INDEX

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 INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

SUBMITTED BY

VENKATESH.S.S
NIRBHAY KUMAR.A

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
T.J.S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
2020-2024
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this final report of “INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES” is the

bonafide work of the following students who carried out this work under my
supervision.

1) VENKATESH.S.S
2) NIRBHAY KUMAR.A

SIGNATURE OF CEO
MR.JAGADEESHKANNA.G
VAAYUSASTRA
AEROSPACE
CHENNAI
 ACKNOWLDGEMENTS

We express our sincere gratitude to MR. JAGADEESH KANNA.G founder

of the company for give me this wonderful opportunity to work as interns in
VAAYUSASTRA AEROSPACE.
We are also grateful to Ms. SATHYAKOKILA.M B.E (aero) and other
employees who helping us to successfully completing this internship.
We express our sincere gratitude to DR. A.P. Haran Head of the department,
Aeronautical engineering, T.J.S college of engineering and technology for
allowing us to get this internship program.
 INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

0. BASICS OF ROCKET 7

1. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ROCKET 11

2. BASICS OF SUGAR PROPELLANT 15

3. USING OPEN ROCKET SOFTWARE 18

4. MAKING OF ROCKET MOTOR 25

5. TESTING AND EVOLUTATION OF 28

ROCKET MOTOR

6. FABRICATION OF THE ROCKET BODY 32

7. COMPONENTS OF CONCEPT 37

8. SELF STABILIZING ROCKET 42

1 BASICS OF ROCKET

CONTENT

0.1 PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET

0.2 TYPES OF ROCKET
0.3 ANATOMY OF ROCKET
0.4 MODEL ROCKET
0.1 PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET

NEWTONS THIRD LAW:

A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure. A small opening at one
end of the chamber allows the gas to escape, and in doing so provides a thrust that propels the
rocket in the opposite direction.

WHAT IS ROCKET?
A rocket is a space vehicle or missile, or the special engine that's meant to propel such a vehicle into the
air. It is escaping vehicle which uses thrust with respect to newton’s third law it can be missile,
launching vehicle, air craft etc.
0.2 TYPES OF ROCKETS

 Solid-propellant rocket are chemical rockets use propellant in a solid phase

 Liquid propellant rocket uses liquid phase fuel and oxidizer in the combustion chamber fed
into the tank

 Hybrid rockets use a solid phase fuel in the combustion chamber and liquid phase oxidizer
which fed into the tank. During combustion the liquid oxidizer is fed into the combustion
chamber containing solid phase fuel.

b
0.3 ANAOMY OF THE ROCKET

The various rocket parts described above have been grouped by function into structure, payload,
guidance, and propulsion systems. There are other possible groupings. For the purpose of weight
and flight performance, engineers often group the payload, structure, propulsion structure (nozzle,
pumps, tanks, etc.), and guidance into a single empty weight parameter. The remaining propellant
weight then becomes the only factor that changes with time when determining rocket performance.

0.4 MODEL ROCKET

DIY rockets are the model replication of the actual rocket concept to understand the principle of the
actual rocket that as been made with the ideated design.
1. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ROCKET USING OPEN ROCKET
SOFTWARE

CONTENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPEN
ROCKET
1.2 ROCKET BODY
1.3 MOTORS SELECTION
1.4 SIMULATION OF ROCKET
1.1 INTRODUCITON TO OPEN ROCKET:
Open Rocket is a free, fully featured model rocket simulator that allows you to design
and simulate your rockets before actually building and flying them.

