CHAP 4 FINITE ELEMENTS FOR HEAT

TRANSFER PROBLEMS

1
 HEAT CONDUCTION ANALYSIS
• Analogy between Stress and Heat Conduction Analysis

Structural problem Heat transfer problem

Displacement Temperature (scalar)
Stress/strain Heat flux (vector)
Displacement B.C. Fixed temperature B.C.
Surface traction force Heat flux B.C.
Body force Internal heat generation
Young’s modulus Thermal conductivity

– In finite element viewpoint, two problems are identical if a proper

interpretation is given.
• More Complex Problems
– Coupled structural-thermal problems (thermal strain).
– Radiation problem
2
 THERMAL PROBLEM
• Goals:

[KT ]{T }  {Q}

Thermal load

Nodal temperature
Conductivity matrix

– Solve for temperature distribution for a given thermal load.

• Boundary Conditions
– Essential BC: Specified temperature
– Natural BC: Specified heat flux

3
4.2. FOURIER HEAT
CONDUCTION EQUATION

4
 STEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEM
• Fourier Heat Conduction Equation:
– Heat flow from high temperature to low temperature

dT
q x = -kA
dx
Thermal conductivity (W/m/C )
Heat flux (Watts)

• Examples of 1D heat conduction problems

Thigh

Thigh Tlow
qx qx

Tlow
5
 GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• Conservation of Energy
– Energy In + Energy Generated = Energy Out + Energy Increase

Ein + Egenerated = Eout + DU

• Two modes of heat transfer through the boundary

– Prescribed surface heat flow Qs per unit area
– Convective heat transfer Qh = h (T ¥ - T )
– h: convection coefficient (W/m2/C )

T¥
Qs

dqx
qx Qg qx + Dx
dx
A

x
6
 GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION cont.
• Conservation of Energy at Steady State
– No change in internal energy (U = 0)
æ dqx ö÷
qx + Qs PDx + h (T - T ) PDx + Qg ADx = ç qx +
¥ ç Dx ÷÷
  è
dx ø
Ein Egen
Eout
– P: perimeter of the cross-section
dqx
= Qg A + hP (T ¥ - T ) + Qs P, 0£x £L
dx
• Apply Fourier Law

d æ dT ö÷
çç kA
dx è ÷
÷
dx ø
+ Qg A + hP ( T ¥
- T ) + Qs P = 0, 0£x £L

– Rate of change of heat flux is equal to the sum of heat generated and
heat transferred

7
 GOVERNING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION cont.
• Boundary conditions
– Temperature at the boundary is prescribed (essential BC)
– Heat flux is prescribed (natural BC)
– Example: essential BC at x = 0, and natural BC at x = L:
T(0)  T0

 dT
kA dx  qL
 x L

8
4.3. FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS – DIRECT METHOD

9
 Heat Conduction in a Long Wire
• Similar to direct method in 1D bar
• No need to work with differential equation
• Use conservation of energy

• Heat transfer on the boundary

• Internal heat generation
• No radiation
T¥

T(0) = T0 Qg x
qx(L) = qL
A

Qs
10
 DIRECT METHOD
• Follow the same procedure with 1D bar element
– No need to use differential equation
• Element conduction equation
– Heat can enter the system only through the nodes
– Qi: heat enters at node i (Watts)
– Divide the solid into a number of elements
– Each element has two nodes and two DOFs (Ti and Tj)
– For each element, heat entering the element is positive
1 2 N

Q1 Q2 Q3 QN
i j
e
qi(e ) q (je )
Ti L(e) Tj
xi
xj
11
 ELEMENT EQUATION
• Fourier law of heat conduction
(e ) dT (T j - Ti )
qi = -kA = -kA
dx L( e )

• From the conservation of energy for the element

(T j - Ti )
qi(e ) + q(j e ) =0 q (j e ) = +kA
L( e )
• Combine the two equation
ìï q (e ) üï kA é 1 -1ù ìï Ti üï
ï i ï= ê ú ï ïý Element conductance matrix
í (e ) ý í
ïï q j ïï L(e ) êë -1 1 úû ïîïT j ïþï
î þ

– Similar to 1D bar element (k = E, T = u, q = f)

12
 ASSEMBLY
• Assembly using heat conservation at nodes
– Remember that heat flow into the element is positive
– Equilibrium of heat flow:
ìï T1 üï ì ï Q1 üï
ï ï
ïï T ïï ï ï ï
ï
Ni
ï ï ï
ï Q ï
ï
Qi = å qi (e )
[KT ] í ý = í 2 2
ý
e =1 ( N´N ) ï ï  ï
ï ï
ï  ï
ï
ïï ïï ï ï ï
ï QN ï
îïTN þï î ï
þ
– Same assembly procedure with 1D bar elements
• Applying BC
– Striking-the-rows works, but not striking-the-columns because
prescribed temperatures are not usually zero
Q2

1 3
Element 1 q2(1) 2 q2(2) Element 2
13
 EXAMPLE
• Calculate nodal temperatures of four elements
– A = 1m2, L = 1m, k = 10W/m/C

Q4 = –200W
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
200 C x
1 2 3 4

Q1 Q2 = 500W Q3 = 0 Q5 = 0

• Element conduction equation

é 1 -1ù ìï T1 üï ì ïï q1(1) üïï é 1 -1ù ìïT2 üï ì ïï q2(2) ü
ïï
10 ê úí ý = í ý 10 ê úí ý = í ý
êë -1 1 úû ïï
îT2 ïïþ ïîï q2 ïþï
(1) êë -1 1 úû ïîïT3 ïþï ïï q (2) ï
î 3 ï þ
é 1 -1ù ì ü ì
ï
ï 3ï ï 3 ï
T q (3) ü
ï é 1 -1ù ìT ü ì
ï q (4) ü
ï 4 ï ï 4 ïï
10 ê úí ý = í ý 10 ê úí ý = í ý
êë -1 1 úû ï
ïîT4 ï ï q ïï
ïþ ï (3)
ë ï
ê -1 1 ûú î
ï T ï
ï
þ ï
ï q (4) ïï
î 4 þ 5 î 5 þ

