Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Carthage University
National Engineering School of Carthage

Electrical Engineering Department

Summer internship report August 2023

Electromagnetic compatibility of the Bako B10

vehicle: failure analysis and identification

Realized by:

Mohamed Amin MARZOUKI

3rd year mechatronics engineering

Supervised by: Mr. Khaled Habaieb, COO Bako Motors SAS

Academic year 2023-2024

45 Rue des Entrepreneurs Tel: 71.940.699

Charguia II, Postal code: 2035 Fax: 71.941.579
 Acknowledgements

This summer internship has been extremely enriching in terms of experience

and knowledge acquisition, most of which was new to me.

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to our GOD the Almighty,
for the willpower, strength, health and patience he has granted me over the last
months in order to help me live my life to the full, strength, health and patience
he has granted me over the last months to bring this work to fruition.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the entire team at Bako Mo-
tors. First and foremost, I extend my deepest thanks to Mr. Walid Kanoun for
granting me the opportunity to embark on this challenging project.
I am also immensely grateful to Mr. Khaled Habaieb for his unwavering
guidance and insightful advice, which played a pivotal role in shaping the suc-
cess of this internship.
Additionally, I extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Hamza Triki for his
exceptional mentorship. His clear explanations, invaluable advice, and stead-
fast assistance were instrumental in navigating the complexities of this project.

I would like to extend my deepest and most heartfelt thanks to my incred-

ible professor, Ms. Houda Ben Attia. Her undeniable support, unwavering
guidance, and invaluable advice have been instrumental in the success of this
project. Her constant encouragement has motivated me even in the most chal-
lenging moments. Ms. Ben Attia’s impact on this endeavor is immeasurable,
and I am truly grateful for her dedication and expertise.
Table of contents

1 State of the art 4

1.1 Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Bibliographic synthesis: EMC: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Aspects of EMC: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Certification organization: TUV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 What is TUV ?: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Objectives of TUV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 Collaboration with TUV Italy: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 L2e vehicles category: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.5 Certification and EMC testing: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 European EMC standards: UN Reg. No.10 Rev6 and CISPR 12/25: . . . . . . 10
1.4.1 UN Regulation No.10 Rev6: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.2 CISPR 12 and CISPR 25: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Introducing the host organization and outlining the project: . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.1 Evolution of Bako Motors SAS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.2 Overview of Bako Motors Product (B10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.3 The activity processes and production units of Bako Motors SAS: . . . 20

2 Analyse fonctionnelle du système 23

2.1 Introduction : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3 Etude matérielle et réalisation 25

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2
List of Figures

1.1 The basic decomposition of the EMC coupling problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2 Bako Motors organizational chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3 The electrical tricycle Bako B10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Flowchart Bako Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3
List of tables

1.1 Evolution of Bako Motors over 2 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4
List of abbreviations

EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility.

EMI: Electromagnetic Interference.

EM: Electromagnetic.

UN R10-06: UN Regulation No.10 Revision 6.

UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

TSBs: Technical Service Bulletins.

POC: Proof of Concept.

TUV: TUV Rheinland.

CISPR: Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques.

:.
 General introduction

The rising concentration levels of carbon dioxide due to the emissions by the fossil fuels in the
transport system and the issue of global warming has imposed significant pressure to the au-
tomakers and governments towards a more energy efficient, less polluting and environmentally
friendly initiatives. Europe has already defined strict policy directions towards the reduction of
CO2 levels in the cities and the transition to sustainable transport [1]. Among various solutions,
electric vehicles and their underlying technology, i.e. charge stations, appear to be the major
candidates for the success and fulfilment of this priority.

A modern electric vehicle nowadays includes, beyond its already complex mechanical parts,
numerous low and high power electrical and electronic devices and modules that aim to promote
energy efficiency, safety, e.g. anti-collision radars and improve driver’s on-road experience,
e.g. on-board internet connectivity. On the other hand, this technological maturity introduced,
as well, new challenges, since the electro-physical interaction and electromagnetic interference
(EMI) between all these co-existing systems within the vehicle has became unpredictable and
thereby imposing stringer design and production requirements to the automotive manufacturers.
Among several considerations, the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a process that can
reduce the EMI levels generated by the vehicle’s systems [2].

