3 Tangents to Circles

3 Tangents to Circles

Activity

Activity 3.1 (p. 3.4)

1. (line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord (adj. s on st. line)
 chord)

2. (Pyth. theorem)
3. TQ = TP (tangent properties)
∴ x=

3. (a) Yes
(b) AM = 0; OM = r ∴ (prop. of equil. △)
(c) Yes ∴

Classwork Classwork (p. 3.23)

1. ( in alt. segment)
Classwork (p. 3.5)
1. (tangent  radius)
( in alt. segment)
(tangent  radius)

2. Refer to the figure. 2. ( in alt. segment)

( in alt. segment)

3. ( sum of △)
(alt. s, TA // CB)
∴ ( in alt. segment)
(tangent  radius)

4. ( in alt. segment)

( sum of △)
3. ∵ OT = OA (radii)
∴ (base s, isos. △)

(tangent  radius)

Quick Practice

Quick Practice 3.1 (p. 3.5)

( at centre twice  at ☉ )
Classwork (p. 3.14)
1. (tangent properties) ce

∴
(tangent properties)
∴ (tangent  radius)
In △ABC,
2. (tangent properties)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

Quick Practice 3.2 (p. 3.6)

∴
(a)

∴ AC2 = AB2 + BC2

∴ CB  AB converse of Pyth. theorem
Construct XY as the common tangent to the circles at C.
∴ BC is the tangent to the circle converse of tangent 
XY  O1Ctangent  radius at B. radius
XY  O2Ctangent  radius
∴ O1CO2 is a straight line. Quick Practice 3.4 (p. 3.8)
i.e. C lies on the straight line O1O2. ∵ AC = AB given
(b) ∴ base s, isos. △

ext.  of △

∵ OA = OC radii
∴ base s, isos. △
Construct O2D such that O2D  O1A.
DABO2 is a rectangle.
∴

∴ BC is the tangent to the

circle at C. converse of tangent  radius

Quick Practice 3.5 (p. 3.15)

(a) (tangent properties)

(tangent properties)
Consider right-angled triangle O1DO2.
(Pyth. theorem) ( sum of △)

(tangent properties)
∴

Quick Practice 3.3 (p. 3.7)

∵ AB is a diameter of the circle.
∴
Pyth. theorem
(b) ( sum of △)

adj. s on st. line Quick Practice 3.6 (p. 3.16)

Let BX = x cm, then AX = (9 – x) cm.
(tangent properties)
Pyth. theorem
(tangent properties)

∴ CY = (10 – x) cm
(tangent properties)

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 3 Tangents to Circles

∵ AZ + CZ = 11 cm Quick Practice 3.7 (p. 3.17)

Join OC.
tangent  radius
ODA = 90 tangent  radius
 sum of △

tangent properties

∴
proved
OD = OD common side
∴ △AOD  △COD AAS
∴ AD = CD corr. sides,  △s
∴ D is the mid-point of AC.

Quick Practice 3.8 (p. 3.24)

 in alt. segment

BCA = CAR alt. s, BC // AR

CAR = ABC  in alt. segment
∴ BCA = ABC
 sum of △

∵
∴ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.

Quick Practice 3.9 (p. 3.25)

(a) Consider △ABD and △BCD.
 in semi-circle
adj. s on st. line

∴
BAD = CBD  in alt. segment
∴ △ABD ~ △BCD AAA
(b) ∵ △ABD ~ △BCD (proved in (a))

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

(Pyth.

∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)

theorem)

∴
3.

Quick Practice 3.10 (p. 3.26)

(a) ( in alt. segment)
(alt. s, AC // TP)
∴ ACB = BAC
Join OD.
( sum of △) ∵ CD = AD given
∴ base s, isos. △

(b)  in alt. segment ∵ OD = OA radii

 sum of △ ∴ base s, isos. △

 sum

∵ TAB = ACB
∴ TA is the tangent to the
circle at A. converse of  in alt. of △
segment
∴ CD is the tangent to the circle at D. converse of
Further Practice tangent 
radius
Further Practice (p. 3.8)
1. Let r cm be the radius of the circle. Further Practice (p. 3.17)
(tangent  radius)
1. (s at a pt.)
(Pyth. theorem)

POT = QOT = x (tangent properties)

OPT = 90 (tangent  radius)

