Derivative of Algebraic Function

Tangent Line and the Derivative
Rules on Differentaition
Chain Rule of Differentiation
Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation
Derivative of Algebraic Functions
Ahriz A. Marasigan
Batangas State University

Instructor I
aamarasigan@gmail.com
September 29, 2022
A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Presentation Outline
1 Tangent Line and the Derivative
2 Rules on Differentaition
3 Chain Rule of Differentiation
4 Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives
5 Implicit Differentiation

Derivative as a Function
Definition
The derivative of the function f is that function denoted by f ′ ,
such that its value at a number x in the domain of f is given by
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
if this limit exists.

Derivative as a Function
Definition
The derivative of the function f is that function denoted by f ′ ,
such that its value at a number x in the domain of f is given by
f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
If x1 is a particular number in the domain of f , then

f (x1 + ∆x) − f (x1 )
f ′ (x1 ) = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
Notations
There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

y = f (x), where the independent variable is x and the dependent
variable is y.

Notations

variable is y.
Some common alternative notations for the derivative are

Notations

variable is y.
f ′ (x)

Notations

variable is y.
f ′ (x) = y ′

Notations

variable is y.
dy
f ′ (x) = y ′ =
dx

Notations

variable is y.
dy df
f ′ (x) = y ′ = =
dx dx

Notations

variable is y.
dy df d
f ′ (x) = y ′ = = = f (x)
dx dx dx

Notations

variable is y.
dy df d
f ′ (x) = y ′ = = = f (x) = D(f )(x)
dx dx dx

Notations

variable is y.
dy df d
f ′ (x) = y ′ = = = f (x) = D(f )(x) = Dx f (x)
dx dx dx

Examples
Example
3
1. Find the derivative of f if f (x) =
x

Examples
Example
2. For the function of Example 1, compute for f ′ (2)

Examples
Example
√
3. Find the derivative of f if f (x) = x−1

Examples
Example
4. Find the slope of the the tangent line to the graph of
f (x) = x3 − 3x at (2, 2)

Examples
Example
5. Find the equation of the tangent line to the parabola
y = x2 − 1at the point (2, 3). Sketch the parabola and show a
segment of the tangent line at (2, 3).

Exercises 3A The Tangent Line and the

Derivative
1. Use the definition to find the derivative of the given function.
a. f (x) = 8x − x3
2x + 3
b. f (x) =
3x − 2
1
c. f (x) = √
√x − 1
d. f (x) = 4 − x; (−5, 3)
8
e. f (x) = − √ ; (4, −4)
x

Exercises 3A The Tangent Line and the

Derivative
2. Solve the following problem using the concept of derivative.
Sketch the graph of the function and illustrate the tangent
and normal lines together in the same graph. Refer to
example 4 and 5.
a. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the
4
curve y = 2 at (2, 1).
x
b. Find the equation
√ of the tangent line and normal line to the
curve y = x + 1 at (3, 2).
c. Find the quation of the tangent line and normal line to the
curve y = 2x2 + 3 that is parallel to the line 8x − y + 3 = 0.
d. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the
1
curve y = 2 − x2 that is parallel to the line x − y = 0.
3
e. Find the equation of the tangent line and normal line to the
curve y = x3 −A.3x that is parallel
Marasigan to ofthe
Derivative + 8y − 9 = 0.
line 2xFunctions
Algebraic

Derivative of a Constant Function
Theorem
If c has the constant and if f (x) = c, for all x then
f ′ (x) = 0

Example
1. f (x) = 1

Example
1. f (x) = 1
1
2. y=−
8

Example
1. f (x) = 1
1
2. y=−
8√
3. f (x) = 3

Example
1. f (x) = 1
1
2. y=−
8√
3. f (x) = 3

The Power Rule of Differentiation
Theorem
If n is a positive integer and if f (x) = xn , for all x then
f ′ (x) = nxn−1

The Power Rule (for positive rational

powers) of Differentiation
Example
1. f (x) = x3


Example
1. f (x) = x3
2. g(x) = x2/3


Example
1. f (x) = x3
2. g(x) = x2/3
1
3. y= 4
x


Example
1. f (x) = x3
2. g(x) = x2/3
1
3. y= 4
x
4. f (x) = x−4/3


Example
1. f (x) = x3
2. g(x) = x2/3
1
3. y= 4
x
4. f (x) = x−4/3
√
5. f (x) = x2+π


Example
1. f (x) = x3
2. g(x) = x2/3
1
3. y= 4
x
4. f (x) = x−4/3
√
5. f (x) = x2+π

The Constant Multiple Rule of

Differentiation
Theorem
If f is a function, c is a constant and g is the function defined by
g(x) = c · f (x)
, then if f ′ (x) exists,
g ′ (x) = c · f ′ (x)


Differentiation
Example

d 2
1. 3x =
dx


Differentiation
Example

d 2
1. 3x =
dx

d 5
2. =
dx x2


Differentiation
Example

d 2
1. 3x =
dx

d 5
2. =
dx x2

d −7
3. =
dx x−2/7


Differentiation
Example

d 2
1. 3x =
dx

d 5
2. =
dx x2

d −7
3. =
dx x−2/7

The Sum and Difference Rule of

Differentiation
Theorem
If f and g are the functions and if h is the function defined by
h(x) = f (x) ± g(x),
then if f ′ (x) and g ′ (x) exists,
h′ (x) = f ′ (x) ± g ′ (x)


Differentiation
Example
1. If y = x4 + 12x, then find y ′ =


Differentiation
Example
2. Find the derivative of the polynomial function
y = x3 + 43 x2 − 5x + 1.


Differentiation
Example
y = x3 + 43 x2 − 5x + 1.
√ √3 2
3. Find f ′ (x) if f (x) = x + 9 x7 − √ 5
x2


Differentiation
Example
y = x3 + 43 x2 − 5x + 1.
√ √3 2
3. Find f ′ (x) if f (x) = x + 9 x7 − √ 5
x2

The Product Rule of Differentiation
Theorem
h(x) = f (x) · g(x),
h′ (x) = f (x) · g ′ (x) + g(x) · f ′ (x)

Example
1. Find the derivative of y = (x2 + 1)(x3 + 3)

Example
√
2. Find the derivative of f (x) = x3 (2 x + x1/4 )

Example
√
2. Find the derivative of f (x) = x3 (2 x + x1/4 )

The Quotient Rule of Differentiation
Theorem
f (x)
h(x) = ,
g(x)
where g(x) ̸= 0
g(x) · f ′ (x) − f (x) · g ′ (x)

h′ (x) =
[g(x)]2

Example
t2 − 1
1. Find the derivative of y =
t3 + 1

Example
t2 − 1
t3 + 1
(x − 1)(x2 − 2x)
x4

Example
t2 − 1
t3 + 1
(x − 1)(x2 − 2x)
x4

The General Power Rule of Differentiation
Theorem
If f and g are functions such that
f (x) = [g(x)]r ,
where r is any rational number, and if g ′ (x) exists,
f ′ (x) = r[g(x)]r−1 · g(′ x)

Example
1. Find the derivative of f (x) = (x3 − 2x + 3)3

Example
p
2. Find the derivative of y = (2x3 + 1)5

Example
p
r
x−3
3. Find the derivative of y = 3
x+3

Example
p
r
x−3
x+3
4. Find the derivative of y = (x − 1)3 (x + 1)4

Example
p
r
x−3
x+3
4. Find the derivative of y = (x − 1)3 (x + 1)4


Chain rule of Differentiation
Definition
dy
If y is a function of u, defined by y = f (u) and exists, and if u
du
du
is a function of x, defined by u = g(x) and exists, then y is a
dx
dy
function of x and exists and is given by
dx
dy dy du
= ·
dx du dx

Example
dy u2 − 1 √
1. Find , given y = 2 and u = 3 x2 + 2
dx u +1

Example
dy u2 − 1 √
dx u +1
dy √
2. Find , given y = x3 − 3x + 5 and x = 21 t + 3.
dt

Example
dy u2 − 1 √
dx u +1
dy √
dt
√ dy √
3. If y = x2 − 4x and x = 2t2 + 1, find when t = 2
dt

Example
dy u2 − 1 √
dx u +1
dy √
dt
√ dy √
3. If y = x2 − 4x and x = 2t2 + 1, find when t = 2
dt


Definition
If y = f (x) is differentiable function then its derivative f ′ (x) is
also a function.

Definition
also a function.
If f ′ is also differentiable, then we can differentiate f ′ to a get a
new function of x denoted by f ′′ .

Definition
also a function.
The function f ′′ is called the second derivative of f because it is
the derivative of the first derivative.

Definition
also a function.
The function f ′′ is called the second derivative of f because it is
the derivative of the first derivative.
dy ′′ d3 y
If y ′′ is differentiable, its derivative, y ′′′ = = 3 is the third
dx dx ,
derivative of y with respect to x.

Notations
Second Derivative:
d2 y dy ′

′′ d dy
f (x) = 2 = = = y ′′ = D2 (f )(x) = Dx2 f (x).
dx dx dx dx

Notations
Second Derivative:
d2 y dy ′

′′ d dy
f (x) = 2 = = = y ′′ = D2 (f )(x) = Dx2 f (x).
dx dx dx dx
Third Derivative:
d3 y dy ′′
f ′′′ (x) = = = y ′′′ = D3 (f )(x) = Dx3 f (x).
dx3 dx

Notations
Second Derivative:
d2 y dy ′

′′ d dy
f (x) = 2 = = = y ′′ = D2 (f )(x) = Dx2 f (x).
dx dx dx dx
Third Derivative:
d3 y dy ′′
f ′′′ (x) == = y ′′′ = D3 (f )(x) = Dx3 f (x).
dx3 dx
Fourth Derivative:
d4 y dy ′′′
f (4) (x) = = = y (4) = D4 (f )(x) = Dx4 f (x).
dx4 dx
Notations
Second Derivative:
d2 y dy ′

′′ d dy
f (x) = 2 = = = y ′′ = D2 (f )(x) = Dx2 f (x).
dx dx dx dx
Third Derivative:
d3 y dy ′′
f ′′′ (x) == = y ′′′ = D3 (f )(x) = Dx3 f (x).
dx3 dx
Fourth Derivative:
d4 y dy ′′′
f (4) (x) = = = y (4) = D4 (f )(x) = Dx4 f (x).
dx4 dx
Example
1. Find the first fourth derivatives of y = x3 − 3x2 + 2

Example
2. Find all the derivatives of the function f defined by
f (x) = 8x4 + 5x3 − x2 − 7x + 13

Example
2. Find all the derivatives of the function f defined by
f (x) = 8x4 + 5x3 − x2 − 7x + 13


Definition
An equation f (x, y) = 0, on perhaps certain restricted ranges of
the variables, is said to define y implicitly as a function of x.

Definition
the variables, is said to define y implicitly as a function of x. The
derivative y ′ may be obtained by one of the following procedures:

Definition
1 Solve, when possible, for y and differentiate with respect to x.
Except for very simple equations. This procedure is to be
avoided.

Definition
avoided.
2 Thinking of y as a function as a function of x, differentiate
both sides of the given equation with respect to x sand solve
the resulting relation for y ′ . This differentiation process is
known as implicit differentiation.

Definition
avoided.
2 Thinking of y as a function as a function of x, differentiate
both sides of the given equation with respect to x sand solve
the resulting relation for y ′ . This differentiation process is
known as implicit differentiation.

Example
dy
1. Find if y 2 = x
dx

Example
dy
1. Find if y 2 = x
dx
√ √ dy
2. x + y = 4;
dx

Example
dy
1. Find if y 2 = x
dx
√ √ dy
2. x + y = 4;
dx
dy
3. 3x4 y 2 − 7xy 3 = 4 − 8y; find
dx

Example
dy
1. Find if y 2 = x
dx
√ √ dy
2. x + y = 4;
dx
dy
3. 3x4 y 2 − 7xy 3 = 4 − 8y; find
dx

Derivative of Algebraic Function

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Tangent Line and the Derivative

Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Batangas State University

September 29, 2022

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

1 Tangent Line and the Derivative

3 Chain Rule of Differentiation

4 Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

If x1 is a particular number in the domain of f , then

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

There are many ways to denote the derivative of a function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Exercises 3A The Tangent Line and the

1. Use the definition to find the derivative of the given function.

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Exercises 3A The Tangent Line and the

1 Tangent Line and the Derivative

3 Chain Rule of Differentiation

4 Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Derivative of a Constant Function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Derivative of a Constant Function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Derivative of a Constant Function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Derivative of a Constant Function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

Derivative of a Constant Function

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

The Power Rule of Differentiation

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

The Power Rule (for positive rational

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

The Power Rule (for positive rational

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

The Power Rule (for positive rational

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions

The Power Rule (for positive rational

A. Marasigan Derivative of Algebraic Functions