Application of proper EMC practices, from the design to prototyping and production phases
of a vehicle, including its devices, sub-assemblies and all the electrical/electronic modules, is
more than mandatory. Automotive EMC ensures that a vehicle does not generate excessive
interference to the environment, which could have the potential to interrupt or in the worst case
disable other wireless services. At the same time, it ensures that the functionality of the densely
packed components within the vehicle does not deteriorate due to the presence of EMI, with
all the implications that such a result could have, e.g. inability of the driver to control safely
the vehicle during speed. Lastly, but not less important, EMC indirectly reduces the human
exposure to radio frequency radiation (both inside and/or around the vehicle).

EMI from (electric) vehicles and their internal components and systems is an issue, which
List of tables

has been extensively discussed in the literature. Currently, electric vehicles are discretely dom-
inating the market, but future projections reveal that their sales can increase significantly in the
next 20 years or so [3]. This means that their impact in terms of the EMI fingerprint could be-
come even more noticeable by the accumulative effect of the electromagnetic (EM) emissions
on the environment. For this reason, it is necessary that the industry and the stakeholders study
and examine in a proactive manner the EMC aspect of the modern vehicles and their underly-
ing products, e.g. chargers, in order to avoid any technical and legislative complications that
could potentially arise in the future from large scale market deployments. Due to this fact, it
is also equally important that the automotive EMC standards and regulations are matched with
the latest developments of the vehicle technology.

In this study, we embark on an in-depth investigation of the troubleshooting process for

the Bako B10 vehicle. Our approach is based on an analysis of the data provided, including
reports, and a nuanced interpretation of European EMC standards. In addition, we carry out
an in-depth examination of reports from rigorous test protocols, aligning our conclusions with
different vehicle architectures. Thanks to this systematic and rigorous methodology, our aim
is not only to identify and rectify existing problems, but also to provide valuable information
for improving the operational performance of the Bako B10 while ensuring compliance with
regulatory standards. This effort represents an essential contribution to the field of automotive
engineering, providing a procedural framework for troubleshooting complex vehicle systems.

This work is divided into three main chapters, each contributing a crucial dimension to our
comprehensive study.

Chapter 1: State of the art. This chapter addresses the fundamental aspects of our investi-
gation. It begins with initial literature searches, establishing a solid foundation for our study.
Next, we describe the scope of our project, highlighting the role of EMC in modern automo-
tive engineering. We explore the tools and methodologies used, highlighting our approach. In
addition, we introduce the certification organization TUV, which plays a key role in ensuring
compliance with required standards. European standards are examined as part of our project,
providing important regulatory context. Finally, we present our host organization, Bako Motors
SAS, providing an overview of the industrial context in which our study is conducted.

2
List of tables

Chapter 2: Analysis of reports, standards and the B10 architecture. This chapter goes to the
heart of the issues. We present and examine the test report received from the TUV certification
organization, offering a full analysis of its contents. We explain the tests carried out on the
Bako B10 vehicle, providing a detailed understanding of the assessment process. In addition,
we explore the standards: UN Regulation No10 Rev 6 and CISPR 12 and CISPR 25, which
serve as references for our study. The B10’s electrical layout and architecture are examined,
providing a critical insight into the vehicle’s inner workings. Initial results are also described,
leading the way for our troubleshooting efforts.

Chapter 3: Modelling and prospects. This final chapter represents the culmination of our
study. We detail the methods used to model the vehicle in preparation for numerical simulations
and testing, a crucial step in identifying sources of interference. Using a systematic approach,
we describe existing problems and provide interpretive frameworks for optimizing the opera-
tional performance of the Bako B10 vehicle.

In addition, this work concludes with a comprehensive general introduction and a general
conclusion that synthesizes our results and contributions to the field of automotive engineering.