∴ The radius of the circle is 16 cm.
( sum of △)
2. (a)

2. (tangent properties)

(tangent properties)
Let PA be the common tangent to the circles at A.
tangent  radius
tangent  radius
∴ AO1O2 is a straight line.
(b)
(tangent properties)

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 3 Tangents to Circles

(tangent  radius)
∴
∴

3. ∵ AP = AQ tangent properties 3. OP  AB (tangent  radius)

∴ APQ = AQP base s, isos. △ OP2 = AO2 – AP2 (Pyth. theorem)
APQ = RQP alt. s, AP // QR
∴ AQP = RQP
∴ PQ bisects AQR.

Further Practice (p. 3.27)

(Pyth. theorem)
1. BAC = ADC ( in alt. segment)

(

sum of △) 4. OA = OB (radii)

(base s, isos. △)

2. ∵ OB = OA radii
∴ base s, isos. △
(ext.  of △)
tangent  radius
OAT = 90 (tangent  radius)

( sum of △)

alt. s, AC // PQ

∵ BAC = QCB = 70

∴ QC is the tangent to the
circle at C. converse of  in
alt. segment

Exercise

Exercise 3A (p. 3.9)

Level 1
1. PG = PE (given)
(base s, isos. △)

(alt. s, AB // CD)

(tangent  radius)

2. OP = OC (radii)
OPC = OCP (base s, isos. △)
( sum of △)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

5. OT = OP (radii)

(base s, isos. △)

(tangent  radius) OA = OD (radii)

∴ (base s, isos. △)

(ext.  of △) ABC = 90 (tangent  radius)

( sum of △)

6. radii
11. Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
OTA = 90 (tangent  radius)
(Pyth. theorem)

∴ The radius of the circle is 5 cm.

∴ PB2 + OB2 = PO2
∴ OB  PB converse of Pyth. theorem 12. AB is the tangent to the circle at P.
∴ PB is the tangent to the Also, APQ = 90.
circle at B. converse of tangent  radius ∴ PQ passes through the centre of the circle.
∴ PQ is a diameter of the circle.
7. AD = DC given
OA = OB radii
∴ OD // BC mid-pt. theorem 13. ext.  of △

∴ corr. s, OD // BC
vert. opp. s
∴ BC is the tangent to the converse of tangent  radius
circle at B.
∵ AO = EO radii
8. ABC = 90 (tangent  radius) ∴ base s, isos. △
( sum of △)
 sum of △
( at centre twice  at ☉ )

ce ∴ BC is the tangent to the converse of tangent

circle at B.  radius

arcs prop. to s at
centre

14.

9. ( at centre twice  at ☉ )

ce

OTB = 90 (tangent  radius) OB = OD radii

( sum of △) base s, isos. △
 sum of △

10. ADB = 90 ( in semi-circle) BD = CD given

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 3 Tangents to Circles

base s, isos. △ Level 2

15. (a) Reflex (s at a pt.)

∴
( at centre twice  at

∴ BC is the tangent to the circle at B. converse of

tangent  radius

☉ )

ce

(b) (int. s, QP // TO)

OT  AB (tangent  radius)

16. (a) (ext. , cyclic quad.)

( sum of △)

(b) OT  PT (tangent  radius)

OA = OT (radii)

( sum of △)

17. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADB.

ADB = 90  in semi-circle
ABC = 90 tangent  radius
∴ ADB = ABC
BAC = DAB common angle
∴ △ABC ~ △ADB AAA
(b) ∵ △ABC ~ △ADB (proved in (a))

∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

18. (a) OBC = 90 tangent  radius (b)

ODC = 90 tangent  radius
∵

∴ B, C, D and O are concyclic. opp. s supp.

( sum of polygon)

19. ∵ given

∴ AD = BD equal arcs, equal chords

∴ DAB = DBA base s, isos. △
ADB = 90  in semi-circle
 sum of △

adj. s on st. line

∵ BD = CD given
∴ DBC = DCB base s, isos. △
 sum of △

∴ BC is the tangent to the converse of tangent

circle at B.  radius

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 3 Tangents to Circles

20.

∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)

(b) ∵ EF = AB
Join OP. ∴ EF and AB are equidistant from the centre O.
Let OQB = . (equal chords, equidistant from centre)
OQ = OP radii ∴ The mid-point of chord EF lies on the smaller
OQB = OPB =  base s, isos. △ circle.
i.e. EF touches the smaller circle at the mid-
OPA = 90 tangent  radius
point of EF.
∴ BPA = 90   ∴ EF is a tangent to the smaller circle.
Consider △QOB.
 sum of △ 23. OC = OD (radii)
OCD = ODC = 66 (base s, isos. △)
vert. opp. s

∴
∴ sides opp. equal s
(corr. s, AB // OC)
21. APQ = 90 (tangent  radius)
PO1O2Q is a straight line. OBA = 90 (tangent  radius)
BOC = OBA = 90 (alt. s, AB // OC)
OC = OE (radii)
OCE = OEC (base s, isos. △)
(ext.  of △)
(Pyth. theorem)

∴ FAB ≠ BEC
∴ A, B, F and E are not concyclic.
(line from centre  chord bisects chord)
Exercise 3B (p.3.17)
Level 1
1. (tangent properties)
(base s, isos. △)

( sum of △)
22. (a) (i) (tangent  radius)
AT = TB (line from centre 
chord bisects chord)
2. (tangent properties)

∴ (adj. s on st.

OT = OC = 15 cm (radii) line)
OA2 = OT2 + AT2 (Pyth. theorem)

(tangent  radius)
( sum of △)
∴ The radius of the larger circle is 17 cm.
(ii) Consider △OAB and △OCD.

(radii) 3. OAT  90 (tangent  radius)

(common angle)
∴ △OAB ~ △OCD (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

(Pyth. theorem) ∴

7. ∵ (tangent properties)
∴ (base s, isos. △)
∴ (tangent properties) ( sum of △)

4. ∵ AR  AP  3 cm (tangent properties)
∴ BMQ  25  68 (ext.  of △)

(tangent properties)
∴ (adj. s on st.
(tangent properties)

line)

8. Let O be the centre of the circle.

5. (tangent properties)

( sum of △)

(tangent properties)

( sum of △) Join OC, OD and OQ.

( sum of polygon)

∵ (tangent properties)
(tangent properties)

QDR  PCQ  108

6. Let the length of AR be x cm.
(tangent properties) (tangent properties)

(tangent properties)

∴ OCQ  ODQ
OQC  OQD  90 (tangent  radius)
OQ  OQ (common side)
(tangent properties) ∴ △OCQ  △ODQ (AAS)
∴ CQ = DQ (corr. sides,  △s)
∴ Q is the mid-point of CD.
(Pyth. theorem)

9. (a) (tangent properties)

OAT  90 (tangent  radius)

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 3 Tangents to Circles

( 11. PB  QB (tangent properties)

BPQ  BQP (base s, isos. △)
( sum of △)
sum of △)

(b) OC  OA (radius) QC = RC (tangent properties)

OCA  OAC (base s, isos. △) CQR = CRQ (base s, isos. △)
( sum ( sum of △)

of △) (adj. s on st.

(ext.  of △) line)

(opp. s, cyclic quad.)

10. OQB  90 (tangent  radius)

( sum

12. (a) OAT  90 tangent  radius

of △) OBT  90 tangent  radius
∴ OAT  OBT  180
∴ O, B, T and A are concyclic. opp. s supp.
(tangent properties) (b) ∵ O, B, T and A are
concyclic.
∴ OAB = OTB s in the same segment
( sum of △)
OTB = OTA tangent properties
∴ OAB = OTA

Level 2
(tangent properties) 13.

Join OD.

(tangent

properties)

(tangent

properties)
(int. s, AE // BC)

( sum

of △)

14. BP  BR (tangent properties)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

CR  CQ (tangent properties) base s, isos. △

∵ BR  CR  6 cm  sum
∴ BP  CQ  6 cm
CQ 6 cm – BP …… (1)
(tangent

of △
properties)
∴
By substituting (1) into (2), we have ∴ BA // OT alt. s equal

18. BT  AT tangent properties

∴ BT  AT  BA
∴
∴ ABT  ATB  TAB  60 prop. of equil. △
DAT  90 tangent  radius
15. AP  AS, BP  BQ, CQ  CR and DR  DS
(tangent properties) ∴ 
Perimeter of ABCD

sum of △

 in semi-circle
adj. s
on st. line

∵ CDB  CBD = 30

∴ CB  CD sides opp. equal s
16. Let O be the centre of the smaller circle and r cm be the
radius of the smaller circle. 19. (a) AB  BD tangent properties
BD  BC tangent properties
∴ AB  BC

(b) BAD  BDA base s, isos. △

BDC  BCD base s, isos. △

OZY  90 (tangent  radius)

OXC  90 (tangent  radius)
OYC  90 (tangent  radius)  sum of △
∴

(Pyth. theorem) 20. ∵ PQ and RS are not parallel.