1.2 ROCKET BODY DESIGNING:

The body of a rocket is not one of the more influential parts. The purpose of the body is
to house the fuel. It is often in the form of a hollow cylinder because it reduces the
amount surface area that is in contact with the air. ... This is a picture of a model rocket
with stabilizing fins and nose cone attached.
1.3 MOTOR SELECTION:
Model rocket motors are made up of a fuel and an oxidizer, this is the propellant.
These two ingredients can vary but both are required to produce the appropriate
thrust. The most common model rocket engines are made of black powder and have
only three ingredients: charcoal, potassium nitrate, and
sulphur
1.4 SIMULATION OF ROCKET:
The simulation makes it easy to see what's going on throughout the rocket's flight.
Moreover, it may be the only way to really solve the problem you're trying to solve.
2.BASICS OF SUGAR PROPELLENT ROCKET

CONTENT
2.1 WHAT IS PROPELLANT?

2.2 SUGAR BASED

PROPELLENT

2.3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2.1 WHAT IS PROPELLENT?
Rocket propellant is the reaction mass of a rocket. This reaction
mass is ejected at the highest achievable velocity from a rocket engine to produce thrust.

2.2 SUGAR BASED PROPELLENT:

Rocket Candy, or R-Candy, is a type of

rocket propellant for model rockets made with sugar as a fuel, and containing an oxidizer.
The propellant can be divided into three groups of components: the fuel, the oxidizer, and
the additive(s). In the past, sucrose was most commonly used as fuel. Modern
formulations most commonly use sorbitol for its ease of production. The most common
oxidizer is potassium nitrate (KNO3). Potassium nitrate is most commonly found in
household stump remover. Additives can be many different substances, and either act as
catalysts or enhance the aesthetics of the lift-off or flight. A traditional sugar propellant
formulation is typically prepared in a 65:35 (13:7) oxidizer to fuel ratio.
2.3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
12 KNO3 (aq) + C6H12O6 (aq) → 6 H2O (l) + 6 CO2 (g) + 12 KNO2 (aq)
This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:
6 C0 - 24 e- → 6 CIV (oxidation)
12 NV + 24 e- → 12 NIII (reduction)
C6H12O6 is a reducing agent, KNO3 is an oxidizing agent.
This is a gas evolution reaction; CO2 is the formed gas.
Reactants:

• KNO3 – Potassium nitrate o Other names: Saltpetre, Nitrate of

potash. o Appearance: White solid; Colourless-to-white crystalline
powder
• C6H12O6 - DEXTROSE

Products:

• H2O – Water, oxidant o Other names: Water (H2O), Hydrogen

hydroxide (HH or HOH), Hydrogen oxide.
o Appearance: White crystalline solid, almost colourless liquid
with a hint of blue, colourless gas.
• CO2 o Name: Carbon dioxide
o Appearance: Colourless gas; Odourless colourless compressed
liquefied gas; Colourless, odourless gas. [Note: Shipped as a
liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice.]
• KNO2 3.
o Names: Potassium nitrite, Nitrous acid potassium salt o
Appearance: White or slight yellow solid | deliquescent; White
to-yellow deliquescent solid in various forms
3.CEA ANALYSIS OF PROPELLENT

CONTENT
3.1 ANALYSIS REPORT
********************************************************
***********************

NASA-GLENN CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM PROGRAM CEA2,

MAY 21, 2004
BY BONNIE MCBRIDE AND SANFORD GORDON
REFS: NASA RP-1311, PART I, 1994 AND NASA RP-1311, PART
II, 1996

problem o/f=1.941,
rocket equilibrium frozen nfz=1
p,bar=1,
sub,ae/at=36,
sup,ae/at=36,
react
oxid=KNO3(a) wt=66 t,k=300
fuel=C6H1206 wt=51 t,k=300 C 6 H 12 O 6
output
plot p t isp
end

Pc,BAR = 1.000000
SUBSONIC AREA RATIOS = 36.0000
SUPERSONIC AREA RATIOS = 36.0000

REACTANT WT.FRAC (ENERGY/R),K TEMP,K DENSITY

EXPLODED FORMULA

O: KNO3(a) 1.000000 -0.593930E+05 300.00 0.0000

K 1.00000 N 1.00000 O 3.00000

F: C6H1206 1.000000 0.000000E+00 300.00 0.0000

C 6.00000 H 12.00000 O 6.00000

SPECIES BEING CONSIDERED IN THIS SYSTEM

(CONDENSED PHASE MAY HAVE NAME LISTED SEVERAL
TIMES)