3
Chapter 1

State of the art

4
Chapter 1. State of the art

1.1 Introduction:

Before we delve into analysis, interpretation of reports and standards, it’s essential to establish a
solid foundation in EMC and EMI. This chapter lays the basis for a comprehensive understand-
ing of the subject, equipping us with the tools we need to effectively solve EMC problems.
We begin by examining the fundamental concepts and phenomena underlying EMC/EMI.
It’s essential to understand these principles, which serve as the basis for all further analysis.
Without this fundamental knowledge, understanding how systems behave in the real world be-
comes an impossible task.
The chapter begins with a comprehensive literature review of the fundamental principles of
EMC/EMI. This synthesis provides key ideas form the basis of our exploration.
We will then look at the regulattions governing EMC/EMI. Navigating through the complex
web of standards and regulations is essential. These guidelines not only set out the permissible
levels of electromagnetic emissions, but also prescribe the measures to be taken to comply with
them. A close examination of these standards enables us to ensure that our solutions meet the
rigorous criteria laid down by regulatory bodies.
In addition to regulatory consideration, this chapter highlights the methodologies commonly
employed to address EMC challenges. From simulation and modeling techniques to experimen-
tal validation, each method brings its own advantages and disadvantages. A good understanding
of these approaches enables us to select the most appropriate methodology for a given scenario,
thus guaranteeing the effectiveness of our analyses.
Finally, the chapter ends with a presentation of Bako Motors SAS, the host company for this
project. This brief overview of the company’s activities. Understanding the context in which
our analyses will be situated is essential to ensure that our solutions are perfectly aligned with
the company’s objectives and operational realities.

1.2 Bibliographic synthesis: EMC:

1.2.1 Introduction:

The historical evolution of radio and telegraph communications revealed that the operation of
a spark gap results in the generation of electromagnetic waves with a diverse spectral compo-
sition, containing various frequency components. These waves have the potential to induce

5
Chapter 1. State of the art

interference or noise in electronic and electrical apparatus like radio receivers and telephone
communications. Beyond spark gaps, a multitude of other sources contribute to electromag-
netic emissions. Lightning, relays, DC electric motors, and fluorescent lights also produce
electromagnetic waves characterized by their extensive spectral content, capable of causing in-
terference in susceptible devices.
In contrast, certain emissions originate from sources with a narrower band of frequencies.
For example, high-voltage power transmission lines emit electromagnetic waves at the power
frequency, typically 60 Hz (50 Hz in Europe). Meanwhile, radio transmitters operate by modu-
lating information (such as voice or music) onto a carrier frequency, which is then transmitted.
Radio receivers intercept and amplify these waves, extracting the encoded information. Radar
transmitters, on the other hand, emit pulses at a single-frequency carrier. These pulses, reflected
by a target, return to the radar antenna, providing distance information based on transit time.
The spectral range of radar pulses extends further around the carrier frequency compared to
radio transmissions.
Moreover, the rise of digital technology has introduced a significant source of electromag-
netic emissions. Digital devices, including computers, employ binary signaling—0 (off) or
1 (on)—to represent numbers and symbols. This binary information is conveyed through se-
quences of pulses. The transition time of these pulses, from off to on and vice versa, plays
a pivotal role in determining the spectral composition. Swift transitions generate a broader
spectrum of frequencies than slower transitions. As a result, digital devices typically exhibit a
wide-ranging spectral content, potentially leading to interference in surrounding electrical and
electronic equipment. This phenomenon is of increasing significance in today’s technologically
driven world.
A system is electromagnetically compatible with its environment if it satisfies three criteria:
1. It does not cause interference with other systems.
2. It is not susceptible to emissions from other systems.
3. It does not cause interference with itself.

1.2.2 Aspects of EMC:

The field of EMC revolves around the generation, transmission, and reception of electromag-
netic energy. These fundamental elements form the cornerstone of any EMC design, as depicted

6
Chapter 1. State of the art

in the figure below. A source, often referred to as an emitter, produces electromagnetic emis-
sions. These emissions are then conveyed through a transfer or coupling path to a receptor,
commonly known as a receiver. At the receptor, the received energy undergoes processing, re-
sulting in either desired or undesirable outcomes. Interference arises when the received energy
induces undesired behavior in the receptor. This transfer of electromagnetic energy frequently
occurs through unintended coupling modes.

Figure 1.1: The basic decomposition of the EMC coupling problem.

It’s important to note that unintentional energy transfer only leads to interference if the re-
ceived energy possesses sufficient magnitude and/or spectral content at the receptor’s input to
provoke undesired behavior. The unintentional transmission or reception of electromagnetic
energy isn’t inherently problematic; it’s the undesired behavior of the receptor that defines in-
terference. Consequently, the processing of received energy by the receptor is a pivotal factor
in determining whether interference will manifest. Often, it’s challenging to predict in advance
whether a signal incident on a receptor will result in interference. For instance, clutter on a radar
display might cause a novice radar operator to misinterpret desired data, while an experienced
operator might not be affected. In one scenario, interference occurs, while in the other, it does
not. This illustrates the complexity of uniquely identifying the three components depicted in
the figure above.
Furthermore, it’s crucial to recognize that a source or receptor can be classified as either
intended or unintended. In fact, a source or receptor may exhibit behavior characteristic of
both modes. Whether a source or receptor is considered intended or unintended hinges on
factors such as the coupling path and the nature of the source or receptor. For example, when
an AM radio station transmitter transmits a signal received by a radio receiver tuned to its carrier
frequency, this constitutes an intended emission. Conversely, if the same AM radio transmission
is processed by another receiver not tuned to the carrier frequency, the emission is considered
unintended. (In actuality, the emission is still intended, but the coupling path is not.) There
exist emitters whose emissions serve no practical purpose.

7
Chapter 1. State of the art

1.3 Certification organization: TUV:

1.3.1 What is TUV ?:

TÜV, officially known as Technischer Überwachungsverein, is a world-renowned certification

organization from Germany. Recognized for its technical expertise, TÜV specializes in a wide
range of services encompassing testing, inspection and certification in a variety of sectors.

1.3.2 Objectives of TUV:

TÜV, whose reputation is well known and recognized, operates on the basis of a set of funda-
mental objectives that support its mission and activities:
Quality assurance:
Quality assurance of products, processes and systems is at the very top of TÜV’s objectives.
TÜV works to verify that they comply with the standards and regulations set by industry, thereby
inspiring confidence in consumers, manufacturers and regulatory bodies.
Safety compliance:
TÜV is committed to testing products and processes for compliance with strict safety regula-
tions. This objective ensures that products assessed by TÜV do not present excessive risks to
users or the environment, thus providing an essential layer of protection.
Environmental integrity and EMC:
TÜV evaluates the environmental impact of products and processes, including their EMC per-
formance. This dual objective reflects a broader commitment to sustainability and responsible
resource management, ensuring that products not only meet EMC standards, but also contribute
to a more environmentally sustainable future.
Worldwide standardization:
TÜV aims to promote global standardization of technical standards and regulations. By working
towards international alignment, TÜV facilitates smooth trade and promotes a level competitive
playing field for manufacturers and companies worldwide.
Innovation and technological progress:
TÜV strives to remain at the leading edge of technological advances. By embracing innovation
and cutting-edge methodologies, TÜV ensures that its services remain relevant and effective in
an ever-changing industrial landscape.

8
Chapter 1. State of the art

1.3.3 Collaboration with TUV Italy:

Bako Motors has established an important partnership with TÜV Italy, an affiliate of the TÜV
network. This collaboration has played a major role in a critical phase in the development of
the Bako B10 vehicle, notably in the creation of a prototype meeting the rigorous specifications
of the L2e category.

1.3.4 L2e vehicles category:

Category L2e is a specific classification in European regulatory standards for electric vehicles,
in particular light electric cycles. This category serves as an essential reference for defining the
characteristics and performance parameters authorized for vehicles in this category.
The L2e category covers mainly two- and three-wheel electric vehicles. It includes a range
of light electric cycles designed for urban and short-distance travel (last-mile delivery in Bako
Motors case).
Manufacturers intending to produce vehicles in the L2e category must comply with the regu-
lations specific to this classification. This compliance guarantees that vehicles in this category
meet the prescribed standards in terms of performance, safety and environmental impact.
Understanding the L2e category is essential for manufacturers like Bako Motors, as well as it
is essential for this work, as it provides a clear set of guidelines and requirements for the design
and production of the desired product that meet the needs and expectations of urban commuters
while aligning with European regulatory standards.

1.3.5 Certification and EMC testing:

The highlight of this collaboration was the EMC test report from TÜV Italy. This assessment
guarantees that the Bako B10 vehicle not only meets the prescribed standards in terms of elec-
tromagnetic emissions and immunity levels, but exceeds them, giving a solid base for trou-
bleshooting in the present work.

9
Chapter 1. State of the art

1.4 European EMC standards: UN Reg. No.10 Rev6 and

CISPR 12/25:

Understanding and adhering to regulatory standards is crucial to ensure the proper functioning
and compliance of any electronic device, especially in the automotive industry. In this section,
we delve into two crucial European standards: UN Reg. No.10 Rev6 and CISPR 12/25. These
regulatory frameworks serve as fundamental pillars in managing the EMC of vehicles. Unrav-
eling the intricacies of these standards is essential for pinpointing any deviations that may have
occurred within our vehicle’s electromagnetic ecosystem. This comprehensive understanding
not only facilitates the identification of encountered anomalies, but also establishes the founda-
tion for effective corrective measures in the future, thereby ensuring the ongoing compliance
and optimal performance of our vehicle. Throughout the present section, the following struc-
ture is used to define, describe and detail standards subject to the project: definition and scope,
core principles, objectives, structure and sections and finally significance in EMC analysis.

1.4.1 UN Regulation No.10 Rev6:

In this subsection, we define and introduce various needed information among the UN Regula-
tion No.10 Revision 6 standard which is the main standard that TUV utilizes for EMC tests on
site.

Definition and Scope:

UN Regulation No.10 Revision 6 (UN R10-06) is a regulatory framework developed under

the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) to address EMC concerns in
the automotive industry. It sets forth guidelines and standards to ensure that vehicles, as com-
plex electronic systems, operate harmoniously in the presence of electromagnetic fields without
causing interference to other devices or succumbing to external electromagnetic disturbances.
The regulation applies to a wide range of vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, buses, and
motorcycles. It encompasses various aspects of EMC, covering both electromagnetic emissions
(the unwanted generation of electromagnetic energy) and immunity (the ability of a vehicle to
function in the presence of external electromagnetic interference).

10
Chapter 1. State of the art

Core Principles:

1. EMC Compliance
The cornerstone of UN R10-06 lies in its emphasis on EMC compliance. This means that ve-
hicles must meet specified limits for electromagnetic emissions, ensuring they do not interfere
with the operation of other electronic systems, both within the vehicle itself and in surrounding
environments.
2. Global Harmonization
One of the central objectives of the regulation is to achieve global harmonization in EMC stan-
dards for vehicles. By establishing common guidelines, it facilitates international trade and
promotes a level playing field for manufacturers worldwide.

Objectives:

Emission Control
UN R10-06 sets specific limits on the electromagnetic emissions that a vehicle can generate.
These limits are carefully defined to prevent interference with other electronic systems, both
within the vehicle and in the external environment.
Immunity
In addition to emission control, the regulation also addresses the immunity of vehicles. This
means that vehicles should be capable of operating reliably, without disruption, in the presence
of electromagnetic interference from external sources, such as nearby transmitters or other elec-
tronic devices.

Structure and Sections:

1. Scope and Definitions

This section provides a clear definition of the regulation’s scope, outlining the types of vehicles
to which it applies and the key terms used throughout the document. A precise understanding
of these definitions is crucial for accurate compliance assessment.
2. General Requirements
The General Requirements section establishes the fundamental EMC criteria that all vehicles
must meet. This includes specifications for both emissions and immunity, setting the baseline

11
Chapter 1. State of the art

standards for compliance.

3. Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs)
TSBs contain specific instructions or information issued by the vehicle manufacturer to address
EMC-related issues. These bulletins serve as a vital communication tool between manufacturers
and service centers, ensuring that any emerging EMC concerns are promptly and effectively
addressed.
4. Administrative and Documentation Provisions
This section covers administrative aspects related to compliance with UN R10-06. It outlines
documentation requirements, procedures for conformity of production, and the responsibilities
of manufacturers in ensuring ongoing compliance.

Significance in EMC Analysis:

UN Regulation No.10 Rev6 holds immense significance in EMC analysis within the automo-
tive industry. It provides a well-defined framework against which vehicles’ electromagnetic
behavior can be evaluated and compared. By adhering to this standard, engineers can conduct
systematic tests and assessments, identifying any EMC-related issues and implementing neces-
sary corrective measures.
Moreover, UN R10-06 serves as a critical benchmark for manufacturers, instilling confidence in
the reliability and performance of their vehicles across diverse electromagnetic environments.
Compliance with this regulation not only ensures seamless operation but also instills trust in
consumers, demonstrating a commitment to quality and safety.
In conclusion, UN Regulation No.10 Rev6 plays a pivotal role in shaping the EMC landscape
of the automotive industry. Its comprehensive guidelines and global harmonization objectives
make it an indispensable tool for engineers and manufacturers striving for EMC compliance
and optimal vehicle performance in today’s interconnected world. Adherence to this regulation
not only ensures regulatory compliance but also fosters innovation and excellence in the field
of automotive electronics.

1.4.2 CISPR 12 and CISPR 25:

In this subsection, we define and introduce various needed information among the CISPR 12
and CISPR 25 standards which are needed standard that TUV utilizes during EMC tests on site

12
Chapter 1. State of the art

and compares measured data with limits defined in the previously mentioned standards.

CISPR 12:

Introduction
The CISPR (Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques) standard, CISPR
12, stands as a critical pillar in the realm of EMC within the automotive industry. Established
by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference, CISPR 12 provides comprehen-
sive guidelines to ensure vehicles’ compliance with electromagnetic emissions limits and their
immunity to external electromagnetic disturbances.

Core Principles
1. EMC Compliance
At the heart of CISPR 12 lies the principle of EMC compliance. This means that vehicles must
adhere to specified limits for electromagnetic emissions, ensuring they do not interfere with the
operation of other electronic systems, both within the vehicle and in their external environment.

2. Global Standardization
CISPR 12 aims for global harmonization in EMC standards for vehicles. By establishing com-
mon guidelines, it facilitates international trade and ensures that vehicles meet consistent EMC
requirements across different regions.

Objectives
Emission Control
CISPR 12 sets specific limits on the electromagnetic emissions that a vehicle can generate.
These limits are carefully defined to prevent interference with other electronic systems, both
within the vehicle and in the external environment.

Immunity
In addition to emission control, the standard addresses the immunity of vehicles. This means
that vehicles should be capable of operating reliably, without disruption, in the presence of elec-
tromagnetic interference from external sources, such as nearby transmitters or other electronic
devices.

13
Chapter 1. State of the art

Structure and Sections 1. Scope and Definitions

This section provides a clear definition of the standard’s scope, outlining the types of vehicles
to which it applies and the key terms used throughout the document. A precise understanding
of these definitions is crucial for accurate compliance assessment.

2. Limits and Methods of Measurement

CISPR 12 specifies the limits for electromagnetic emissions from vehicles and outlines the
methods for measuring these emissions. This section serves as a benchmark for evaluating a
vehicle’s compliance with EMC requirements.

3. Test Set-Up and Conditions

This section details the specific test conditions and set-up procedures that should be followed
when conducting EMC tests on vehicles.

Significance in EMC Analysis

CISPR 12 holds immense significance in EMC analysis within the automotive industry. It
provides a standardized framework against which vehicles’ electromagnetic behavior can be
evaluated and compared. Compliance with this standard assures manufacturers and consumers
alike that vehicles meet globally recognized EMC requirements, ensuring reliable operation in
diverse electromagnetic environments.

In conclusion, CISPR 12 plays a pivotal role in shaping the EMC landscape of the auto-
motive industry. Its comprehensive guidelines and global harmonization objectives make it an
indispensable tool for engineers and manufacturers striving for EMC compliance and optimal
vehicle performance in today’s interconnected world. Adherence to this standard not only en-
sures regulatory compliance but also fosters innovation and excellence in the field of automotive
electronics.

14
Chapter 1. State of the art

CISPR 25:

Introduction
The CISPR standard, stands as a critical pillar in the realm of EMC within the automotive indus-
try. Unlike CISPR 12 which focuses on whole vehicles, CISPR 25 zeroes in on the EMC char-
acteristics of individual electrical and electronic components and subsystems installed within
vehicles.

Core Principles
1. EMC Compliance for Components
CISPR 25 places a strong emphasis on EMC compliance for electronic components used in
vehicles. This means that these components must meet specified limits for electromagnetic
emissions and demonstrate immunity to external electromagnetic disturbances.

2. Component-Level Testing
CISPR 25 is designed to evaluate individual electronic components and subsystems in isolation.
This allows for a detailed assessment of each component’s EMC performance, ensuring they
operate reliably in the presence of electromagnetic interference.