∴ PQ and RS must meet at
a point C.
CA  CB tangent properties
CAB CBA = x base s, isos. △
CBA RBA  180 adj. s on st. line
∴ x  y  180

∴ The radius of the smaller circle is 1 cm. 21. (a) (tangent properties)
17. Let AOT = x.
tangent properties (tangent properties)

adj. s on st.

line (b) PAD  90 tangent  radius

QPA  90 given
OB = OA radii ∴ QPA  PAD = 180
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 3 Tangents to Circles

∴ AD // PQ int. s supp. ( in alt. segment)

Consider △CRQ and △CAD.
CRQ  CAD corr. s, PQ // AD
CQR  CDA corr. s, PQ // AD (ext.  of △)
∴ △CRQ ~ △CAD AAA

corr. sides, ~ △s

3. ( in alt. segment)

( in alt. segment)

(alt. s, CA // TB)

(c) Consider △APR and △ABC.
ABC  90 tangent  radius
PAR  BAC common angle (opp. s, cyclic
∴ △APR ~ △ABC AAA

corr. sides, ~ △s
quad.)
∵ △CRQ ~ △CAD proved in (b)

corr. sides, ~ s
∴ △

Exercise 3C (p. 3.27)

Level 1
1. TB  TA (given)
(base s, isos. △)

( in alt. segment)

∴ ATB  111  x
( sum of △)

2. ATB  90 ( in semi-circle)

( sum of △)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

4. TA  TB (tangent properties) ( in alt. segment)

TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △)
( sum of △)
(adj. s on st. line)

( in alt. segment)

( sum of △)

5. (a) (adj. s on st. line)

(ext.  of △)

(b) TA  TB (tangent properties)

TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △)

( in alt. segment)

6. (a) Consider △BCT and △CAT.

∴ CBT  ACT
∴ △BCT  △CAT AAA
(b) Let the length of AB be x cm.
∵ △BCT ~ △CAT

(corr. sides, ~ s)
∴ △

∴ The length of AB is 17 cm.

7. TP = TA (given)
TPA = TAP (base s, isos. △)
(ext.  of △)

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 3 Tangents to Circles

8. Let ACB  x.

∴ △ABC ~ △BTC AAA

(b) (Pyth. theorem)

∵ △ABC ~ △BTC

∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)

Consider △ATB.
( sum of △)

9.

11.

∴ BAC  CBE
∴ DE is the tangent to the converse of  in
Join BD. circle at B. alt. segment
( in alt. segment)

12.
( in alt. segment)

(opp. s, cyclic quad.)

∴ BTC  TAB
∴ PC is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at T. alt. segment
10. (a) Consider △ABC and △BTC.

13. common angle

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

( sum of △)
∴

∴ △BPT ~ △TPA ratio of 2 sides, inc. 

PTB  PAT corr. s, ~ △s (opp. s, cyclic quad.)
∴ TP is the tangent to the converse of  in
circle at T. alt. segment

14.

17. Let ABC  .

( in alt. segment)
Let BCD  t.
(ext.  of △) AC  CP (given)
CAP  CPA (base s, isos. △)
∴ CPA 
( in alt. segment) BAC  90 ( in semi-circle)
Consider △BPA.
(adj. s on st. line) ( sum of △)

∴
If ,

18. (a) ( in alt. segment)

( sum
If ,

of △)

(b) ( in alt. segment)

(or any other reasonable answers) (alt. s, AD // BC)

Level 2 (ext.  of △)
15. ( in alt. segment)

EBD  EDC ( in alt. segment)

Consider △BCD.
( sum

of △)

16. (adj. s on st. line)

( in alt. segment)

(ext.  of △)

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 3 Tangents to Circles

19. ( in alt. segment) (

sum of △)

(ext. , cyclic quad.)

