physiology, 2nd

Edition: Christopher D. Moyes

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-principles-of-animal-physiology-2nd-e
dition-christopher-d-moyes/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 7 Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
Principles of Animal Physiology, 2e (Moyes/Schulte)

1) When preparing a mummy for burial, the ancient Egyptians and Greeks preserved this
organ because it was believed to be the "seat of consciousness."
A) brain
B) heart
C) kidneys
D) liver
Answer: B
Page Ref: 306

2) Functional magnetic resonance imaging works because brain areas that are working harder
use more __________ than brain areas that are resting.
A) sodium
B) glucose
C) oxygen
D) ATP
Answer: C
Page Ref: 307

3) Integrating centers typically contain large numbers of

A) interneurons.
B) sensory neurons.
C) efferent neurons.
D) motor neurons.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 308

4) The axons of afferent and efferent neurons are usually organized into structures called
A) nuclei.
B) ganglia.
C) nerves.
D) tracts.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 310

5) Invertebrates possess a
A) solid ventral nerve cord.
B) hollow ventral nerve cord.
C) solid dorsal nerve cord.
D) hollow dorsal nerve cord.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 312

1
 6) The optic nerve functions to
A) transmit visual information from the retina.
B) control movement of the eye.
C) control movement of the eyelid.
D) sense touch on the skin surrounding the eye.
Answer: A
Page Ref: Table 7.1

7) In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, white matter consists of __________ and gray matter
consists of __________.
A) axons and myelin; cell bodies and dendrites
B) sensory neurons; motor neurons
C) axons and myelin; ganglia
D) the dorsal horn; the ventral horn
Answer: A
Page Ref: 314

8) In the vertebrate spinal cord, the dorsal horn is associated with __________ neurons, and the
ventral horn is associated with __________ neurons.
A) motor; sensory
B) inter; sensory
C) afferent; efferent
D) spinal; cranial
Answer: C
Page Ref: 314

9) In vertebrates, substances from the blood can access the central nervous system by
A) gap junctions.
B) pinocytosis.
C) catalyzed transport.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Page Ref: 314

10) The ventricles of the vertebrate brain contain

A) neurons.
B) glia.
C) cerebrospinal fluid.
D) dura mater.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 315

2
11) Among other things, the hindbrain is responsible for
A) regulation of involuntary behaviors such as breathing.
B) coordination of visual and auditory information.
C) regulation of eating and reproduction.
D) conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 315

12) Relative to other major groups of vertebrates, mammals and birds both have an enlarged
A) forebrain.
B) midbrain.
C) hindbrain.
D) dorsoventricular ridge.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 316

13) The following structures of the mammalian nervous system, from posterior to anterior, are
laid out in the following order:
A) spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum.
B) spinal cord, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata.
C) medulla oblongata, spinal cord, cerebellum, pons.
D) pons, cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla oblongata.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 317

14) What does the midbrain do in fish and amphibians?

A) It coordinates reflex responses to auditory and visual stimuli.
B) It detects the presence of pheromones.
C) It is responsible for maintaining body posture.
D) It controls heart rate and blood pressure.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 318

15) In nonmammalian vertebrates, the optic lobes are located in the

A) forebrain.
B) midbrain.
C) hindbrain.
D) spinal cord.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 318

3
16) Which of the following structures is NOT included in the limbic system?
A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) olfactory bulb
D) cerebellum
Answer: D
Page Ref: Fig. 7.11

17) The limbic system is associated with

A) emotion.
B) motivation.
C) decision-making.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 320, 321

18) How many distinct layers does the mammalian cortex have?
A) 6
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2
Answer: A
Page Ref: 322

19) In the mammalian brain, the __________ lobe is involved with visual processing.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal
Answer: C
Page Ref: 323

20) In a newly discovered vertebrate, the area in the somatosensory cortex devoted to body part
A is larger than the area devoted to body part B. This means that body part A
A) is bigger than body part B.
B) has more sensory neurons.
C) is evolutionarily older.
D) has more motor control.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 323, Fig. 7.15

4
21) The efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system is composed of the __________ and
__________ divisions.
A) somatic motor; autonomic
B) visceral; emotional
C) sympathetic; parasympathetic
D) autonomic; involuntary
Answer: A
Page Ref: 324