Objectives
Emission Control for Components
CISPR 25 sets specific limits on the electromagnetic emissions that electronic components and
subsystems can generate. These limits are carefully defined to prevent interference with other
electronic systems, both within the vehicle and in the external environment.

Immunity of Components
In addition to emission control, the standard addresses the immunity of electronic components.
This means that components should be capable of operating reliably, without disruption, in the
presence of electromagnetic interference from external sources, such as nearby transmitters or
other electronic devices.

Structure and Sections

1. Scope and Definitions

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Chapter 1. State of the art

Similar to CISPR 12, this section provides a clear definition of the standard’s scope, outlining
the types of electronic components and subsystems to which it applies, along with key terms
used throughout the document.

2. Limits and Methods of Measurement for Components

CISPR 25 specifies the limits for electromagnetic emissions from electronic components and
outlines the methods for measuring these emissions. This section serves as a benchmark for
evaluating a component’s compliance with EMC requirements.

3. Immunity Testing for Components

This section details the specific test conditions and set-up procedures that should be followed
when conducting EMC immunity tests on electronic components and subsystems.

Significance in EMC Analysis

CISPR 25 holds immense significance in EMC analysis within the automotive industry, par-
ticularly for manufacturers of electronic components. It provides a standardized framework
against which these components’ electromagnetic behavior can be evaluated and compared.
Compliance with this standard assures manufacturers and consumers alike that components
meet globally recognized EMC requirements, ensuring reliable operation in diverse electro-
magnetic environments.

In conclusion, CISPR 25 plays a pivotal role in shaping the EMC landscape of the automo-
tive industry at the component level. Its comprehensive guidelines and global harmonization
objectives make it an indispensable tool for engineers and manufacturers striving for EMC com-
pliance and optimal component performance in today’s interconnected world. Adherence to this
standard not only ensures regulatory compliance but also fosters innovation and excellence in
the field of automotive electronics.

16
Chapter 1. State of the art

1.5 Introducing the host organization and outlining the project:

In order to analyze test reports and set up an organized study, it’s essential to start by under-
standing the company we’re going to be working with. This includes analyzing its organiza-
tional structure, the processes it manages and the activities it performs.

1.5.1 Evolution of Bako Motors SAS:

Bako Motors SAS is a Tunisian-German startup that was established in 2021 and quickly made
its mark in the Tunisian market as an innovator in both idea and product, specializing in the
production of electric tricycles powered by photovoltaic panels.

Founded by Tunisian engineer Boubaker Siala, this startup successfully produced the first
Tunisian electric vehicle powered by solar energy. This groundbreaking and eco-friendly prod-
uct was entirely conceived by young Tunisian engineers.

On September 2, 2021, the startup was granted the ”Startup” label under the legal frame-
work of the Tunisian Startup Act. This framework consists of 20 measures structured around
this merit label, offering numerous advantages for the labeled organization, investors, and en-
trepreneurs, thereby fostering the spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation.

In just one year, this startup has demonstrated significant growth and remarkable advance-
ments both in terms of its human resources and the evolution of the project.

Date Phase of the project Number of employees

September 2021 POC: Proof of Concept 4 employees
January 2022 Prototyping 11 employees
September 2022 Pre-Series and preparation for CE CE certification 25 employees
September 2023 Production and selling for clients 40 employees

Table 1.1: Evolution of Bako Motors over 2 years.

This table illustrates the progress made by this Tunisian-German start-up in just two years. Nu-

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Chapter 1. State of the art

merous partners have contributed to this progress, including Bako Motors’ commercial partners:
- Bosch
- Marquardt
- ZitounaTamkeen
- Enda Tamweel
- AMINE
- GIZ Tunisia

Technical Partners and Testing for Bako Motors:

• CETIME: This is the Technical Center for Mechanical and Electrical Industries, recognized
as a support center for businesses in all industrial sectors in general, and particularly in the me-
chanical, electrical, and electronic sectors.
• TUV Rheinland: This is one of the leading organizations providing support in the field of
technical expertise, ensuring safety and quality. This academy is a major global provider of
testing services, with highly qualified experts conducting tests on technical systems and prod-
ucts worldwide, providing training in various fields, and certifying management systems in
compliance with international standards. Bako Motors has been under the guidance of TUV
Rheinland experts since May 2022.