( sum of △)

( in alt. segment)
20.
( in alt. segment)

AB  AD (given)
ABD ADB (base s, isos. △)
ABC ADC  180 (opp. s, cyclic quad.)

Join OA.
∵ OT OC (radii)
∴ (base s, isos. △)

(
∴
sum of △)

(equal chords, equal s) (b) ( in alt. segment)

(ext.  of △)
( at centre twice  at ⊙ce)

( in alt. segment)
23.

21.

Join AM, BM, AN, BN and AB. Join AB.

TA  TB (tangent properties)
TAB  TBA (base s, isos. △)
( sum of △)
(arcs prop. to s at ⊙ce)

(adj. s on st. line)

(opp. s, cyclic quad.)

( in alt. segment)
( in alt. segment)

24. ( in alt. segment)

22. (a) PD  PC (tangent properties)
PDC  PCD (base s, isos. △)

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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

(adj. s 25. (a) Consider △AMD and △BMP.

on st. line) ∴

(s in the same segment)

Consider △APT.
(ext.  of △)
(b) ∵ △AMD  △BMP
∴ (corr. sides,  △s)
(properties of square)
BPA  PAB (base s, isos. △)
ABP  90 (proved in (a))
( sum of

△)

(c) BCA  45 properties of square

PAB  45 proved in (b)
∴
∴ PA is the tangent to the converse of 
circle at A. in alt. segment

Revision Exercise 3 (p. 3.35)

Level 1
1.

( sum of

△)

2.

Sum of interior angles of pentagon


∴

3. (a) (tangent 
radius)

∴ AP // BQ (int. s supp.)

78
 3 Tangents to Circles

(alt. s, AP //
BQ)
(b) Join OC. 6.

BC = BA (tangent properties)
(base s, isos. △)

(ext.  of △)

4. ( in alt. segment)

(adj. s on st.

line)

(ext.  of △)
( in alt.
∴
segment)

(tangent properties) 7. ACO = 90 (tangent  radius)

(Pyth. theorem)
(base s, isos. △)
( sum of △)

∵ OC  AB
∴ AC = CB (line from centre  chord bisects chord)
5. Let OCA = a. ∴

8. CAQ = ABC ( in alt. segment)

BAC = 90 ( in semi-circle)
Consider △ABQ.
(

sum of △)

79
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

9.

Join OB. Join BC.

( sum of △)

( in alt. segment)

Consider △ABD.

( sum of △)

10. Consider △OBC.

( sum of △)

(tangent properties)
(tangent properties)
( sum

of △)

11. ( at centre twice  at ⊙ )

ce

80
 3 Tangents to Circles

In △ABD,
(b) (opp. s,
( sum

cyclic quad.)
of △)

15.
12. (tangent  radius)
( sum of △)

( at centre twice

 at ⊙ )
ce

( in alt. segment)

13. (a) (corr. s, AD //

BC)

(ext.  of △)

(b) ( in alt. segment)

(ext. 

of △)

14. (a)

Join AC.
( in semi-
circle)
( in alt.

segment)

(

sum of △)

81
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

Join AC.
( in alt. segment)

(ext.  of △)
( at centre twice  at

∴
∴ TC is the tangent to the circle at C.
(converse of  in alt. segment)
⊙ ) 18.
ce

( sum of △)

16. (a) Consider △PBC and △PAB.

PBC = PAB  in alt. segment
BPC = APB common angle Join OP and OQ.
∴ △PBC ~ △PAB AAA OP  AB tangent  radius
OQ  AC tangent  radius
(b) ∵ △PBC ~ △PAB
OP = OQ radii
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s) ∴ AB = AC chords equidistant from centre are equal

19. Let BAC = x.

given
 in semi-circle
Let PC = x cm.
ext.  of △

 sum of △

∴
∴ AD is the tangent to the circle at A. converse of  in
alt. segment
∴ The length of PC is 4 cm.
20. alt. s, PQ // CD
17. ext. , cyclic quad.
∴
∴ PQ is the tangent to the circle converse of  in alt.
at T. segment

21.  at centre twice

 at ⊙ce

vert. opp. s

alt. s, CD // BE

 sum

( sum

of △

∴ CD is the tangent to the converse of tangent 

of △) circle at C. radius

Level 2

82
 3 Tangents to Circles

22. (a) (alt. s, BC // AQ) 25.