14
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Assembly
ìï q (1) üï
ìï Q1 üï ï 1 ï é 1 -1 0 0 0 ù ìï T1 üï
ïï ïï ï (1) ï (2) ï
ï ê ú ïï ïï
ïï Q2 ïï ïï q2 + q2 ïï ê -1 2 -1 0 0 ú ïïT2 ïï
ïï ïï ïï (2) ïï ê ú ïï ïï
í Q3 ý = í q3 + q3 ý = 10 ê 0 -1 2 -1 0 ú íT3 ý
(3)
ïï ïï ïï ï ê úï ï
ïïQ4 ïï ïï q (3) + q (4) ïï ï ê 0 0 -1 2 -1ú ïïïT4 ïïï
ïï ïï ïï 4 4
ïï ê úï ï
îï Q5 þï ï q (4) êë 0 0 0 -1 1úû ïîïT5 ïïþ
îï 5
ï
ï
þ
• Boundary conditions (T1 = 200 oC, Q1 is unknown)
é 1 -1 0 0 0 ùì ï 200 ü
ï ì Q1 ïü
ï
ê ú ïï ï ïï
ï ï
ï
ê -1 2 -1 0 0 ú ïï T2 ïï ïï 500 ïï
ê úï ï ï ï
10 0 -1 2 -1 0 í T3 ïý = ïí 0 ïý
ê ú ï
ê úï ï ï ï
ê 0 ú
0 - 1 2 -1 ïï T ï
ï ï
ï - 200 ï
ï
ê úïï
4 ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
êë 0 0 0 -1 1 úû ï ï ï
îï 5 þï ïî
T 0 ï
ïþ

15
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Boundary conditions
– Strike the first row
ì
ï 200 ü
ï
é -1 2 -1 0 0 ïù ï ï ì
ï 500 ü
ï
ê ú ï T2 ïï ï ï
ê 0 -1 2 -1 0 ú ïï ïï ï 0 ï
ï ïï
10 ê ú ï ï ï
T3 ý = í
ê 0 0 -1 2 -1ú í ï ï ï -200 ï
ý
ê úïï T ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
ê 0 0 0 - 1 1 ú ï 4 ï ï 0 ï
ë ï
ûï T ï ï ï
î ï
þ
ï 5 þ
î ï
– Instead of striking the first column, multiply the first column with
T1 = 200 oC and move to RHS

é 2 -1 0 0 ùìï T2 ü
ï ïïì 500 ïïü ï ì 2000 ü
ïï
ê ï
úï ï ï ï ïï ï ï ïï
ê -1 2 -1 0 ú ï T ï ï 0 ï 0
10 ê ú ïí 3 ïý = ïí ïý + ïí ïý
ê 0 -1 2 -1ú ï T4 ï ï -200 ï ï 0 ïï
ê úï ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ïï
êë 0 ú
0 -1 1 û îï
ïT5 ïï ï
þ ïî 0 þ ï
ï î ï
ï 0 þ ï
– Now, the global matrix is positive-definite and can be solved for nodal
temperatures
16
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Nodal temperatures

{T } T = { 200 230 210 190 190 } C

• How much heat input is required to maintain T1 = 200oC?

– Use the deleted first row with known nodal temperatures

Q1 = 10T1 - 10T2 + 0T3 + 0T4 + 0T5 = -300 W

• Other example 100W 3

4
2

1 2 4 5
1 3 5
50 C x

200W Q=0 Q=0

17
 Exercise
• Calculate nodal temperatures of five elements in the figure
– A = 1m2, L = 1m, k = 10W/m/C

100W 3

4
2

1 2 4 5
1 3 5
50 C x

200W Q=0 Q=0

18
4.4. GALERKIN METHOD FOR
HEAT CONDUCTION

19
 GALERKIN METHOD FOR HEAT CONDUCTION
• Direct method is limited for nodal heat input
• Need more advanced method for heat generation and
convection heat transfer
• Galerkin method in Chapter 2 can be used for this purpose
• Consider element (e) (e )
i
e
j
qi q (je )
• Interpolation T L(e) T xi
T( x ) = Ti Ni ( x ) + T j N j ( x )
i j
xj
æ x - xi ÷÷ö, N j ( x ) = x - xi
ç
Ni ( x ) = ç1- (e )
è L ÷ø L(e )
ìïïTi üïï

T ( x ) = êë Núû {T} = êë Ni ( x ) N j ( x ) úû í ý Temperature varies linearly
ïïîT j ïïþ
• Heat flux
dT ê 1 1 ú
= ê - (e ) ú {T } = êë B úû {T }
(e ) ú Heat flow is constant
dx êë L L û
20
 GALERKIN METHOD cont.
• Differential equation with heat generation
d æ dT ö÷
çç kA ÷÷ø + Qg A = 0, 0 £ x £ L
dx è dx
• Substitute approximate solution
d æç dT ö÷
÷ + AQg = R ( x ) Residual
dx ççè
kA
dx ø÷

• Integrate the residual with Ni(x) as a weight

xj
æ d æ dT ÷ö ÷ö
çç çç kA
ò çè dx çè dx ÷÷ø + AQg ÷÷øNi ( x )dx = 0
xi
• Integrate by parts
xj xj

dT
xj

dT dNi
kA N ( x ) - ò kA dx = -ò AQg Ni ( x )dx
dx i x
d x d x
i xi xi

21
 GALERKIN METHOD cont.
• Substitute interpolation relation
xj xj
æ dNi dN j ÷ö dNi
ç
ò kA çTi
çè dx
+ Tj ÷
dx ÷ø dx
dx = ò AQg Ni ( x )dx - q( x j )Ni ( x j ) + q( xi )Ni ( xi )
xi xi