22) The autonomic nervous system can be differentiated into three branches. Which of the
following is NOT one of them?
A) enteric
B) sympathetic
C) parasympathetic
D) limbic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 325

23) The __________ nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity,
while the __________ nervous system is most active during periods of rest.
A) sympathetic; parasympathetic
B) parasympathetic; sympathetic
C) voluntary; involuntary
D) parasympathetic; enteric
Answer: A
Page Ref: 325

24) Most sympathetic pathways originate in the __________ regions of the CNS.
A) thoracic and lumbar
B) hindbrain and sacral
C) cranial
D) postganglionic
Answer: A
Page Ref: 328

25) In the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the preganglionic neuron releases
the neurotransmitter
A) acetylcholine.
B) nicotine.
C) glycine.
D) epinephrine.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 330, Fig. 7.19

5
26) What receptors do the neurosecretory chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla express?
A) adrenergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) nicotinic cholinergic
D) glutamatergic
Answer: C
Page Ref: 330, Fig. 7.19

27) The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "fight or flight" nervous
system.
A) autonomic
B) somatic
C) parasympathetic
D) sympathetic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 325

28) The simplest reflex arc, containing only a primary afferent and an effector neuron, is
sometimes referred to as
A) monosynaptic.
B) bineural.
C) convergent.
D) voluntary.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 333

29) Central pattern generators do NOT control

A) rhythmic behaviors.
B) motor pathways.
C) reflex arcs.
D) locomotion.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 334

30) The locomotor pattern generator is located in the

A) spinal cord.
B) brainstem.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) peripheral nervous system.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 335

6
31) The basic mechanism for short-term sensitization begins with
A) decreased neurotransmitter release.
B) increased presynaptic calcium.
C) increased expression of CREB-1.
D) increased potassium conductance.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 339

32) Which structure is important for the formation of long-term memory in mammals?
A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) cortex
D) medulla oblongata
Answer: A
Page Ref: 340

33) Which of the following statements is true about learning?

A) It refers to the retention and retrieval of stored information.
B) It occurs only in vertebrates.
C) It normally represents a permanent change.
D) It occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 338

34) The hippocampus is important for the

A) formation of long-term memories.
B) regulation of body temperature.
C) Integration of sensory information.
D) maintenance of body posture.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 340

35) Hearing a loud and unexpected noise in the night activates the
A) sympathetic nervous system.
B) parasympathetic nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) enteric nervous system.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 325

36) Homeostasis is maintained by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) limbic system.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 319

7
37) This brain structure is greatly reduced in mammals relative to other vertebrates.
A) cerebellum
B) midbrain
C) forebrain
D) isocortex
Answer: B
Page Ref: 316-318, Fig. 7.9

38) Phineas Gage was a railway worker who survived an accident in which a tamping iron was
driven through his head. After recovery, his personality was changed based on damage to
his medulla.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 306, 317

39) Because cnidarians are not cephalized, they are incapable of complex behavior.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 309

40) Grouping neurons into ganglia permits more advanced integration.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 310

41) The term "ganglion" is equivalent to the term "brain."

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 310

42) Invertebrates lack a brain, but instead have groupings of neurons called ganglia.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 310

43) One of the unique characteristics of the vertebrate nervous system is that it is encased within
a cartilaginous or bony covering.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 312

44) Cranial nerves function solely to carry information from sensory neurons in the head, face,
and neck to the brain.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 313

45) Generally speaking, the vertebrate spinal nerves at the top of the spinal cord innervate upper
parts of the body, and spinal nerves near the bottom of the spinal cord innervate lower parts
of the body.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: Fig. 7.5

46) The blood-brain barrier is completely impermeable.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 314

8
47) Brain size tends to increase with body size.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: Fig. 7.8

48) The left and right cerebral hemispheres of mammals are functionally identical.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 319

49) Visual, auditory, touch, and olfactory signals are all routed through the midbrain and
thalamus before processing at higher levels.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 321

50) The limbic system, sometimes referred to as the "emotional brain," is physically located in
the hindbrain.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 320

51) The purpose of folding the surface of the cortex is to increase the capacity for neuronal
connections.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 322

52) The size of the cortex devoted to a particular body part generally reflects the physical size of
that body part.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 323