(alt. s, BA // CD)

(b) ( in alt. segment)

Construct straight line DOB.

(ext.  of △)

(opp. s, cyclic

quad.)
∴
and
23. In △PBC, ∴ APBO and CQBO are cyclic quadrilaterals.
( sum of △) (opp. s supp.)
AOD = x (ext. , cyclic quad.)
COD = y (ext. , cyclic quad.)

( in alt. segment)
(ext. , cyclic
quad.) 26. (a) BR = BP tangent properties
CR = CQ tangent properties
∵ BC = BR + CR
∴ BC = BP + CQ

24.

( sum of

△)

Also,
∴ BYX is an equilateral triangle.
Let XY = a cm,
then BX = BY = a cm.

(tangent properties)

(tangent properties)

83
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

(b) AP = AQ (tangent properties) (tangent properties)

Perimeter of △ABC

(proved in (a)) ∴

(Pyth. theorem)

∴ The radius of the circle

27. (a) Consider △OPA and △QOB.
PAO = OBQ = 90 tangent  radius 29. (a) tangent  radius
 given
∴
common angle
sum of △ ∴ △CON ~ △CBA AAA
(b) OMA = ONA = 90 tangent  radius
AM // NO int. s supp.
adj. s
AN // MO int. s supp.
 AM = AN tangent properties
∴ AMON is a square.
(c) Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
on st. line AM = AN = r cm (property of square)
∵ △CON ~ △CBA (proved in (a))
∴ △OPA ~ △QOB AAA
(b) (i) ∵ △OPA ~ △QOB (proved in (a))

∴ ∴

∵ OA = OB (radii)

∴
∴ The radius of the circle

30. (a) (property of square)

∴ The radius of the circle is 6 cm.
(ii) OA = OB = 6 cm ∴ (int. s,
PC = PA = 9 cm (tangent properties)
QC = QB = 4 cm (tangent properties) BA // RP)
∴ The perimeter of the quadrilateral ABQP
∵ AP is the tangent to the circle at P and
APR = 90.
∴ PR is a diameter of the circle.

(b) (int. s, BA // RP)

28. (a) tangent  radius ∵ AQ is the tangent to the circle at Q and
AQS = 90
 ∴ QS is a diameter of the circle.
∴ The intersection of PR and QS is the centre of
sum of polygon the circle.

31. (a)

∴ OPBQ is a parallelogram. opp. s equal

OP = OQ radii
∴ OPBQ is a square.
(b) Let the radius of the circle be r cm.
PB = QB = r cm (property of square)
AP = (12 – r) cm and CQ = (5 – r) cm
(tangent properties)
Join OA, OB and OC.
Consider △ACO and △BCO.
84
 3 Tangents to Circles

CA = CB given ∴ OBT = 90 tangent  radius

OA = OB radii ∵ OBTC is a cyclic
CO = CO common side quadrilateral.
∴ △ACO  △BCO SSS
(b) ∵ ACBO is a cyclic ∴ opp. s, cyclic
quadrilateral of the
larger circle.
∴ opp. s, quad.
cyclic quad.
Also, corr. s,  △s ∴ CT is the tangent to the
circle at C. converse of
∴ tangent  radius

34. (a) ABC = 90  in semi-circle

∴ AC and BC are tangents AM  QS line joining centre
to the smaller circle at A to mid-pt. of
and B respectively. converse of chord  chord
tangent  radius ∴ ABC = AMS = 90
∴ BRMA is a cyclic ext.  = int. opp. s
quadrilateral.
32. (a)
(b)

∴
∴  sides opp. equal s

35. (a) Consider △OMP and △PNQ.

∴ ∵ OAT = PBT = 90 tangent  radius
(b) given ∴ OA // PB corr. s equal
∴ MOP = NPQ corr. s, OA // PB
In △CDT, OMP = PNQ = 90 given
∴ △OMP ~ △PNQ AAA
ext.  of △ (b) Let the radius of the middle circle be r cm.
∵ △OMP ~ △PNQ (proved in (a))
(corr. sides, ~ △s)
∴
∴ TA is the tangent to the
∴
circle at A. converse of  in
alt. segment

33. (a)

∴ The radius of the middle circle is 4 cm.