Bako Motors startup has expanded its team and has currently integrated up to 30 employees,
including administrative advisors, process managers, and operators. The organizational chart
below, provides a general overview of Bako’s structure and also shows that it has a simple hi-
erarchy, which facilitates communication between the administrative council and the various
processes.

This organizational chart demonstrates that the Research and Development department is
directly linked to the management. Indeed, a close relationship between the R and D manager
and the management is essential to ensure the smooth operation and effectiveness of the actions
carried out within the scope of this process’s missions.

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Chapter 1. State of the art

Figure 1.2: Bako Motors organizational chart.

1.5.2 Overview of Bako Motors Product (B10)

This startup is a pioneer in Tunisia in the manufacturing of a tricycle equipped with a Lithium
electric battery supported by solar panels. This model unveiled by Bako Motors features a
cargo format and is designed to meet delivery needs. This non-polluting and environmentally
friendly product has a loading capacity of 350 kg, with a charging time of 2 hours using a stan-
dard household outlet and 5 to 6 hours using solar panels. The aim of this vehicle is to reduce
operating costs by a factor of 10 compared to a fuel-powered vehicle. The B10 tricycle con-
sumes 1.5 Tunisian dinars of energy per 100 kilometers at a maximum speed of 45 km/h. The
photos below illustrate the B10 product manufactured by Bako Motors.

Figure 1.3: The electrical tricycle Bako B10.

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Chapter 1. State of the art

Bako Motors plans to commence the production of four-wheeled vehicles by the end of
2023. These vehicles will comply with the standards governing their public use, but will fea-
ture a more dynamic design and will be specially tailored for passenger transportation.

1.5.3 The activity processes and production units of Bako Motors SAS:

The main activity of Bako Motors is the design, manufacturing, and marketing of tricycles by
combining electric and solar energy. In February 2023, after a year and a half of prototyping
and testing, the startup successfully delivered the first 6 units of its three-wheeled product to 6
municipalities in southern Tunisia. This achievement was made possible through collaboration
with the Ministries of Health and Interior, as well as with GIZ Tunisia.

Bako’s various processes are divided into three categories:

•Piloting process: it involves close communication between these two sub-processes: ’Man-
agement Process’ and ’Marketing and Sales Process’.
•Realization process: This is the core business of the organization that allows for the descrip-
tion of various operational measures directly contributing to the production of a product, from
identifying the customer’s needs to their satisfaction. It is designed with several sub-processes,
which are as follows: Supply Chain Process, Research and Development Process, and Produc-
tion Process.
•Support process: encompasses the necessary elements for carrying out production operations,
directly linked to the business processes. For Bako Motors, the support processes include: ’Hu-
man Resources Process’, ’Procurement Process’, ’QHSE Process’, and ’Maintenance Process’.

This flowchart demonstrates that the production process is primarily designed around three
production units (stations):

•S1: Welding Station: Involves various tasks such as grinding, cutting (sectioning), and
welding.
•S2: Polyester Station: Comprises a series of activities including gel coating, puttying, lamina-
tion, demolding, and finishing.

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Chapter 1. State of the art

Figure 1.4: Flowchart Bako Motors

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Chapter 1. State of the art

•S3: Assembly Station:

○Station 01: Front and Rear Train Assembly,
○Station 02: Wedding,
○Station 03: Assembly of electrical and electronic components,
○Station 04: Assembly of safety accessories,
○Station 05: Assembly of solar panels and windshield,
○Station 06: End of line test.

22
Chapter 2

Analyse fonctionnelle du système

23
Chapter 2. Analyse fonctionnelle du système

2.1 Introduction :

24
Chapter 3

Etude matérielle et réalisation

25
Chapter 3. Etude matérielle et réalisation

3.1 Introduction

26
General conclusion
 References

[1] European Commission, White paper 2011, Roadmap to a Single European

Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource

[2] Pliakostathis, K., Zanni, M., Trentadue, G., Scholz, H. (2019). Vehicle
Electromagnetic Emissions: Challenges and Considerations. 2019 International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE.

[3] Tsakalidis, A. and Thiel, C., Electric vehicles in Europe from 2010 to 2017:
is full-scale commercialisation beginning? An overview of the evolution of
electric vehicles in Europe, EUR 29401 EN, Publications Office of the European
Union, Luxembourg, 2018