53) The brain is subdivided into several distinct regions. There is a great deal of integration
within regions, but little integration between regions.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 316-324

54) The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are normally active simultaneously in a
balanced way to maintain homeostasis.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 326

55) The autonomic ganglion is a relay station for autonomic neural pathways, and is also
involved with neural integration.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 328

56) The adrenal medulla is located in the hindbrain.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 330

9
57) Body organs are innervated by either the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic
nervous system, but not both.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: Table 7.3

58) The peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system tend to operate
independently.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 317

59) The hypothalamus contains a variety of regulatory centers to maintain homeostasis.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 319

60) The activity of a central pattern generator can be modified by sensory feedback.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 336

61) Sensory feedback is required for the activity of a central pattern generator.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 334

62) Habituation occurs based on changes that happen at the presynaptic terminal of the sensory
neuron.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 338

63) Long-term potentiation is another term for sensitization.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 339-340

64) The mechanism mediating LTP is the same as that mediating sensitization.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 339-340

65) __________ neurons relay information from integrating centers such as the brain to effector
organs like muscles or glands.
Answer: Efferent
Page Ref: 308

66) __________ is the evolutionary trend that describes the concentration of nervous tissue and
sense organs at one end of the body.
Answer: Cephalization
Page Ref: 310

67) In vertebrates, the __________ nerves exit directly from the braincase.
Answer: cranial
Page Ref: 313

10
68) The protective layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called the
__________.
Answer: meninges (or singular meninx)
Page Ref: 314

69) The vertebrate central nervous system is physiologically separated from the rest of the
nervous system by the __________.
Answer: blood-brain barrier
Page Ref: 314

70) The three main regions of the vertebrate brain are the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon,
and the __________.
Answer: rhombencephalon
Page Ref: 315

71) In most vertebrates, except the mammals, the __________ contains the regions that are
involved in interpreting visual information.
Answer: midbrain
Page Ref: 315, 318

72) In mammals, the midbrain can be grouped together with the pons and medulla oblongata,
and is called the __________.
Answer: brainstem
Page Ref: 318

73) The mammalian cerebral hemispheres are connected by a mass of white matter called the
__________.
Answer: corpus callosum
Page Ref: 319

74) The __________ is essentially a relay station that filters sensory information and forwards it
to the cortex.
Answer: thalamus
Page Ref: 321

75) In species with cortical folds, the outer regions of the folds are called __________ and the
inner grooves are called __________.
Answer: gyri; sulci
Page Ref: 322

76) The somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex are organized __________. That is, each
part of the cortex corresponds to the specific part of the body that it governs.
Answer: topographically
Page Ref: 323, Fig. 7.15

77) The only organ controlled by efferent motor neurons is __________.

Answer: skeletal muscle
Page Ref: 332

11
78) All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________.
Answer: acetylcholine
Page Ref: 332

79) The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "rest and digest" nervous
system.
Answer: parasympathetic
Page Ref: 325

80) The tendency to reduce the magnitude of a response following repeated stimulation is called
__________.
Answer: habituation
Page Ref: 338

81) An increase in a response following exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus is called

__________.
Answer: sensitization
Page Ref: 339

82) NMDA and AMPA receptors both bind the neurotransmitter __________.
Answer: glutamate
Page Ref: 341

83) Split-brain syndrome follows from severing the __________.

Answer: corpus callosum
Page Ref: Box 7.1

84) In its protective role, the blood-brain barrier becomes an obstacle in delivering therapeutic
drugs to specific regions of the brain in the treatment of a variety of brain disorders.
Describe what the blood-brain barrier is made of, and how different compounds are capable
of crossing it.
Answer: The blood brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells
lining the brain capillaries. It prevents materials from leaking out of the bloodstream
and into the central nervous system. These cells do not perform pinocytosis. Despite
the tight junctions, there are still ways that compounds can cross the blood-brain
barrier, including:
1. Dissolving in the membrane. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as ethanol and
some barbiturate drugs can cross directly into the central nervous system.
2. Catalyzed transport mechanisms (protein exchanger, channel, pump) allow the
brain to take up circulating nutrients such as glucose and amino acids.
3. In some areas of the brain, the blood-brain barrier is more permeable. In particular,
the regions around the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, and parts of the
hypothalamus are quite permeable, allowing secreted molecules such as hormones to
leave the brain and enter the circulatory system.
Page Ref: 314

