1st Article 1

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation
e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-15, 2022

http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijarei
Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Diesel – Renewable Energy

(RE) Electrical System in Cuyo Island, Palawan, Philippines
Jonathan C. Pacaldo1,4*, Michael Lochinvar S. Abundo2, Luzvisminda M. Bellotindos3,
Carlito S. Baco Jr1
1
School of Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines
2
Energy and Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
3
Center for Research in Energy Systems and Technologies, School of Engineering, University of San Carlos,
Cebu City, 6000, Philippines
4
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology, Palawan State
University, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 5300, Philippines
*Corresponding Author: j_pacaldo@psu.palawan.edu.ph
Accepted: 15 February 2022 | Published: 1 March 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55057/ijarei.2022.4.1.1
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Remote island communities are mostly energized by diesel generation. Although
fossil fuel provides on-demand power, its application on these type of islands has its drawback
in terms of operations and logistics. Today, Renewable Energy technologies is becoming cost-
competitive with fossil fuels and can be deployed on large scales. For these islands
community’s power demand, renewable energy is an option, but unfortunately, it cannot cover
the demands at all times. In such cases, a hybrid energy system is recommended. This study,
focused on the performance analysis of different combinations of Diesel – RE hybrid system in
terms of the lowest cost of energy, renewable energy fraction, and carbon emission reduction.
The analysis has been performed using HOMER Pro, in which for a Diesel – RE hybrid system
in Cuyo Island, the most suitable is the Diesel/Wind Hybrid Electrical System, which gives the
lowest cost of energy of about $0.113/kWh, renewable energy fraction of about 72.8% and
emission reduction of 71.8%. This system can support additional future load as much as 88.6%
of the existing load demand and has a significant impact on mitigating carbon footprint. Wind
Turbine and Solar PV array’s Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) are $ 0.029/kWh and $
0.053/kWh respectively. With a 40-year wave hindcast data from MetOceanView, Wave Energy
Converter (WEC) performance was also assessed using the Hydro module of Homer Pro
Software. Assessment has been made with single and multi – WEC combined with diesel and
other RE’s. Results show that the LCOE for WEC is about $0.66/kWh, which is within the range
of $0.20 - $0.90/kWh levelized cost for wave energy at present. With the continues evolution of
RE Technologies and cost – competitiveness is becoming less of an issue, electrifying isolated
island communities through hybrid electrical system will be more feasible in the future.
Keywords: Hybrid Diesel – RE Electrical System, Homer Pro, Renewable Energy, WEC
__________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
As the electricity demand increases, the need to shift to clean energy and the need to lessen
fossil fuel consumption gives rise to renewable energy (RE) utilization. Leaning towards
renewable energy electrification reduces energy related carbon dioxide emissions substantially,
which in turn lowers local air pollution, decreasing health hazards, positive socio – economic,
energy efficiency and lowering overall energy demand. Renewable energy technologies
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e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-15, 2022
nowadays is becoming cost – competitive and are deployable in large scales, governments are
then left to implement more aggressive climate, renewable energy and energy efficiency
policies and targets. Furthermore, a government should align climate and sustainability targets
with energy plans, and they should seriously put into effect these policies and take a more
holistic, socio-economic view (IRENA 2020: Energy Transformation 2050). But since RE
cannot cover the demand for all times, the need for a hybrid energy system is a good option
(Eroglu et al., 2011). A hybrid energy system is composed of two or more RE sources and
energy storage to provide better efficiency and reliability as well as balancing the electrical
energy supply (Singh et al., 2015). As of 2018, 6,586 TWh of electricity generation was
accounted for renewable energy. This was 6.1% increase in renewable energy generation as
compared to 2017 and 1258 TWh increase in electricity generation from renewable since 2014.
The combination of wind and solar generation makes up an 11% and 28% increase as compared
to 2017, this makes a 73% increase since 2014 (IRENA 2020: Renewable Energy Highlights).
In terms of its capacity, at the end of 2019, renewable energy generation capacity amounts to
2537 GW globally (IRENA 2020: Renewable Capacity Highlights). This installed power
capacity grew by more than 200 GW and estimated to provide 27.3% of global electricity
generation at the end of 2019 (REN21: Renewable 2020 Global Status Report).
This study focused on the Island of Cuyo, Palawan, Philippines, Cuyo Island is one of the sites
identified by UP Marine Science Institute as a probable site for wave energy resource (Quirapas
et al., 2015; Quitoras et al., 2018), although it failed to quantify its findings this may be a good
baseline for near shore wave energy resource development (Quirapas et al., 2015). It is also
classified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to have good wind resource with
123 W/m2 at 12 m elevation (Elliott et al., 2001), and it is also identified as a pilot site for
solar-diesel hybridization (Blechenger et al., 2018). Cuyo Island’s power supply is under
National Power Corporation – Small Power Utilities Group (NPC – SPUG) with a peak demand
of 1.2 MW.
This paper aims to deliver different costs scenarios for every possible RE combinations for an
off-grid energy distribution system based on the actual load profile of the island. A hybrid
model was developed for an optimal Diesel - RE for an off-grid island. Using Homer Pro, the
model was developed by identifying different scenarios, results of optimization can then be
used for an adequate planning in integrating RE into an existing off-grid distribution system of
the same condition and characteristics so as to minimize wasteful expenditures for future
developments.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Homer Pro Software

Performance analysis through cost optimization of Diesel – RE Hybrid Electrical System was
done using Homer Pro Software. Homer Pro was developed by national Renewable Energy
Laboratories (NREL) and stands for Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewable, it
can be used to simulate a grid-connected and off grid systems, from village power to island
utilities (Singh et al., 2015). Various combinations of energy sources, medium of energy
delivery, storage, fuel options and different types of loads are available for a variety of
applications. A simulated model then analyses the sizing, costing, and control strategy of a
hybrid energy system (Bazdar et al., 2017). It is a time series model which simulates an hourly
energy balance throughout a year for each case scenario as decided by the user (Yahiaoui et
al., 2016). It also has its sensitivity analysis algorithm which evaluates different possibilities
for any given system configuration (Kansara et al., 2011), it allows the user to compare
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different design options based on the economic and technical merits (Al – Karaghouli et al.,
2010).
2.2. Study Site

Cuyo Island is part of the 45 islands under Cuyo Archipelago, it has a land area of 57 km 2 (22
mi.2) located 278.37 km (172.97 mi) north-east of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (10°51’N,
121°01’E) (Figure 1) It has an estimated population of 34,556 (2015 CENSUS) which is about
4.04% of the total population of Palawan Province (https://philatlas.com/luzon/mimaropa/
palawan/cuyo).
Figure 1: Location of Cuyo Island, 10°51’N, 121°01’E
At present, Cuyo Island has an average load demand of 0.984 MW, with a peak demand of 1.4
MW. The National Power Corporation (NPC) under the government program Special Power
Utilities Group (SPUG) for off-grid areas is now serving the load demand of Cuyo Island. Six
(6) Diesel Generators are currently in use with load capacity of 500 kW, 500 kW, 500 kW, 500
kW, 672 kW and 672 kW respectively. The four 500 kW units are commissioned in 2008 and
has an average running hours of 52,000 approximately. The two 672 kW diesel generators are
commissioned only in 2017 and approximately has an average running hours of only 4,500.
The NPC Cuyo DPP serves the two municipalities in Cuyo Island, the Municipality of Cuyo
and Municipality of Magsaysay and covers 19 barangays. The average cost of energy is
approximately 0.235 USD/kWh.
2.3 Wind Energy Resource

Philippines has an abundant supply of wind energy resource, more than 10,000 km2 areas has
a good – excellent wind resource potential and estimated to support an installed 70,000 MW
capacity (Elliott et al., 2001). Aside from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
quantifying the wind energy resource of the Philippines, different studies has been made to
either quantify or support wind energy resource exploitation in the country. Offshore wind
energy (Maandal et al., 2019), new referenced wind speed for wind turbine in the typhoon
prone areas of the country (Garciano et al., 2010), and techno-economic analysis (Bertheau,
2020) are among others. Cuyo Island in Palawan, Philippines is among those fortunate island
that has a good wind energy resource, it is reported to have an average wind speed of 5 m/s at
4 meters elevation for a period of 30 years, this is about 300 – 600 W/m2 of energy that is
waiting to be harvested (Elliott et al., 2001).
2.4 Solar Energy Resource

The Philippines Solar energy resource bas been estimated to have an annual average potential
of 5.1 kWh/m2/day, as of 2019, the Solar photovoltaic installed capacity in the country reaches
922.4 MW (Concepcion et al., 2017) and is forecasted to increase the Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) by 13.40% from 2020 – 2025 (IRENA 2014: The Philippines; Solar,
Wind, Bioenergy Resource Assessment). This study uses the Solar GHI resource from the
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internet option of Homer Pro coming from NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource
Data Base (Monthly averages for global horizontal radiation over 22 year period, July 1983 –
June 2005) which gives a scaled annual average of 5.72 kWh/m2/day (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Solar GHI resource of Cuyo Island
2.5 Wave Energy Resource

Wave energy in the Philippines has been estimated to produce an energy flux of 10 – 20 kW/m
in the regions of Catanduanes, Samar, Siargao Island, Surigao Del Sur and West Luzon while
other areas are less than 10 kW/m (Quitoras et al., 2018). In Palawan, several areas has been
identified to be a possible candidate for wave energy extraction, Balabac Island, Linapacan
Islands, some part of El Nido, Coron, Culion, Dumaran Island and Cuyo Island, thus this study
(Quiparas et al., 2015). To quantify the potential wave energy resource of Cuyo Island a wave
hindcast data from MetOceanView was used and correlated with the measured wind data from
Philippine Atmospheric Geo-physical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) –
Cuyo Island Station. There are 9 sites tested and considered in this study (Figure 3) no’s 4, 5,
7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14, a high correlation, significant wave height, power density and nearest
to the island was chosen as an input data for wave energy resource (Table 1). Energy density
surrounding Cuyo Island is between 2.66 – 5.0 kW/m. Site no. 5 has the highest power density,
5.0 kW/m, with significant wave height of 1.44 m which is situated about 60 km north of west
from the Island. The estimate follows the most commonly used equation in estimating wave
power regardless of the water depth;
P = 0.577 H2moT02, Equation 1
Where Hmo (m) is the wave height and T02 (s) is the wave period.
In this study, since Homer Pro does not have an option for wave energy resource, the
hydropower resource will be used instead by using the relation;
Phyd = Pwave, Equation 2

in which we can derive the flow rate needed for hydro resource inputs;
Q = (0.05) Hs2 Te, Equation 3
Where Hs is the wave height and Te is the wave period (Silva et al., 2014; Fischer et al., 2015).
This equation will serve as a model to describe wave energy power plant.
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Figure 3: Sites tested for correlation with PAGASA wind speed data (no’s 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 10, 12, 13 and 14)
Table 1: Correlation between MetOceanView Data points to PAGASA measured wind data
MetOceanView Distance Wave Height Wind Speed Significant Wave
Data Points from (MetOceanView) vs (MetOceanView) vs Wave Power
Cuyo Wind Speed Wind Speed Height, Hs Density
Island (PAGASA Cuyo (PAGASA Cuyo (m) (kW/m)
(km) Station) Station)
4 68 0.71 0.73 1.34 4.28
5 60 0.76 0.77 1.44 5.00
7 40 0.60 0.60 1.11 2.66
8 66 0.51 0.57 1.17 3.06
9 56 0.66 0.62 1.16 3.05
10 15 0.75 0.75 1.20 3.13
12 92 0.75 0.74 1.38 4.25
13 72 0.73 0.76 1.44 4.88
14 92 0.62 0.69 1.40 4.88
2.6 Energy System Architecture

The energy system architecture for this study has been showcased to present at least one
renewable energy resource together with the existing diesel power plant. This is to give a wider
selection of hybrid Diesel-RE System on the Island of Cuyo which are all simulated to supply
the island’s power requirements (Figure 4).
Figure 4: System Architecture of the Hybrid System
2.7 Cost of Equipment

Renewable power generation’s weighted-average levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been
declining continuously on the past decade, this is due to improvement of the technologies,
competitiveness to the market and developer experience. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) falls 82%
since 2009, while Concentrating Solar PV (CSP) decreases by 47%. Onshore wind and offshore
wind drops by 39% and 29% respectively (IRENA 2020: Power Generation Cost in 2019).
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In 2012 Black and Vleach report for NREL projected a USD 6,960.00/kW and USD 5,720/kW
CAPEX for ocean wave energy development in the year 2020 and 2025 respectively (NREL
2012: Cost and Performance Data for Power Generation Technologies). In 2015, Ocean
Energy Systems in their study presented the averaged CAPEX and OPEX for each staged of
development for ocean energy technologies. For wave energy development, a 1 MW project
would cost 4000 – 18000 USD/kW (Ocean Energy Systems 2015: International Levelized Cost
of Energy for Ocean Technologies). Capital expenditures for wave energy development will of
course depends on several factors that will add up to the total cost of development including
the type of WEC used, transportation, environmental issues and government policies.
Table 2 shows the list of technology CAPEX and OPEX used in other study and was used as
basis for technology parameters used in this study.
Table 2: List of Technology CAPEX and CAPEX used in other studies