• Perform integration
xj
kA
( Ti - T j ) = Q (e )
+ q (e )
Qi( e ) = ò AQg Ni ( x )dx
L( e )
i i
xi

• Repeat with Nj(x) as a weight xj

kA Q(j e ) = ò AQg N j ( x )dx
( T j - Ti ) = Q (e )
+ q (e )
L( e )
j j
xi

22
 GALERKIN METHOD cont.
• Combine the two equations
ì
ï (e ) (e ) ü
é 1 -1ù ì ü
ïï i ïï ï i Q + q i ï T ]{T }  {Q
[k (e) }  {q(e) }
T (e)
kA
ê ú = ï
í ý í (e ) ý
(e ) ê
-1 1 ú ï ï ï (e ) ï
îQ j + q j ïþ
L ë T
û îï j þï ï Similar to 1D bar element

– {Q(e)}: thermal load corresponding to the heat source

– {q(e)}: vector of nodal heat flows across the cross-section
• Uniform heat source
xj
é Ni ( x ) ù AQg L( e ) ìï1üï
{Q ( e ) } = ò AQg ê ú dx =
êë N j ( x ) úû 2
í ý
ïïî1ïïþ
xi

– Equally divided to the two nodes

• Temperature varies linearly in the element, and the heat
flux is constant

23
 EXAMPLE Insulated
No heat flow

• Heat chamber
Wall
Wall temperature = 200 C
Uniform heat source inside 200 C
the wall Q = 400 W/m3.
Thermal conductivity of the x
wall is k = 25 W/mC.
1m
Use four elements through
the thickness (unit area) No heat flow
Boundary Condition:
x
T1 = 200, qx=1 = 0. 200 C

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
1 2 3 4
24
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Element Matrix Equation
– All elements are identical

 1 1  T1  50  q1(1) 

100          (1) 
 1 1  T2  50  q2 

– Assembly

 Q1   q1(1)  1 1 0 0 0   T1   50 
Q   (1) (2)   1 2 1 0 0  T2  100 
q
 2   2  q2      
(3)  
Q3   q3  q3   100  0 1 2 1 0  T3   100 
(2)

Q  q(3)  q(4)   
0 0 1 2 1 T4  100 
 4   4 (4) 4     
Q5   q5   0 0 0 1 1  T5   50 

25
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Boundary Conditions
– At node 1, the temperature is given (T1 = 200). Thus, the heat flux at
node 1 (Q1) should be unknown.
– At node 5, the insulation condition required that the heat flux (Q5)
should be zero. Thus, the temperature at node 5 should be unknown.
– At nodes 2 – 4, the temperature is unknown (T2, T3, T4). Thus the heat
flux should be known.
1 2 3 4 5
Q1 Q5

1 1 0 00  200  50  Q1 
 1 2 1 0 0   T2   100 
    
100  0 1 2 1 0   T3    100 
 
0 0 1 2 1  T4   100 
   
 0 0 0 1 1   T5   50 

26
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Imposing Boundary Conditions
– Remove first row because it contains unknown Q1.
– Cannot remove first column because T1 is not zero.
200 
 1 2 1 0 0    100 
 0 1 2 1 0   T2  100 
100    T3    

 0 0 1 2 1    100 
   T4  
 0 0 0 1 1   50 
 T5 
100( 1 200  2  T2  1 T3 )  100
– Instead, move the first column
100(2  T2  1 T3 )  100  20000
to the right.

 2 1 0 0  T2  100  20000  20100 

 1 2 1 0  T3  100   0   100 
100        
 0 1 2 1 T4  100   0   100 
 
0 0 1 1  T5   50   0   50 
27
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Solution
T1  200 C, T2  203.5 C, T3  206 C, T4  207.5 C, T5  208 C
208

207
FEM
206
Exact
205

204
T

203

202

201

200
0 0.2 0.4 x 0.6 0.8 1

• Discussion
– In order to maintain 200 degree at node 1, we need to remove heat

Q1  50  100T1  100T2  350

 Q1  400 W

28
 Exercise
• Consider a heat conduction problem described in the figure.
Inside of the domain, heat is generated from a uniform heat
source Qg = 10 W/m3, and the conductivity of the domain is k
= 0.1 W/m/oC. The cross-sectional area A = 1 m2. When the
temperatures at both ends are fixed at 0oC, calculate the
temperature distribution using (a) two equal-length elements
and (b) three equal-length elements. Plot the temperature
distribution along with the exact temperature distribution

Insulated

T = 0oC x Qg = 10 W/m3 T = 0oC

Insulated
1m
29
4.5. CONVECTION BOUNDARY
CONDITION

30
 CONVECTION BC
• Convection Boundary Condition
– Happens when a structure is surrounded by fluid
qh Wall
– Does not exist in structural problems
– BC includes unknown temperature (mixed BC) T T

qh = hS (T ¥ - T )
Fluid Temperature
Convection Coefficient
– Heat flow is not prescribed. Rather, it is a function of temperature on
the boundary, which is unknown
• 1D Finite Element
– When both Nodes 1 and 2 are convection boundary

ìï q1 = hAT1¥ - hAT1
ïí
ïïî q2 = hAT2¥ - hAT2 T1 T2
T1 T2
31
 EXAMPLE (CONVECTION ON THE BOUNDARY)
• Element T1 T2 T3

equation T1¥ T3¥

h1 1 2 h3

ï ì kA é 1 -1ù ìïT2 üï ìïï q2 üïï

(1) ü (2)
kA é 1 -1ù ì ï T1 ü ï
ï q1 ï ïý
ê úí ý = í ê úí ý = í ý
L êë -1 1 úû ï
ïT2 ï
î ï ïï
þ (1) ï L ëê -1 1 úû îï
ïT3 þï ïî q3 ïþï
ï ï (2)
î 2 ïþ
q

• Balance of heat flow


– Node 1: q1  h1A(T1  T1 )
(1)

– Node 2: q2  q2  0
(1) (2)


– Node 3: q3  h3 A(T3  T3 )
(2)

• Global matrix equation

é 1 -1 0 ù ìï T1 üï ìïï h1A(T1¥ - T1 ) ü ï
ïï
kA ê ú ï
ï ï
ï ï
ê -1 2 -1ú íT2 ý = íï 0 ýï
L ê ú ïï ï ï ï
êë 0 -1 1 ûú ïîT3 ïþï ïï h3 A(T3¥ - T3 ) ïï
îï ï
þ
32
 EXAMPLE cont.
• Move unknown nodal temperatures to LHS
é kA kA ù
ê + h1A - 0 ú
ê L L ú ìï T üï ìï h AT ¥ üï
ê 2kA kA úú ïï ïï ïïï
1 1 1 ï
ïï
ê - kA - íT2 ý = í 0 ý
ê ú
ê L L L ú ïïïT ïïï ïïï h AT ¥ ïïï
ê kA kA ú î 3 þ ïî 3 3 ïþ
ê 0 - + h3 A ú
êë L L úû

• The above matrix is P.D. because of additional positive terms

in diagonal
• How much heat flow through convection boundary?
– After solving for nodal temperature, use
q1(1) = h1A(T1¥ - T1 )

• This is convection at the end of an element

33
 EXAMPLE: FURNACE WALL
• Firebrick
Firebrick Insulating
k1=1.2W/m/oC brick
hi=12W/m2/oC Tf = 1,500 Ta = 20 C
• Insulating brick C
k2=0.2W/m/oC hi x
ho
ho=2.0W/m2/oC
0.25 m 0.12 m
16.8 4.8 0   T1  18,000 
 4.8 6.47 1.67  T    0 
  2  
 0 1.67 3.67  T3   40 
{T } T  {1,411 1,190 552} C Convection Convection
No heat flow
boundary boundary

1,500 C x 20 C

q(2)
3  h0 (Ta  T3 )  1054 W/m 2

T1 T2 T3
Tf Ta
hi 1 2 ho
34
 CONVECTION ALONG A ROD

• Long rod is submerged into a fluid

• Convection occurs across the entire surface
• Governing differential equation
d  dT 

dx 
kA 
dx 
 AQ g  hP T 
 
 T  0, 0  x  L P  2(b  h)

Convection
Fluid T 

b
h
qi(e ) i
j q (je )

xi Convection
xj
35
 CONVECTION ALONG A ROD cont.
• DE with approximate temperature
d  dT 

dx 
kA
dx 
  AQ g  hP T

 T  R(x)

• Minimize the residual with interpolation function Ni(x)

dT 
xj
 d  

x  dx  kA dx   AQg  hP(T  T) Ni (x)dx  0


i  

• Integration by parts
xj

dT
xj

dT dNi
xj xj xj

Ni (x)   kA  dx   AQ N (x)dx  hPT Ndx

dx   hPTN
kA
dx xi
dx dx xi
i 
xi
g i 
xi
i
xi

36
 CONVECTION ALONG A ROD cont.
• Substitute interpolation scheme and rearrange
xj x
 dNi dNj  dNi j

x kA  Ti dx  Tj dx  dx dx  x hP(TN
i i  TN
j j )Ni dx
i i

xj

  (AQg  hPT  )Ni dx  q(x j )Ni (x j )  q(xi )Ni (xi )

xi

• Perform integration and simplify

(e)  Ti
kA Tj 
L(e)
 Ti  Tj   hpL 
3

6
  Q(e)
i  q(e)
i
 
xj

 g

Q(e)
i  (AQ  hPT )Ni (x)dx
xi

• Repeat the same procedure with interpolation function Nj(x)

37
 CONVECTION ALONG A ROD cont.
• Finite element equation with convection along the rod
 kA  1 1 hPL(e) 2 1   Ti  Qi  qi 
(e) (e)

 (e)  1 1   6  1 2  T   Q(e)  q(e) 

L       j   j j  

[k (e)
T ]  [k (e)
h ] 
 T  {Q (e)
}  {q(e)
}

• Equivalent conductance matrix due to convection

hPL(e)  2 1
k   6
(e)
h  1 2
 
• Thermal load vector
(e) 
 Qi  AQ gL(e)
 hPL T 1
{Q }    
(e)

Q j  2 1

38
 EXAMPLE: HEAT FLOW IN A COOLING FIN
• k = 0.2 W/mm/C, h = 2104 W/mm2/C
• Element conductance matrix
0.2  200  1 1 2  104  320  40 2 1
[k ]  [k ] 
(e)
T
(e)
h     1 2
40  1 1  6  
• Thermal load vector
Convection
2  104  320  40  30 1 T  = 30 C
{Q } 
(e)

2 1
160 mm
1.25 mm
• Element 1

330 C x Insulated
120 mm

T1 T2 T3 T4
1 2 3
39
 EXAMPLE: HEAT FLOW IN A COOLING FIN cont.
• Element conduction equation
 1.8533 0.5733   T1  38.4  q1(1) 
       (1) 
– Element 1  0.5733 1.8533  T2  38.4  q2 

 1.8533 0.5733  T2  38.4  q(2) 

     (2) 
2
– Element 2  
 0.5733 1.8533  T3  38.4  q3 
 1.8533 0.5733  T3  38.4  q(3) 
– Element 3        (3) 
3