12
85) Describe five differences between the actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
nervous systems on the same effector organs. For example, the parasympathetic system
causes urine release from the bladder, while the sympathetic system causes urine retention.
Answer: Effector organ Parasympathetic effect Sympathetic effect
Pupil of eye Constricts Dilates
Heart Slows heart rate Increases rate and force of
contraction
Arterioles None Constricts
Digestive tract Increased motility and Decreased motility and
secretion secretion
Bladder Release of urine Retention of urine
Sweat glands General sweating Localized sweating
Bronchioles of lungs Constricts Dilates
Adipose tissue None Fat breakdown
Page Ref: Table 7.3

86) What are the three main anatomical differences between the parasympathetic and
sympathetic nervous systems?
Answer: Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Originate in the thoracic and lumbar Originate in the hindbrain or in the
regions of the spinal cord sacral region of the spinal cord
Ganglia are found in a chain that runs Ganglia are located close to the effector
close to the spinal cord organ
Single preganglionic neuron synapses Preganglionic neuron synapses with
with 10 or more postganglionic neurons three or fewer postganglionic neurons
Page Ref: 328

87) What four major brain structures are included in the limbic system? Where is it located in
the vertebrate brain? What does the limbic system do?
Answer: The limbic system is part of the forebrain, and lies on the border between the cortex
and the rest of the brain. The four main structure included in the limbic system are (1)
the amygdala, (2) the hippocampus, (3) the hypothalamus, and (4) the olfactory bulbs.
The limbic system is often called the "emotional brain" because it controls emotions
such as pleasure and fear, as well as decision-making, motivation, sex drive, hunger,
and memory. The hypothalamus, within the limbic system, is also responsible for
regulation of homeostasis, including body temperature, fluid balance, blood pressure,
and body weight.
Page Ref: 320-321

13
Test Bank for Principles of Animal Physiology, 2nd Edition: Christopher D. Moyes

88) If the central pattern generator for a human walking is located in the spinal cord, then is the
brain required at all for successful walking behavior? Justify your answer.
Answer: A central pattern generator is a subset of neurons that can maintain spontaneous
rhythmic output in the absence of sensory input. Therefore, the basic neural control
for coordinating the action of the limbs during walking is housed in the spinal cord,
and it can maintain its own activity without input from the brain. However, in a
natural environment, inputs from the brain ARE required for a variety of other tasks
associated with successful locomotion. For example, the cortex and brainstem are
required to initiate locomotion. In other words, while the central pattern generator can
maintain its own activity without input from the brain, it does, in fact, need a brain
"trigger" in order to start.

The cerebellum is required for balance and coordination to prevent the human from
falling over. The brainstem controls the speed of locomotion. The cortex assists in
regulating gait based on visual inputs such as obstacles and uneven terrain. Even
though the central pattern generator can control basic muscular coordination, other
sensory inputs and higher integrative inputs are required for successful walking
behavior in a real setting
Page Ref: 334-336

89) List five ways that efferent motor pathways can be distinguished from autonomic pathways.
Answer: Efferent motor neurons control only one type of effector organ-skeletal muscle.
Autonomic pathways control many organs. The cell bodies of motor neurons are
located in the CNS, never in ganglia outside the CNS. Efferent motor pathways are
monosynaptic, meaning that there is only a single synapse between the CNS and the
skeletal muscle. This means that efferent motor neurons can be very long. Autonomic
pathways are polysynaptic. Synapse morphology is different between autonomic and
motor pathways. At the neuromuscular junction, a motor neuron splits into a cluster
of axon terminals that branch out over the motor end plate. Autonomic neurons have
several synaptic varicosities arranged in series like a string of beads. The size of the
synaptic cleft is different. The synaptic cleft between the motor neuron and the muscle
is much narrower than that between autonomic neurons and their effector cells. The
nature of the neurotransmitter is different. All vertebrate motor neurons release
acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, whereas sympathetic neurons release
epinephrine and parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine. The response of the
effector organ differs. The effect of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is always
excitatory, whereas autonomic neurons may be excitatory or inhibitory.
Page Ref: 332

14

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters