Page Ho, Dae FE Phas Uk Geclleine Phare Ghifk oscillator ae — —_op= Amp as the _amplitying Dene ee faite nied 2 os e zi ji Feedback a TST ops mp is uted io the Tovesting Modes —Pheeehre any Vigna] “at Oppears ot “the fe pucrting Jere ina a Bhithee|_b4 180" od the __ fox Oscillation ic_proviided| by Osicadeds RE network, “Thus rthe total phete Qhitt regime | for oscillation Quound fhe oop }¢ Aco _or _o° ae feo Dmpliher A Ci i Ler Z |! a ees eee SS eel =o aaa : . ry tt {Att} — < RFR 1 Pedboek Neha fai} awe |] > then the Piaase ‘Shit of dhe Cascade Re ork is’ s_exactly \Bo Gn dle gain of Tastes 4 Zu th cien’ at tJ LAS Ga Gr . ill oa tillate ct that frequency, The frequen ey E Ys Cote Tre frequency of oscjiahon. fp and _ |e i i Qrven cs R= | moto 65m eno ke RC \_ At this fesquency ce _gein Ay must be at JeagF 24 ' 3 & “RE & | hus voto olf Re anc Ry cnust be Greate than O¢ equa) fo 2 The frequen ig ot ofGllehon fs given by 7 ~f =e L- H2z, TRE TE Hla yesistence Gnd Cabeurkince Ore { a H i net 25s Alef fess mt of ofcjllakyn is Re = E iva & QQuaw (nes enwels a Ls § quot Conve _owtpiet O ve_Genvated when the Ops amp. is_forced 4p_openat® the Sesusofjon region, © That is ,the owlpur of the op= frp forced 4p —_ eojing vespechvely between chive Se tureHo n Weak (2 +¥ec) nel The neg itive Latacrad{ 0 nF __ = Near (Y= Vee) resulting 10 flee voquore _eoomet | —_Ofpafi — fel « “Ths Qquare COOW genrafor 1s also Called ay | fret sunning ot cchle om elhuth catpy, Tht cocput of dhe OP=Prra jn this Circuit coill be in Posi tie cage oturcatioN._Cle pendling 09 coh) Alykrwush vtey Geral) , Vel bage Vj cil Shit ____ aie “fhe op- Prop into Qoturahion ~ fey Gxample = Suppore thes the output offset (pl }as¢ Voot is positive Od that, ther frre, Veltage © Sis Cus boat Ginte the Capacitor C. r act 3 Ghost ciccuft. tae goin of the op-Pmp. j Very lacge | hence si leet vee the output — ot dhe clp= amp to iH positive Yoburation tWeot voith the ouput alte of the oP- Omp at feat ctl Capacity Charging sty uo drd4 Vea Hhaaupl mricistoy RK Howewen Cat Koon Ct the Uoltene Va Cuwss Capacitor ¢ fs Slightly mort tpositie dhen_V,_. the outpur oF ahe op- Omp forced 40 “oe Qustich 4p n29i He Qeturahon -Vsap She Gubpus va |besye YE Guass Ry is cso negahivy: :js me pte, koh litte pe ot te. l Saale _negitive Leduaation Tle gel put i Lemans fn 9 tine Catuvarion Until Tee fe Capactry ¢_chis_chowye - E $$ pe TT _ Val beg Givess Capbadhe. fle Oxdllahon Rasacdi oft Ya ucn Loane Aonratr |< U = SRK a Te TT else ese7 F K delectne 2 = a = z 4 - i —~—B Peat elector Civcuit js Used to determine — peak (Comaximum) Wolur of an input os —sigael Th Qtowe fhe beak Value of apart es! Tees for infinite me cluration uodi] Comre To te ove + Condon. RT beak Cebecin( chradt Gdflisee its probe : | peeby ol frilousing the hiybes+ velue often x Za put by e|__ounel Btoias ik a ee a2 + == Se —— AA = = : }) Vin a € tr - + Usually [se beak ot mon- Wraugeiclal Looe form ps __Mneasumed sine a peek cletec br oT} Consist ot o diode Gnd Capacitor aon : exoith an Op= Peray J t ———————phe working J —Wrosking pyinetple \= af eakdelech ©, Thal coeatave ea Vodurs Of “he Squorre Coane, F Be “ene the] of die _op— Amp- ash hue hol f clr of “vin cthe p—Claa rts Dy 1010, Charying | -——Caprreitor cto the postive —| pea—Velas dp al) opi eeany Qput\ Sy & when BD, is —fovword | biased = “fue _op- Pep Opened | r = eee a a le £ fr}lowew re the other thane Eanes oe half Cucle of Vin Diede | mee! [tem Jhene across | le Only dischowy = fecth for_C_ts Thesugh Ri | Qince the Lo put bi rent Tet meg tigible, k in | bee ee gt frage] —_—*d —Z Positive ang wegitive Clipper : A faitive Clipper, @ Civeait Glock cremoves Part ol woh igmal , Can be formes] by Using an op- fmp and 4 cree hfiewr lode. Z this Civasit fhe op-fmp fc basically Used AX a Vo less jollssout sith a Cliode 4a che feedback Theo Clipping level js cetermine by the mefevence Voltease Vire tj 9 hich Bhould be fee rant ot the op- Amp. lees han “the joput wa Vee Dy P Vout. Goreng t= o During the Te rode = wish £ 2 CAU Cliede worl) be yeverte Lseed Nok OuLputk pill be Obteinesy, coll be fetta helt b, ae cal |) of fhe Jnpet unit] Vin = Vb Vinx Vice f the OQnd ~flusr Pe Be |.4B! ye ah And the op Amp operates when en_is_Sliyhhy higher “I = 1 © When Di Conduct: Lt _Closes The feedback = tone fllower lund is ouppat va_followtapat uta _undil Sinz Vers Wi However. han Vw mes ident 4 bcthe ouspug — GEE fey Vin> ref Phe Ouspef on Is When Tue Diode ts OO. Viet cine} © Thus The inde Dy ison fr vin 3 followo “the Topur ra eeePine Me] ae | wey tive Clépper Lr |e The meg itive Clip pew Clip ott the neg ihe ot the rents Geert part of “the. as | fopet Zigoral. loelova “Ine Arefevente vio ltense Je Diode Bi Conduch tohen Jin >TVe fk and then frre du jing s}his period output vo_is Follows the Ynpur Vo lbeass Vin Wlouis anne C. Tle meg?Hue borkon of cthe_ Gutpet afb [Frey € below - Vet ic C Mp peal b hecausy byt ofp At Vink = Vreh 1Ciaih. determine} che [ewe] at eee a pinlbase, noth cord He colpat i Slameed ao Idesive De_ leve} Page No. onl _ x Vash ( Saget | 2 OP Hae Clampled De [evel fs _poseitive © -__Clamp i bowitivse Cleimper—, if Tle asses a4 __Elamped Stu pe [eure] froo_fourond feet esitue Hu elem Js Called ou Nestiue u ampere « _ c c E8 b i s “The Velue of tly Capacitors in these Cisagh E ; Cetand on _Artherent TNpat ves anol Pelse Gn he Greir fu De lew) odded b duc oO] Pp el taae is Capprrorl mete |y 2500) to, Me, TEE sclac len )> |i —«<, tage “S ez | ~ fas Thi tive tixed pe lew eddaa= te — eS output obtain cnclis oye Fy mene bes | ~ oo : eee a iv 7 © d } “Ove | 7 vee a Aan 4 vee - . os | = \+ = - i ; , - To sghve Clemmp-esf : ‘