O/F = 1.941000

EFFECTIVE FUEL EFFECTIVE OXIDANT MIXTURE

ENTHALPY h(2)/R h(1)/R h0/R

(KG-MOL)(K)/KG 0.00000000E+00 -0.58744950E+03 -

0.38770469E+03

THEORETICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING EQUILIBRIUM

COMPOSITION DURING EXPANSION FROM INFINITE AREA
COMBUSTOR

Pin = 14.5 PSIA

CASE =

REACTANT WT FRACTION ENERGY TEMP

(SEE NOTE) KJ/KG-MOL K

OXIDANT KNO3(a) 1.0000000 -493823.898 300.000

FUEL C6H1206 1.0000000 0.000 300.000

O/F= 1.94100 %FUEL= 34.002040 R,EQ.RATIO= 1.204771

PHI,EQ.RATIO= 1.387817

CHAMBER THROAT EXIT EXIT

Pinf/P 1.0000 1.7659 1.0002 337.94

P, BAR 1.0000 0.56629 0.99984 0.00296
T, K 2346.75 2158.71 2346.70 1163.21
RHO, KG/CU M 1.6725-1 1.0320-1 1.6723-1 1.0811-3
H, KJ/KG -3223.57 -3549.64 -3223.67 -5516.19
U, KJ/KG -3821.48 -4098.35 -3821.56 -5789.89
G, KJ/KG -24598.9 -23212.2 -24598.5 -16111.3
S, KJ/(KG)(K) 9.1085 9.1085 9.1085 9.1085
M, (1/n) 32.634 32.710 32.634 35.336
MW, MOL WT 32.634 32.710 32.634 34.258
SON VEL,M/SEC 835.1 807.5 835.1 543.9
MACH NUMBER 0.000 1.000 0.016 3.937

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Ae/At 1.0000 36.000 36.000

CSTAR, M/SEC 1199.9 1199.9 1199.9
CF 0.6730 0.0115 1.7846
Ivac, M/SEC 1487.0 43519.2 2269.1
Isp, M/SEC 807.5 13.7 2141.3

THEORETICAL ROCKET PERFORMANCE ASSUMING FROZEN

COMPOSITION

Pin = 14.5 PSIA

CASE =

REACTANT WT FRACTION ENERGY TEMP

(SEE NOTE) KJ/KG-MOL K
OXIDANT KNO3(a) 1.0000000 -493823.898 300.000 FUEL
C6H1206 1.0000000 0.000 300.000

O/F= 1.94100 %FUEL= 34.002040 R,EQ.RATIO= 1.204771

PHI,EQ.RATIO= 1.387817

CHAMBER THROAT EXIT EXIT

Pinf/P 1.0000 1.7780 1.0002 486.28
P, BAR 1.0000 0.56244 0.99984 0.00206
T, K 2346.75 2125.08 2346.69 729.21
RHO, KG/CU M 1.6725-1 1.0388-1 1.6723-1 1.1069-3
H, KJ/KG -3223.57 -3551.17 -3223.67 -5450.05
U, KJ/KG -3821.48 -4092.59 -3821.56 -5635.84
G, KJ/KG -24598.9 -22907.4 -24598.4 -12092.0
S, KJ/(KG)(K) 9.1085 9.1085 9.1085 9.1085

M, (1/n) 32.634 32.634 32.634 32.634

MW, MOL WT 32.634 32.634 32.634 32.634
Cp, KJ/(KG)(K) 1.4876 1.4674 1.4876 1.2022
GAMMAs 1.2067 1.2101 1.2067 1.2689
SON VEL, M/SEC 849.4 809.4 849.4 485.5
MACH NUMBER 0.000 1.000 0.016 4.346

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Ae/At 1.0000 36.000 36.000

CSTAR, M/SEC 1189.3 1189.3 1189.3
CF 0.6806 0.0117 1.7744
Ivac, M/SEC 1478.3 43139.2 2198.2 Isp,
M/SEC 809.4 13.9 2110.2
4. MAKING OF ROCKET MOTOR

CONTENT
4.1 PROCEDURE FOR
MAKING OF SUGAR
ROCKET MOTOR
4.1 PROCEDURES FOR MAKING SUGAR ROCKET MOTOR:

• Primarily we have to take KNO3 and DEXTROSE in the proportion of 65:35

respectively.

• And then mix these two substance in the fine manner.

• Gently heat the mixture of potassium nitrate and dextrose until it becomes
viscous syrup.
NOTE: Dry heating does not actually melt the KNO3, but it melts the sugar
and then the KNO3 grains become suspended in the sugar. Metal oxides have
been found to increase the burn rate of sugar propellants. Pour the melted
mixture in to the container we chose for making the motor.

• After pouring we have to strongly pack the propellent by dumping

• After the completion of dumping make the hole for making ignition easier
9. TESTING AND EVOLUATION OF ROCKET MOTAR

CONTENT
5.1 CALIBRATION OF THRUST
STAND

5.2 MOTOR IGNITION TEST

5.3 ROCKET MOTOR

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
 5.1 CALIBRATION OF THRUST STAND:
The thrust stand is used to restrain the test article and provide for measurement
of the forces generated by the test article.
Its reading is recorded in a computer by a special Arduino programmed board. It
gives us live measurement of forces during testing for our calculations.
Its needs to be calibrated before testing. We purposely give some known loads and
then measure the forces which is recorded by the computer and after taking this
value we match the recorded values with known values.
Finally, the thrust stand is successfully calibrated with no point of error.

The recorded value from the thrust stand will be visible like this with time.
 5.2 MOTOR IGNITION TEST:
After calibration of the thrust stand, we set up our Rocet motor on the thrust stand.
After that e ignited the propellent using Nichrome wire. When electric current is
passed through Nichrome ire its temperature increases abundantly, which is enough
to ignite our propellent.

As burning of propellent progresses, the thrust produced

by the motor is measured b the thrust stand and the
readings are noted.
 5.3 ROCKET MOTOR PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS:
We take the readings which is given by thrust stand and the we do some mathematical
calculations in excel workbook.
6. FABRICATION OF THE ROCKET BODY

CONTENT

6.1. CONCEPTUAL
DESIGNING

6.2 MAKING ROCKET

MODEL FROM THE
SCRATCH
6.1.CONCEPTUAL DESIGNING:
The conceptual design phase results in a description of the proposed system in terms of a
set of integrated ideas about what it should do, how it should behave, and what it should
look like. Visualizing your product is an important aspect of verifying the complete
design intent.

We primarily make a cad model of rocket before fabrication for getting better
understanding of our rocket model.

6.2 MAKING OF ROCKET MODEL FROM THE SCRATCH:

After the completion of conceptual design we start making real model using materials
such as cardboard , PLA, acrylic sheets .
7. COMPONENTS OF CONCEPT

CONTENT

7.1 GYROSCOPE

7.2 MICROCONTROLLER

7.3 SERVO MOTOR

7.1 GYROSCOPE
MPU6050 sensor module is complete 6-axis Motion Tracking Device. It combines 3-axis
Gyroscope, 3-axis Accelerometer and Digital Motion Processor all in small package.
Also, it has additional feature of on-chip Temperature sensor. It has I2C bus interface to
communicate with the microcontrollers.