 0.5733 1.8533  T4  38.4  q4 

• Balance of heat flow
– Node 1 q1(1)  Q1

– Node 2 q(1)
2  q2 0
(2)

– Node 3 q(2)
3  q3  0
(2)


4  hA(T  T4 )
q(3 )
– Node 4

40
 EXAMPLE: HEAT FLOW IN A COOLING FIN cont.
• Assembly
1.853 .573 0 0   T1   38.4  Q1 
 .573 3.706 .573 0  T2   76.8 

     
 0 .573 3.706 .573  T3   76.8 
   
 0 0 .573 1.853  T4  38.4  hA(T   T4 )

• Move T4 to LHS and apply known T1 = 330

1.853 .573 0 0  330  38.4  Q1 
 .573 3.706 .573 0   T2   76.8 
   
 0 .573 3.706 .573   T3   76.8 
 
 0 0  .573 1.893   T4   39.6 
• Move the first column to RHS after multiplying with T1=330
3.706 .573 0  T2  265.89 
 .573 3.706 .573  T    76.8 
  3  
 0 .573 1.893  T4   39.6 

41
 EXAMPLE: HEAT FLOW IN A COOLING FIN cont.
• Solve for temperature
T1  330C, T2  77.57C, T3  37.72C, T4  32.34C

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 40 80 120

42
 Exercise
• Determine the temperature distribution (nodal temperatures)
of the structure shown in the figure using two equal–length,
linear finite elements with the cross-sectional area of 1 m2.
The thermal conductivity is 10 W/m/ºC. The left side is
maintained at 300 ºC. The right side is subjected to heat loss
by convection with h = 1 W/m2/ºC and Tf = 30 ºC. All other
sides are insulated.
Insulated
T = 300 ºC Tf = 30 ºC

20 m

T1 T2 T3

43
4.6. 2D HEAT TRANSFER

44
 2D Heat Transfer Problem
• 2D Heat transfer: Temperature remains constant through z-
coordinate
– No heat flow in z-dir
– ST: prescribed temperature
– SQ: prescribed heat flux
– Sh: convection boundary T = T0 S
T
SQ q n = q0

• Temperature distribution T(x,y)

on a thin plate
y
• Temperature distribution Sh
over the cross-section of x
a nuclear reactor T¥

45
 Heat Balance Equation
• Conservation of energy qy y+
dy
2
Ein + Egenerated = Eout

(q )t dy
qx x-
dx qx x+
dx
x x-dx - qx x+
dx z
2
dy Qg 2
2 2
æ ö÷ dx
+çç qy dy - qy y +dy ÷÷ t zdx + Qg tzdxdy = 0
è y-
2 2 ø
qy y-
dy
2
é ¶qx æ dx ÷öù é ¶qx æ dx ÷öù ¶qx
qx x-dx - qx x +dx = ê qx + ç - ÷ ú - ê qx + ç ÷ ú =- dx
2 2 êë x ¶x è 2 ÷ø úû êë
ç x ç ÷
¶x è 2 ø úû ¶x

¶qy
qy dy - qy dy =- dy
y-
2
y+
2 ¶y

¶qx ¶qy
+ = Qg
¶x ¶y
46
 Constitutive Equation (Fourier’s Law)
• Fourier’s law: heat flux is proportional to the negative of
temperature gradient
¶T ¶T
q x = -k xx - k xy
¶x ¶y
¶T ¶T
qy = -k xy - k yy
¶x ¶y

– kxx, kxy, kyy: Thermal conductivities

– isotropic material: kxx = kyy = k and kxy = 0
ìï ¶T üï
ï ï
ìï q x ïüï
ï é k xx k xy ù ïï ¶x ïï
í ý = -[ k ] {T } = - ê úí ý ì
ï
ï qx ü
ï
ïïî q y ïïþ êë k yx ú
k yy û ïï ¶ T ï í ï ý = -k {T }
ïï ¶y ïïï ï
ï qy ï
î ï
þ
î þ
Conductivity matrix For isotropic material
We will only consider
isotropic material case
47
 Governing Differential Equation
• Fourier’s law  Conservation of energy
¶æ ¶T ¶T ö÷ ¶ æ ¶T ¶T ö÷
ç k xx + k xy ÷ ç
+ ç kyx + kyy ÷ + Qg = 0
ç
¶x è ¶x ÷
¶y ø ¶y è ¶x ¶y ø÷

 ⋅ ( [ k ] {T } ) + Qg = 0 2nd-order differential equation

• Boundary conditions
– Normal inward heat flux: qn = q ⋅ (-n) = ( k {T } ) ⋅ n

– Temperature boundary ST: T = T0

– Heat flux boundary SQ: q n = q0

– Convection boundary Sh: qn = h(T ¥ - T )

In 2D heat transfer, we need temperature T(x, y)

48
 2D Finite Element Interpolation
• Let 2D domain is discretized by 2D elements
• Commonly either triangular or rectangular shapes
• Then, FE interpolation is (x, y) coordinates
N
T( x, y ) = å Nk ( x, y )TK
k =1 y

– Tk: nodal temperature x

– Nk(x, y): interpolation function
y
3 T3

T1
1
T2
2
x 49
 2D Triangular Element
• Interpolation is a function of x and y coordinates
• Interpolation function is a three term polynomial in x and y
– Three nodal temperatures (T1, T2, T3) are available
y
T( x, y ) = a1+ a2 x + a3 y 3 T3

• Goal is to express in terms of T1

nodal temperature 1
T2
T( x, y ) = N1( x, y )T1 + N2 ( x, y )T2 + N3 ( x, y )T3
2
x
• Interpolation requirement (property)
ì
ïT( x , y ) º T = a + a x + a y
ï
ï
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
ï
íT( x2 , y 2 ) º T2 = a1 + a2 x2 + a3 y 2
ï
ï
ïT( x , y ) º T = a + a x + a y
ï
î 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 3

50
 Interpolation of Triangular Element
• In matrix notation
ì
ï T1 ü
ï é 1 x1 y1 ù ïì a1 ïü
ï
ïT ï ï ê ú ïï ïï
í 2ý = ê 1 x2 y 2 ú í a2 ý Is the matrix singular? When?
ï
ï ï
ï ê ú ïï ïï
ï
îT3 ïþ ëê 1 x3 y 3 ûú îï a3 ïþ
-1
ìï a1 üï é 1 x1 y1 ù ìï T1 üï é f1 f2 f3 ù ìï T1 üï
ïï ïï ê ú ïï ïï 1 ê ú ïï ïï
í a2 ý = ê 1 x2 y 2 ú íT2 ý = ê b1 b2 b3 ú íT2 ý
ï
ï ïï ê ú ïï ïï 2 A ê ú ïï ïï
ï
î a3 ïþ ëê 1 x3 y 3 úû ïîT3 ïþ êë c1 c2 c3 ûú ïîT3 ïþ

ì
ï f1 = x2 y 3 - x3 y 2 , b1 = y 2 - y 3 , c1 = x3 - x2
ï
ïf = x y - x y , b = y - y , c = x - x
í2 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 3
ï
ï
î f3 = x1y 2 - x2 y1, b3 = y1 - y 2 , c3 = x2 - x1
ï

1 x1 y1
1
A= det 1 x2 y2 Area
2
1 x3 y3
51
 Interpolation of Triangular Element
1
• Coefficients a1 = (f1T1 + f2T2 + f3T3 )
2A
1
a2 = (b1T1 + b2T2 + b3T3 )
2A
1
a3 = (c1T1 + c2T2 + c3T3 )
2A
• Interpolation equation
T( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y
1
= [ (f1T1 + f2T2 + f3T3 ) + (b1T1 + b2T2 + b3T3 )x + (c1T1 + c2T2 + c3T3 )y ]
2A
1 N1(x,y)
y T
= (f1 + b1x + c1y ) T1 N1(x,y) 3 3
2A
1
+ (f + b2 x + c2 y ) T2
2A 2 N2(x,y)
1 T1
+ (f3 + b3 x + c3 y ) T3 1
2A N3(x,y) T2
2 x
52
 Interpolation of Triangular Element
• Temperature interpolation of triangular element
ìï T1 üï
3 ïï ïï
T( x, y ) = å Nk ( x, y )Tk = [N1 N2 N3 ] íT2 ý = êë N úû {T }
k =1 ïï ïï
ïîT3 ïþ

ìï 1
ïï N1( x, y ) = (f1 + b1x + c1y )
ïï 2A
ïï 1
í N2 ( x, y ) = (f2 + b2 x + c2 y )
ïï 2A Shape Function
ïï 1
ïï N3 ( x, y ) = (f + b3 x + c3 y )
ïî 2A 3

• N1, N2, and N3 are linear functions of x- and y-coordinates.

• Interpolated temperature changes linearly along the each
coordinate direction.
53
 Interpolation and Heat Flux
• Derivatives of temperature
¶ æç ö÷
3 3 3
¶T ¶N k bk
= çç å Nk ( x, y )Tk ÷÷ = å ¶x Tk = å 2 A Tk
¶x ¶x çè k =1 ÷ø k =1 k =1

¶ æç ö÷
3 3 3
¶T ¶N k ck
= çç å Nk ( x, y )Tk ÷÷ = å ¶y Tk = å 2 A Tk
¶y ¶y çè k =1 ÷ø k =1 k =1

ì
ï T1 ü
ï
ì
ï ¶T / ¶ x üï 1 é b1 b2 b3 ù ï ï
ï
{ T } = í ý= ê ú íT2 ïý = [B]{T }
ïîï ¶T / ¶y ïïþ 2 A êë c1 c2 c3 úû ïï ïï
ï
îT2 ïþ
• Heat flux

ìïï q x üïï
í ý = -k {T } = - k[B]{T }
ïîï q y ïþï

– Heat flux is constant within an element

54
 Exercise
• Build shape functions of the triangular element shown in the
figure and express functional expression of temperature and
heat flux (qx, qy). Use T1 = 50, T2 = 80, T3 = 30 oC, t = 1 m, k =
10 W/m/oC. y

(0,1)
3

x
1 (0,0) 2 (1,0)

55
 Galerkin Method for Heat Conduction
• 2D weighted residual form:

òòA R( x, y )W ( x, y )t dA = 0
é æ ¶2T ¶2T ö÷ ù
òòA êêë k çççè ¶x 2 + ¶y 2 ÷÷ø + Qg úúû fk t dA = 0 k: trial function
k = 1,, N

òòA T + Qg )fk t dA = 0
( k 2

• Green’s theorem (integration by parts) S

A
òòA (2u )v dA = òS (u ⋅ n)v dS - òòA (u ⋅ v )dA
n
unit normal vector
56
 Galerkin Method for Heat Conduction
• Apply Green’s theorem to the Galerkin’s method

òòA T + Qg )fk t dA = 0
( k 2

òS k (T ⋅ n)fk t dS - òò
A
( k T ⋅ fk ) t dA + òò Qg fk t dA = 0
A

– Apply boundary heat flux and rearrange

òòA ( kT ⋅ fk ) t dA = òòA Qg fk t dA + òS qnfk t dS

– Divide the boundary into S = ST È SQ È Sh

òS qnfk t dS = òS T
qnfk t dS + ò qnfk t dS + ò qnfk t dS
SQ Sh

= òS
Q
q0fk t dS + ò h(T ¥ - T )fk t dS
Sh

òòA ( kT ⋅ fk ) t dA = òòA Qg fk t dA

+ò q0fk t dS + ò h(T ¥ - T )fk t dS
S Q S h 57
 Finite Element Formulation
• Consider triangular element A(e) and shape functions Nk(x, y)
• LHS (conductivity part) with k = 1, 2, 3
æ é N1 ù ÷ ö
çç ê ú ÷÷ é ù {T }
òòA(e ) çç ê 2 ú
ç k ê N ú ⋅ T ÷
÷÷ t dA = êë òòA( e ) ( k [B]T
[B] ) t dA úû
çè ê N ú ÷ø
ë 3û constant
[k(e)] element stiffness matrix

[k( e ) ] = ktA[B]T [B]

é b1 c1 ù
1 ê ú 1 é b1 b2 b3 ù
= ktA ê b2 c2 ú ⋅ ê ú
2A ê ú 2 A êë c1 c2 c3 úû
êë b3 c3 úû
é b12 + c12 b1b2 + c1c2 b1b3 + c1c3 ù
kt êê 2 2
ú
ú
= b b + c c b + c b b + c c
4A ê 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 ú
êb b + c c b b + c c b32 + c32 úúû
êë 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3

58
 Finite Element Formulation
• Load due to distributed heat source: k = 1, 2, 3
– Ex) heat generated due to electrical current flow
ì
ï N1 ü
ï ì
ï Qg1 üï
ï ï ï
ï ï
ï
ï ï
òòA(e ) g ï 2 ï
Q í N ý t d A = í
ï
Qg2 ý
ï
= {Q (e )
g }
ï
ï ï ï ï
î N3 ï
þ ï
ï
î Qg 3 ïï
þ

1 (e )
• Uniform heat generation: Qg = constant òA( e ) Nk dA = 3 A
ì
ï N1 ü
ï ì
ï 1ü
ï
ï
ï ï
ï 1 ï
(e ) ï ï
ï
{Q g } = òò ( e ) Qg í N2 ý t dA = Qg A t í1ý
(e )
A ï
ï ï
ï 3 ï
ï ï
ï
ï
î N3 ï
þ î1ï
ï þ

• This nodal heat sources should be assembled to the global

heat source vector
59
 Finite Element Formulation
• Load due to distributed heat flux on SQ
– If element (e) is within a domain, there is no SQ boundary
– Only elements on the boundary may have a part of SQ boundary
– Let’s assume edge 1-2 of element (e) is on the heat flux boundary
– N3 = 0 along edge 1-2
ìï N1 ü ì 1 üï
ï (e ) ï
ï ï q0tL ï ïï ï 1 (e )
{QQ } = ò ( e ) q0 í N2 ï
(e) ï
ý t dS
(e)
{QQ } = í 1ý òS( e ) k
N d S = L
SQ ïï ï 2 ïï ïï 2
ïî 0 ï
ï
þ ïî 0 ïþ
k = 1, 2
Uniform heat flux
L(e): length of edge 1-2
q0 y
3 T3

T1 Element (e)
1
T2
q0 2
x 60
 Finite Element Formulation
• Convection boundary condition
– Let’s assume edge 1-2 of element (e) is on the convection boundary
– N3 = 0 along edge 1-2
– Same as 1D convection, stiffness and heat load terms

ì
ï N1 ü
ï ì 1ü
ï ï (e ) ¥ ï ï
ï ï htL T ï ï ï ï
{Q h } = htT ò í N2 ý dS =
(e ) ¥
í 1ý
Sh ï ï 2 ï ï
ï ï ï ï
î0 ï
ï þ î0ï
ï þ

ì
ï N1 ü
ï ì
ï N1 ü
ï
ï ï ï ï
ht ò ( e ) T í N2 ý dS = ht ò ( e ) í N2 ï
ï ï ï
ý êë N1 N2 0 úû dS { T }
Sh ï
ï ï
ï Sh ï
ï ï
ï
î0 ï
ï þ î0ï
ï þ

é2 1 0ù
(e )
htL ê ú Add to the heat conduction matrix
[kT(e ) ] = ê 1 2 0ú
6 ê ú
êë 0 0 0 úû
61
 Finite Element Equation for Heat Transfer
• Element equation
– With constant heat source, heat flux on Edge 1-2, and convection on
Edge 1-2

é é b12 + c12 b1b2 + c1c2 b1b3 + c1c3 ù é 2 1 0 ù ù ïì T1 ïü

ê kt ê ú htL( e ) ê ú úï ï
ê ê b1b2 + c1c2 b22 + c22 ú
b2b3 + c2c3 ú + ê 1 2 0 ú íT2 ï
ú ï
ý
ê 4A ê 6 ê ú ú ï ï
ê êb b + c c b2b3 + c2c3 2 2
b3 + c3 úûú ê 0 0 0 ú ú ï
ïT ï
ï
êë êë 1 3 1 3 ë û úû î þ3

ìï1üï ì 1ü ì 1ü
ï ï (e ) ï ï (e ) ¥ ï ï
1 (e ) ï ï q0tL ï ï htL T ï ï
ï ï ï ï
= Qg A t í1ý + í 1ý + í 1ý
3 ïï ïï 2 ïï ï ï 2 ï
ï ï
ï
ïî1ïþ ïî 0 ï
þ ï 0
î ï þ

62
 Ex) Heat Transfer along a Conducting Block
• Determine temperature 10mm
distribution using
h
triangular elements
q0
5mm Qg
T¥
• Thickness = 5 mm,
k = 0.2 W/mm/oC,
Qg = 0.06 W/mm3 Insulated
Heat flux boundary Convection boundary
• q0 = 0.04 W/mm2, (0, 5) (5, 5) (10, 5)
1
h = 0.012 W/mm2/oC, 3 5
T∞ = 25oC