(c) Consider △NPQ and △CQT.
Join OC. (tangent  radius)
Also, (proved in (a))
∴ BP // CQ (corr. s equal)
∴

∴ NP = CQ
∵ NPQ = CQT (corr. s, BP // CQ)
∴ △NPQ  △CQT (ASA)

∴
∴ C, O, B and T are concyclic. converse of s in ∴ (corr. sides,  △s)
the same segment
(b) ∵ BT is the tangent to the
circle at B.
85
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

(b) From (a),

36. (a) Let Z be a point on OX such that SZ  OX.

OX  PQ (tangent  radius)
SY  PQ (tangent  radius)
SZ  OX (by construction)
∴ ZXYS is a rectangle.
(property of rectangle) ∴

Multiple Choice Questions (p. 3.41)

1. Answer: D

(property of rectangle)
(alt. s, PQ // BD)
In △OZS,
( in alt. segment)

( sum

of △)

∴
(opp. s,

cyclic quad.)

2. Answer: C

(ext. , cyclic
quad.)

( in alt. segment)

(adj. s on st.

line)

3. Answer: B

( in alt. segment)

( in semi-circle)

( sum of △)

( in alt. segment)

(ext.  of △)

4. Answer: D

86
 3 Tangents to Circles

5. Answer: B
Join AB. Refer to the figure.

(arcs prop. to s at

☉ )
( in alt. segment)
ce

(s in the same segment) (adj. s on st.

( in alt. segment) line)
 (tangent properties)
( sum of △)
(base s, isos. △)

( sum of △)

6. Answer: C
Obviously, COB is the angle at centre subtended by

∴ I is not true.
For II, OC  TC and OA  TA (tangent  radius)
(given)
OC = OA (radii)
∴ COAT is a square.
∴ (property of
square)
∴ CB = AB (equal s, equal chords)
Also, OT  CA (property of square)
∴ CBO = ABO (prop. of isos. △)
∴ II is true.
For III, ∵ CB = AB (proved)
∴ (base s, isos. △)
( in alt. segment)
∴
∴ III is true.
∴ The answer is C.

7. Answer: B
Join BD.

( in semi-circle)

(adj. s

87
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

on st. line) 8. Answer: C

For I, consider △CDA and △CAB.
ACD = BCA common angle
( in alt. segment) DAC = ABC  in alt. segment
∴ △CDA ~ △CAB AAA

(ext.  of △)
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)

For II, △CDA ~ △CAB

(corr. sides, ~ △s)

∴ II is not true.
For III, in △ABC,

∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle with BAC = 90.

(converse of Pyth. theorem)
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle.

Radius of the circle

∴ The radius of the circle is 10 cm.

∴ III is true.
∴ Only I and III are true.

9. Answer: A

(tangent properties)

(tangent properties)

(tangent properties)

88
 3 Tangents to Circles

10. Answer: D
For I, QB is the tangent to the circle at B.
∴
(tangent  radius)

∴ △OCQ  △OBQ (SAS)

∴ (corr. s,  △s)

∴ PQ is the tangent to the circle at C.
(converse of tangent  radius)
∴ I is true.
For II, DC // AB, but PCD may not be equal to CAD.
PQ may not be the tangent to the circle at C.
∴ II may not be true.
For III, PCD = CAD,
PQ is the tangent to the circle at C.
(converse of  in alt. segment)
∴ III must be true.
∴ Only I and III are true.

HKMO (p. 3.44)

Refer to the figure.
AB = BC = 20 cm
X, Y and Z are the points of contact.
∴ OX  BC, OY  BA and OZ  CA (tangent  radius)
BOZ is a straight line perpendicular to CA.

∴ and

89
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

Investigation Corner (p. 3.45)

(a) AB = CD = EF
AP = FP (tangent properties)
BQ = CQ (tangent properties)
DR = ER (tangent properties)
∴ PQ = QR = RP
∴ △PQR is an equilateral triangle.
(b) OAP = OFP = 90 (tangent  radius)
APF = 60 (prop. of equil. △)
(tangent properties)

( sum

of △)

(tangent

properties)

(c)

∴ The length of the bold orange line

(d) Using similar steps as in (a) to (c), we can find that:

The shortest length

90
 3 Tangents to Circles

91