Matter is normally classified as being in one of three states: solid, liquid, or

gaseous. The fourth state of matter is called a plasma, which consists of a

neutral system of charged particles interacting electromagnetic
9.1 States of Matter

When an object is partially or fully submerged in a fluid,

the fluid exerts an upward force, called the buoyant force, The density r of a substance of uniform composition is its
on the object. Definition Definition mass per unit volume—kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)

Archimedes' principle Formula

9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes' Principle 9.2 Density and Pressure
Formula

The flow rate through the pipe is a constant, which is equivalent to stating that
the product of the cross-sectional area A and the speed v at any point is Stress is related to the force per unit area producing a deformation; strain is a
constant. Definition AP Physics 2 Solid and Fluid measure of the amount of deformation. Stress is proportional to strain, and
Equation of Continuity the constant of proportionality is the elastic modulus.

Formula 9.3 The Deformation of Solids Formula Stress = elastic modulus * strain

The sum of the pressure, the kinetic energy per unit volume, and the potential
energy per unit volume is the same at any two points along a streamline. Definition 9.7 Fluids in Motion
The pressure in an incompressible fluid varies with depth h
Bernoulli' s equation according to the expression:

Formula
Pascal’s principle states that when pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid,
9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth the pressure is transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid and to the
walls of the containing vessel.