Equipment CAPEX OPEX Year Country Source
($/kW) ($/kW)
PV 1111 20 2020 US – NREL ATB (2020) NREL 2020 ATB
995 2019 Global Weighted Average Bazdar et al., 2017
1200 25 2019 Philippines Jenkins et al., 2019
Wind Turbine 1610 44 2020 US – NREL ATB (2020) NREL 2020 ATB
1473 2019 Global Weighted Average Bazdar et al., 2017
1422 88 2017 Philippines Raji et al., 2019
Wave Energy Converter 6960 357 2012 Projected Global Average Bazdar et al., 2017
6000 250 2015 Global Weighted Average Khalil et al., 2020
6333 190 2020 Iran Jahangir et al., 2020
Battery (Vision 110/unit 3/unit 2020 Brazil Yahiaoui et al., 2016
6FM55D)
Battery (Surrette 249/unit 1/unit 2016 South Korea Vendoti et al., 2021
6CS25P)
2.8 Homer Inputs and Parameters

The proposed hybrid diesel-RE’s was simulated for a 25 - year project. Discount rate used was
the default value, which is 8%, Inflation rate was set to 4.5% (https://tradingeconomics.com/
Philippines/inflation-cpi). Annual Capacity shortage was set to 0% to maximized renewable
energy output.
2.8.1 Existing Diesel Generators

National Power Corporation – Small Power Utilities Group (NPC – SPUG), Cuyo Diesel
Power Plant (Cuyo DPP) has six (6) existing diesel power plants, four (4) 500 kW MAN-CXS
generator sets and two (2) 672 kW Cummins generator sets that is serving 24/7 the Island of
Cuyo, Palawan. The four (4) 500 kW diesel generators and the two (2) 672 kW were
commissioned in 2008 and 2017 respectively and was abbreviated in Homer as Unit 1, Unit 2,
Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 7 and Unit 8 following the Cuyo – DPP’s unit assignment. Initial Capital
was set as zero and the replacement cost is assumed $327,064.80, 80% of the actual purchased
value per generator sets, operations and maintenance cost is set $14.7/hr based on the 2019
actual operations and maintenance cost of the power plant. Lifetime (hours) was set to 32,000
hours and since decommissioning of the units is not yet set and was still in good condition, for
the purpose of simulating a twenty five (25) year hybrid project, initial hours was set to zero.
Minimum Load ratio was set differently per unit following the 2018 - 2019 power plant data,
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Unit 1 - 37%, Unit 2 – 27%, Unit 3 – 26%, Unit 4 – 33%, Unit 7 – 40% and Unit 8 – 37%.
Diesel price was set $0.68/L based on the average power plant data.
2.8.2 Solar Inputs

Solar energy resource for this study was downloaded from the Internet option of Homer which
gives the monthly average for global horizontal radiation for over 22 years by NASA (July
1983 – June 2005). The study site has an annual average radiation of 5.72 kWh/m2/day. The
capital cost per kW and maintenance cost was set to $1,111.00/kW and $ 20.0/Kw respectively
(Deshmukh et al., 2019), its lifetime was assumed to be 25 years following the duration of the
simulation. Solar PV capacity considered were, 0, 500 kW, 750 kW, 1000kW, 1250 kW, 1500
kW, 1750 kW, 2000 kW, 2250 kW, 2500 kW, 2750 kW, 3000 kW, 3250 kW, 3500 kW, 3750
kW, 4000 kW, 4250 kW, 4500 kW, 4750 kW and 5000 kW. Derating factor was set to default
the value of 80%.
2.8.3 Wind Turbine Inputs

Wind resource was extrapolated to 100m elevation from an actual measurement taken at 4m
elevation by PAGASA - Cuyo Station this is to accommodate the cut-in speed for wind turbines
above 48m. Wind Turbine used in the simulation are Leitwind 77 (850kW), Leitwind 90
(1500kW) and Leitwind 90 (2000kW), all three Wind turbines were simulated separately to
see their individual performance. Capital cost was set at $1610/kW and maintenance cost of
$44/year (NREL 2020 ATB). Quantity considered were 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
2.8.4 Wave Inputs

Wave energy was simulated using the Hydro Module of the Homer Software because wave
energy parameters was not yet included in the software. Here, we used Equation 3 to serve as
the rate input for hydro resource which was taken from the relation of Equation 2 and 1 as used
and suggested in Silva et al. (2014) and Fischer et al. (2015). The Monthly Average Stream
Flow Data in L/s, here, “stream flow (L/s)” should be interpreted as “wave power in kW/m”
(Silva et al., 2014). Significant wave height data used in this study is from a 40-year (1979 –
2018) hindcast data from MetOceanView. MetOceanView is a high resolution web-based
weather forecasting tool using MetOcean Solutions Ltd WW3 Tolman Chalicov (MSL WW3
TC) wave model and NOAA Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) for the wind model.
Initial Capital and maintenance cost was set to $6960/kW and $357/kW/year respectively.
Design flow rate is 700.73 L/s, WEC efficiency is set to 30%, giving a nominal capacity of
1,368 kW.
2.8.5 Storage Inputs

Energy storage plays a significant role in a hybrid energy systems, it helps to address the
challenges of solar and wind variability (Koohi – Fayegh & Rosen, 2020) and also allows
increased in renewable energy penetration and gives the system a better economic performance.
Energy storage in electrical system allows for load levelling and peak shaving, frequency
regulation, damping energy oscillations, improving power quality and reliability (Ashourian et
al., 2013; Mondal & Denich, 2013). For this purpose, in analysing and simulating the hybrid
system, this study uses Surrette 6CS25P batteries (Baek et al., 2016), nominal voltage is 6 V,
nominal capacity of 6.91 kWh, capacity ratio is 0.237, roundtrip efficiency of 80%, minimum
state of charge is 40%, lifetime throughput of 6,879.6 kWh, $800/unit capital cost (Raji et al.,
2019), and operational cost of $7.25 (Baek et al., 2016).
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2.8.6 Converter System Inputs

Converter system is an integral part of a hybrid electrical system. Selecting an appropriate
converter is of paramount importance since it has an impact on the behaviour of an RE system
(Gopi & Sreejith, 2018). Converter system tends to improve the output voltage waveform
(Xavier et al., 2019), reduces switching power loss, harmonic distortion, and electromagnetic
interference caused by the switching operation of power electronic devices (Shen et al., 2013).
For this study, the System Converter option was used with the following parameters, lifetime
of 15 years, inverter input efficiency is 95%, rectifier input is 95%, capital cost is
$1,500.00/kW, replacement cost is also $1,500.00, and the operations and maintenance cost is
$10.00/kW/year. Converter capacity options were, 500 kW, 750 kW, 1000 kW, 1250 kW, 1500
kW, 2000 kW, 2225 kW, 2500 kW, 2750 kW, 3000 kW, 3250 kW, 3500 kW, 3750 kW and
4000 kW.
2.8.7 Operating strategies

Load Following (LF) and Cycle Charging (CC) are the two operating strategies employed for
hybrid renewable energy system. In LF strategy, the RE system charges the battery storage
system from the excess electricity produced while the diesel generators are only allowed to run
enough power to meet the load demand in the absence of the RE system. This operating strategy
helps to reduce the NPC and excess electricity and gives an optimal solution for most cases. In
CC strategy, diesel generators charges the battery storage system while simultaneously meeting
the load demand. For this study, it was simulated using both LF and CC strategy, to gain a
more comprehensive result of a Diesel – RE hybrid electrical system (Halabi et al., 2017).
Operating reserve are set to default values, 10 % load in current time-step, 80 % and 10% as a
percentage of renewable output of solar and wind power output respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Base Case

Understanding the base case gives us the initial picture of the existing power system of the
Cuyo – DPP. The electrical load used was taken from 2018 and 2019 actual NPC data, fuel
cost $0.68, average energy cost $0.234/kWh, operations and maintenance cost $14.4/op.hr, the
average energy used per day $22.927 kWh and the load factor is 0.41. Homer simulates the
monthly electrical production of the system with an annual energy consumption of 8,368,364
kWh/year, an excess energy of 46.7 kWh/year and the total annual fuel consumption is
2,184,219 L.
3.2 The Lowest Cost of Energy

Table 3 shows the summary of results for the proposed hybrid system. The hybrid combinations
with the lowest cost of energy is $0.013/kWh, the Diesel/Wind Hybrid System, it has a
combination of 6 - Diesel generators and 3 – 850 kW Leitwind77 wind turbine having an RE
Fraction of 72.8 %. Figure 5 and Figure 6 shows the monthly electric production and 850 kW
Lietwind77 wind turbine performance respectively. This shows that Leitwind77 covers 85.6 %
of the total energy production and has a good power output except for the month of May where
the average wind speed is only 4.6 m/s. The second and third hybrid combinations with an
LCOE of $0.014/kWh is the Diesel/PV/Wind/Battery/Converter Hybrid System and
Diesel/Wind/Battery/ Converter System. The former consist of 6 - Diesel generators, 1,500 kW
solar PV array, 2 – 850 kW Leitwind77 wind turbine, 2400 units of 6V Surrette 6CS25P
batteries, and 1,500 kW Converter System, it has 89.4 % RE Fraction which is 18.5% higher
than the previous Hybrid combination, while the latter has 3 - 850 kW Leitwind77 wind turbine,
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2,160 units of 6V Surrette 6CS25P Batteries and 1,500 kW Converter system and an RE
fraction of 88.8 %.
Table 3: Summary Results for the Diesel-RE Hybrid System Simulation

N Hybrid System PV WT Wav Batter Converte Dispatc NPC Op. COE RE
o (kW) (850 e y r (kW) h ($) Cost ($) Fra
kW) (kW) (Units) ($) c
1 Diesel/Wind 3 LF 15.8M 697,53 0.113 72.8
0
2 Diesel/PV/Wind/Battery/Convert 1,500 2 1,800 1,500 LF 16.0M 435,63 0.114 89.4
er 7
3 Diesel/Wind/Battery/Converter 3 1,800 1,500 LF 16.0M 468,86 0.114 88.8
3
4 Diesel/PV/Wind/Converter 1,500 3 1,500 LF 20.4M 736,16 0.145 76.7
8
5 Diesel/PV/Battery/Converter 2,750 900 1,500 CC 27.0M 1.25M 0.193 36.0
6 Diesel/PV/Converter 1,750 1,500 LF 31.3M 1.62M 0.223 23.6
Table 4 shows the summary of results for the lowest LCOE, the Diesel – Wind Energy Hybrid
Electrical System. It shows that Diesel/Wind combination has 88.6% excess electricity, this
means that it can support additional future loads. The emission performance is shown in Table
5, showing that the Diesel/Wind Hybrid reduces its carbon emissions by 71.8%.
Table 4: Summary of Results for Diesel/Wind Hybrid Electrical System

Description Base Case Diesel/Wind
Present Worth $15,361.680
Operating Cost $692,580
Initial Capital $4,110,000
Simple Payback 3.74 years
Excess Electricity 46.7 kWh/yr 7,415,087 kWh/yr (88.6%)
Renewable Fraction 72.80%
Total Fuel Consumed 2,184,209 L 616,563 L
Wind Turbine Capacity 2,550 kW
LCOE $0.235/kWh $0.113 /kWh
Figure 5: Diesel/Wind Hybrid System Monthly Electric Production
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Figure 6: Diesel/Wind Hybrid System - 850 kW Leitwind77 wind turbine power output
Table 5: Emission Result of Diesel/Wind Hybrid System

Quantity Diesel/Wind Base Case Difference Emission Units
Hybrid System Reduction (%)
Carbon Dioxide 1,616,563 5,727,487 4,110,924 71.8 kg/year
Carbon Monoxide 8,363 29,631 21,268 71.8 kg/year
Unburned Hydrocarbons 444 1,573 1,129 71.8 kg/year
Particulate Matter 71.5 253 181.5 71.8 kg/year
Sulfur Dioxide 3,952 14,001 10,049 71.8 kg/year
Nitrogen Oxides 1,603 5,679 4,076 71.8 kg/year
3.3 Wave Energy Converter Performance

In this study, Wave Power Plant was simulated using the Hydro module of Homer Sofware
using equation‘s 1, 2 and 3 to satisfy the flow rate input for hydro power plant. Average
flowrate is 700.73 L/s (Hs = 1.6 m, Te = 5.475 s), maximum flow rate and minimum flow rate
is 1,582.2 L/s (Hs = 2.2 m, Te = 6.54 s) and 212.31 L/s ( Hs = 0.92m, Te = 5.2 s) respectively.
Wave energy resource output is subject to WEC performance, in this case, a 6 - 760kW WEC
was used with 30% efficiency (Silva et al., 2014). Table 6 shows the summary result for all
hybrid combination which includes wave. The highest RE fraction is 97.6%, the
Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/ Converter System, this result can be interpreted that for an off-
grid island with a good source of renewable resources such as solar, wind and wave, a 100%
RE electrical system can be achieved and use the diesel generators only for back-up. Figure 7
shows the scaled monthly electric production of the Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter
System, this shows that onlly on the month of May where the diesel generators were utilized,
and where the RE resource is the lowest. Emission performance is shown in Table 7, and shows
a 97.45% emission reduction. These values are what we hope to achieved in order to help
mitigate the problem on global warming. Although this hybrid system has a high RE fraction,
the cost of energy is not that economical, with 58.7% increased than the actual cost of energy
in the island.
Table 6: Wave energy converter operational performance

No Hybrid System PV WT Wave Battery Conve Disp NPC Op. COE RE
(kW) (850 (kW) (Units) rter atch ($) Cost ($) ($) Frac
kW) (kW)
1 Diesel/Wind/Wave 1 1,368 LF 48.8M 1.87M 0.348 89.9
2 Diesel/Wave 1,368 LF 49.3M 1.98M 0.352 80.7
3 Diesel/Wind/Wave/ 1 1,368 480 1,500 CC 52.9M 1.84M 0.363 93.1
Battery/Converter
4 Diesel/Wave/Battery/ 1,368 300 1,500 CC 52.2M 2.0M 0.372 81.7
Converter
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5 Diesel/PV/Wave/Battery/ 1,500 1,368 600 1,500 CC 52.2M 1.89M 0.373 89.4

Converter
6 Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/ 1,500 1 1,368 900 1,500 LF 52.3M 1.80M 0.373 97.6
Battery/Converter
7 Diesel/PV/Wave/Converte 1,500 1,368 1,500 LF 53.8M 2.02M 0.384 85.3
r
8 Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/ 1,500 1 1,368 1,500 LF 54.0M 1.94M 0.385 91.5
Converter
Figure 7: Monthly Electric Production of Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter System
Table 7: Emission Result of Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter Hybrid System

Quantity Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave Base Difference Emission Reduction Units
Battery/Converter Case (%)
Hybrid System
Carbon Dioxide 146,057 5,727,4 5,581,430 97.45 kg/yea
87 r
Carbon 756 29,631 28,875 97.45 kg/yea
Monoxide r
Sulfur Dioxide 357 14,001 13,644 97.45 kg/yea
r
Nitrogen Oxides 145 5,679 5,534 97.45 kg/yea
r
3.4 Sensitivity case for wave energy hybrid system

3.4.1 CapEx and Operating Cost reduction by 30%, 40% and 50.0%
Table 8 - 10 shows the summary result for the Diesel - RE hybrid with wave energy converter
system showing the NPC, COE and RE fraction with 50%, 40% and 30% reduction cost
respectively. A 50% reduction of capital cost and operating cost shows that all combinations
of hybrid system were lesser than the current energy cost while for 40% reduction, the
Diesel/Wind/Wave and Diesel/Wave hybrid system’s cost of energy is also less than the current
energy cost. This means that for a reduction of 40 – 50% of the capital and operational cost,
the inclusion of multiple wave energy converter into a diesel generator electrical system or
diesel – RE hybrid electrical system is a possible option for off-grid island electrification.
Table 8: Summary result for hybrid system with multiple wave energy converter at 50.0% cost reduction
Hybrid System NPC ($) COE ($/kWh) RE Fraction
Diesel/Wind/Wave 27.1 M 0.193 89.9
Diesel/Wave 27.6 M 0.197 80.7
Diesel/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter 29.2 M 0.208 93.1
Diesel/PV/Wave/Battery/Converter 30.5 M 0.218 89.4
Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter 30.6 M 0.219 97.6
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Table 9: Summary result for hybrid system with multiple wave energy converter at 40.0% cost reduction
Diesel/Wave 32.0 M 0.228 80.7
Diesel/PV/Wave/Battery/Converter 34.9 M 0.249 89.4
Table 10: Summary result for hybrid system with multiple wave energy converter at 30.0% cost
reduction
Diesel/Wave 36.3 M 0.259 80.7
3.4.2 Cost of Energy and RE Fraction for 1 unit WEC at 30%, 20% and 10% efficiency
Table 11 – 13 shows the summary of results for installing 1 unit WEC at 30%, 20% and 10%
efficiency respectively. It can be seen that for a 1 unit 760 kW wave energy converter to be
competitive in this case, it must have an efficiency of at least 30%. For an efficiency of less
than 30% it must be coupled with other RE resources, Battery System and Converter System.
Table 11: Summary result for hybrid system with 1 unit wave energy converter installed at 30.0%
efficiency
Hybrid System COE ($/kWh) RE Fraction
Diesel/Wind/Wave 0.146 79.7
Diesel/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter 0.150 86.9
Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter 0.153 92.8
Diesel/Wave 0.225 23.2
efficiency
Diesel/PV/Wind/Battery/Converter 0.220 42.2
efficiency
3.5 Conclusion
For a Diesel – RE hybrid system in Cuyo Island, the best options are Diesel/Wind Hybrid
System, Diesel/PV/Wind/Battery/Converter Hybrid System, and
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Diesel/Wind/Battery/Converter Hybrid System, it has the lowest cost of energy of about

$0.113/kWh, $0.114 kWh and $0.114 kWh respectively (Table 12). Diesel/Wind Hybrid
System having the lowest cost of energy has an excess electricity of about 88.6% and emission
reduction of 71.8%. This means that this system can support additional future load as much as
88.6% of the existing load demand and has a significant impact on mitigating carbon footprint.
For hybrid combinations which includes multiple WEC, the Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/

Converter System has $0.373/kWh cost of energy but it has an RE fraction of 97.6%. This
value means a 97.45% reduction in carbon emission. Levelized cost for wind and PV $0.0291
and $0.0531 respectively, this is within the range of predicted values for 2021 [56]. While for
wave energy converter, levelized cost is $0.66/kWh, this is within the range of $0.20 -
$0.90/kWh levelized cost for wave energy. Capacity factor for wind, PV and wave are 60.6%,
18.5 – 53.2%, and 29% respectively. A reduction of 40 – 50% in CapEx and operating cost
will make the multiple WEC competitive in the market. A single WEC to be competitive must
have an efficiency of 30% and below than that, it must be coupled with other RE resources.
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering Innovation

e-ISSN: 2682-8499 | Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-15, 2022

Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Diesel – Renewable Energy

*Corresponding Author: j_pacaldo@psu.palawan.edu.ph

Accepted: 15 February 2022 | Published: 1 March 2022

2.1 Homer Pro Software

2.2. Study Site

Figure 1: Location of Cuyo Island, 10°51’N, 121°01’E

2.3 Wind Energy Resource

2.4 Solar Energy Resource

Figure 2: Solar GHI resource of Cuyo Island

2.5 Wave Energy Resource

P = 0.577 H2moT02, Equation 1

Phyd = Pwave, Equation 2

Q = (0.05) Hs2 Te, Equation 3

2.6 Energy System Architecture

Figure 4: System Architecture of the Hybrid System

2.7 Cost of Equipment

Table 2: List of Technology CAPEX and CAPEX used in other studies

2.8 Homer Inputs and Parameters

2.8.1 Existing Diesel Generators

2.8.2 Solar Inputs

2.8.3 Wind Turbine Inputs

2.8.4 Wave Inputs

2.8.5 Storage Inputs

2.8.6 Converter System Inputs

2.8.7 Operating strategies

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Base Case

3.2 The Lowest Cost of Energy

Table 3: Summary Results for the Diesel-RE Hybrid System Simulation

Table 4: Summary of Results for Diesel/Wind Hybrid Electrical System

Figure 5: Diesel/Wind Hybrid System Monthly Electric Production

Table 5: Emission Result of Diesel/Wind Hybrid System

3.3 Wave Energy Converter Performance

Table 6: Wave energy converter operational performance

5 Diesel/PV/Wave/Battery/ 1,500 1,368 600 1,500 CC 52.2M 1.89M 0.373 89.4

Figure 7: Monthly Electric Production of Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter System

Table 7: Emission Result of Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/Converter Hybrid System

3.4 Sensitivity case for wave energy hybrid system

Diesel/Wind/Battery/Converter Hybrid System, it has the lowest cost of energy of about

For hybrid combinations which includes multiple WEC, the Diesel/PV/Wind/Wave/Battery/

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