It has Auxiliary I2C bus to communicate with other sensor devices like 3-axis
Magnetometer, Pressure sensor etc.
7.1.1 3-AXIS

When the gyros are rotated about any of the sense axes, the Coriolis Effect causes a
vibration that is detected by a MEM inside MPU6050.
- The resulting signal is amplified, demodulated, and filtered to produce a voltage that is
proportional to the angular rate.
7.2 MICROCONTROLER

Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, and it is designed by Arduino.cc. It

can be built with a microcontroller like Atmega328. The communication of an Arduino
Nano board can be done using different sources like using an additional Arduino board, a
computer, otherwise using microcontrollers. The microcontroller using in Nano board
(ATmega328) offers serial communication (UART TTL). This can be accessible at
digital pins like TX, and RX. The Arduino software comprises of a serial monitor to
allow easy textual information to transmit and receive from the board.

7.2.1 PROGRAMMING IN THE NANO

The programming of an Arduino nano can be done using the Arduino software. Click the
Tools option and select the nano board. Microcontroller ATmega328 over the Nano
board comes with preprogrammed with a boot loader.
7.3 SERVO MOTOR
SG90 9 g Micro Servo Tiny and lightweigh t with high output power.
Servo can rot ate approximately 180 degrees (90 in ea ch direction), and works just like
the standard kinds but smaller.
You can use any servo code, hardware or library to control these servos.
Good for beginne rs who want to make stuff move without building a motor controller
with feedba ck & gear box, especially since it will fit in small places.

There are lots of servo motors available in the market and each one has its own speciality
and applications. The following two paragraphs will help you identify the right type of
servo motor for your project/system.

Most of the hobby Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the higher the voltage higher
the torque we can achieve, but most commonly they are operated at +5V.
8. SELF STABILIZING ROCKET

CONTENT
8.1 SCHEMATIC
OVERVIEW

8.2 ARDUINO CODE

8.3 3-AXIS GYRO

OUTPUT
8.1 SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW
The interface between the mpu6050 gyroscope and arduino nano is the I2c configuration
that the pin SDA and SCL of the mpu6050 sensor is respectively connected to the A4 and
A5 analog pins of the arduino nano. Then the connections of the signal pins of each
servos are connected to the 8,9,10 and 11 digital pins of the arduino nano. The digital
pins 8 and 9 are the responsible for the axis-pitch of the rocket and the digital pins 10
and 11 are connected to the servos responsible for the axis-roll.

8.2 ARDUINO CODE

The code that is been developed to interface between the mpu6050 and servo control
through the arduino microcontroller. The code is developed for the axis control of the
pitch and roll of the object which act as the roll and pitch stabilizer of the object that the
object ( rocket ) trajectory is the fixed.

#include <MPU6050_tockn.h>

#include <Servo.h>

int servopin1 = 9;

int servopin2 = 10;

int servopin3 = 11;

int servopin4 = 3;

Servo servo1;

Servo servo2;

Servo servo3;

Servo servo4;

int pos = 0;

MPU6050 mpu6050(Wire);
long timer = 0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

Wire.begin();

mpu6050.begin();

mpu6050.calcGyroOffsets(true);

servo1.attach(servopin1);

servo2.attach(servopin2);

servo3.attach(servopin3);

servo4.attach(servopin4);

void loop() {

mpu6050.update();

if(millis() - timer > 1000){

Serial.print("angleX : ");

// print

Serial.print(mpu6050.getAngleX());

Serial.print(" angleY : ");

Serial.println(mpu6050.getAngleY());

timer = millis();
}

//x-axis / roll

if( mpu6050.getAngleX() == -1<0< 1){

servo2.write(90); //set to 90 degrees

servo2.write(90 - mpu6050.getAngleY()); //unstable angle

if( mpu6050.getAngleX() == 0){

servo1.write(90); //set to 90 degrees

servo1.write(90 + mpu6050.getAngleY()); //unstable angle

//y-axis / pitch

if(mpu6050.getAngleY() == 0)

servo3.write(90);//set to 90 degrees

servo3.write(90 +mpu6050.getAngleX()); //unstable angle

if(mpu6050.getAngleY() == 0)

servo4.write(90); //set to 90 degrees

servo4.write(90 - mpu6050.getAngleX());//unstable angle

}
8.3 3-AXIS GYRO OUTPUT