4 6
2
(0, 0) (5, 0) (10, 0)
63
 Ex) Heat Transfer along a Conducting Block
Element LN1 LN2 LN3
• Element connectivity table
1 1 2 4
2 1 4 3
• Element 1 3 3 4 6
b1 = y 2 - y 3 = 0, c1 = x3 - x2 = 5 4 3 6 5
b2 = y 3 - y1 = -5, c2 = x1 - x3 = -5
b3 = y1 - y 2 = 5, c3 = x2 - x1 = 0

1 x1 y1
1 25 Heat flux boundary Convection boundary
(e )
A = det 1 x2 y2 =
2 2 (0, 5) (5, 5) (10, 5)
1 x3 y3 1
3 5

E2 E4
1 é b1 b2 b3 ù
[B] = ê ú
2 A ë c1 c2 c3 úû
(e ) ê
E1 E3
1 é 0 -5 5 ù 4 6
= ê ú 2
25 êë 5 -5 0 úû (0, 0) (5, 0) (10, 0)
64
 Ex) Heat Transfer along a Conducting Block
• Element stiffness matrix (E1 and E3)
é 1 -1 0 ù
ê ú
[ K1 ] = [ K3 ] = ktA [B] [B] = 0.5 ê -1 2 -1ú
(e ) T
ê ú
êë 0 -1 1 úû

• Element stiffness matrix (E2 and E4)

é 1 0 -1ù
ê ú
[ K2 ] = [ K 4 ] = ktA [B] [B] = 0.5 ê 0 1 -1ú
(e ) T
ê ú
êë -1 -1 2 úû

• Heat generation (for all elements)

ìï1ü
ï ì
ï 1ü
ï ì
ï 1ü
ï
1 ï ï 1 æ 25 ÷ö ï ï ï ï
{Q g } = Qg A t í1ý = ⋅ ( 0.06 ) ⋅ çç ÷÷ ⋅ ( 5 )í1ý = 1.25 í1ýï
(e ) (e ) ï ï ï ï ï
3 ïï ï ï 3 è 2 ø ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
ïî1ïþ î1ï
ï þ î1ï
ï þ

65
 Ex) Heat Transfer along a Conducting Block
• Heat flux (along Edge 1-2 of Element 1)
ì 1 üï ì 1ü ì 1 üï
(1) ï ï ï ï
(1) q0tL ï ïï 0.04 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ï
ï ï ï
ï ï
ï ïï
{QQ } = í 1ý = í 1 ý = 0.5 í 1 ý
2 ïï ïï 2 ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ïï
ïî 0 ïþ î0ï
ï þ î 0 ïþ
ï

• Convection (along Edge 5-6 of Element 4)

ì
ï 0ü
ï ì
ï 0ü
ï ìï 0 üï
htL T (4) ¥ ï
ï 1ï
ï = 0.012 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 25 ï
ï 1ï
ï = ïï 3.75 ïï
{Q(4)
h } = í ý í ý í ý
2 ï
ï ï
ï 2 ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï ïï
î 1ï
ï þ î 1ï
ï þ ïî 3.75 ïþ
é0 0 0ù é0 0 0ù é0 0 0ù
(4)
htL ê ú 0.012 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ê ú ê ú
[kT(e ) ] = ê 0 2 1ú = ê 0 2 1 ú = 0.05 ê 0 2 1 ú
6 ê ú 6 ê ú ê ú
êë 0 1 2 úû êë 0 1 2 úû êë 0 1 2 úû

66
 Ex) Heat Transfer along a Conducting Block
• Assembly
é 1 + 1 -1 -1 0 0 0 ùìï T1 ü
ï ìï1 + 1 + 0.4 ü
ï
ê ï
úï ï ï ïï ï
ï
ê -1 2 0 -1 0 0 ú ïT2 ï ï 1 + 0.4 ï
ê úï ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
ê -1 0 2 + 1 + 1 -1 - 1 -1 0 ú ïïT3 ïï ï
ï 1 + 1 + 1 ï
ï
0.5 ê ú í ý = 1.25 í ý
ê 0 -1 -1 - 1 1 + 2 + 1 0 -1 ú ïT4 ï ï 1 + 1 + 1 ï
ê úïï ï
ï ï
ï ï
ï
ê 0 0 - 1 0 2 + 0.2 - 1 + 0.1 ú ï
ï T ï
ï ï
ï 1 + 3 ï
ï
ê úï ï 5
ï ï
êë 0 0 0 -1 ú ï
-1 + 0.1 1 + 1 + 0.2 û ï ï
ï ï
ï 1 + 1 + 3 ï
ï
T
î 6þ î þ

• E1: E2: E3: E4:

• Solution: (no essential BC)
{T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 } = {95.75 94.92 90.59 90.58 77.93 78.75}
• Heat flux Edge 1-2 (constant for Element 1)
ì
ï T1 ü
ï ì
ï 95.75 ü
ï
ìïï q x üïï -k é b1 b2 ù ï ï
b3 ï ï -0.2 é 0 -5 5 ù ï ï ïï ìï 0.174 ïü
q=í ý= ê ú íT2 ý = ê ú í 94.92 ý = í ý
ïîï qy ïþï 2 Ae ëê c1 c2 ï
c3 ûú ï ï ï 25 ï
ê 5 -5 0 ûú ï
ë ï
ï ï -0.0332 ïïþ
ï
î
ï
îT4 ïþ î 90.58 ï
ï þ 67
 Exercise
• When temperature T1 = 20oC and heat generation Qg = 12
W/m3, calculate the temperature T2 and T3 as well as heat flux
at Node 1. Use k = 0.1 W/m/oC and t = 0.1 m.

(0,1)
3

x
1 (0,0) 2 (1,0)

68