科技部補助專題研究計畫成果報告

期末報告

智能超穎材料應用於結構隔振與隔音設計之研究

計 畫 類 別 ： 個別型計畫
計 畫 編 號 ： MOST 106-2221-E-027-054-
執 行 期 間 ： 106年08月01日至107年07月31日
執 行 單 位 ： 國立臺北科技大學機械工程系

計 畫 主 持 人 ： 李春穎

計畫參與人員： 碩士班研究生-兼任助理：張洺愷
碩士班研究生-兼任助理：翁證凱
碩士班研究生-兼任助理：邱永上

報 告 附 件 ： 出席國際學術會議心得報告

中 華 民 國 107 年 10 月 05 日
中 文 摘 要 ： 超穎材料為一人工設計之結構材料，由於具有負折射率、負質量或
負彈性模數等特別之物理及機械性質，在工程應用上已呈現出極大
的潛力，本研究主要集中在超穎材料的音波及振動的隔離設計應用
。目前此類超穎材料之架構，皆是利用結構內部之構形及質量分布
，產生結構內部之諧振，造成材料在音波或振動傳遞上之能隙，產
生頻散曲線之阻斷頻帶。在固定之材料設計下，此一阻斷頻帶是固
定的，無法即時隨外在環境之改變或需求變更而進行調變，雖然部
分設計可以設計不同諧振頻率之單元於同一超穎材料內，增加阻斷
頻寬，但其無法避免的會降低其阻斷效能。本論文研究目的即在利
用智慧型材料之可調變特性，用於建構一新型之超穎材料，加入材
料特性之控制，使超穎材料之特性可隨外在環境或需求而控制改變
，形成所謂智慧型超穎材料。研究中首先將以形狀記憶材料建構超
穎材料樑結構之諧振單元，設計其幾何構形，並建立分析模擬之理
論模型以及以有限元素法進行分析求解，建立此智慧型超穎材料之
設計工具。一懸臂智慧型超穎結構樑之分析結果顯示，不論在頻率
域或是時間域的響應上，所建立之分析模型皆可正確的模擬出此型
結構之動態特性。

中 文 關 鍵 詞 ： 超穎材料、調諧振動吸振器、形狀記憶合金、截斷頻帶、有限元素
法

英 文 摘 要 ： Metamaterials are materials with artificially tailored

internal structure and unusual physical and mechanical
properties such as negative refraction coefficient,
negative mass inertia, and negative modulus of elasticity,
etc. Due to their unique characteristics, metamaterials
possess great potential in engineering applications. This
study aims to develop new acoustic metamaterials for the
applications in semi-active vibration isolation. For the
proposed state-of-the-art structural configurations in
metamaterials, the geometry and mass distribution of the
crafted internal structure is employed to induce the local
resonance inside the material. Therefore, a stopband in the
dispersion curve can be created because of the energy gap.
For the conventional metamaterials, the stopband is fixed
and unable to be adjusted in real-time once the design is
completed. Although the metamaterial with distributed
resonance characteristics has been proposed in the
literature to extend its working stopband, the efficacy is
usually compromised. In order to increase its adaptability
to time-varying disturbance, several semi-active
metamaterials have been proposed. In this study, the
incorporation of tunable shape memory alloy (SMA) into the
configuration of metamaterial is proposed. The repeated
resonance unit consisting of SMA beams is designed and its
theoretical formulation for determining the dynamic
characteristics is established. For more general
application, the finite element model of this smart
 metamaterial is also derived and simulated. The stopband of
this metamaterial beam with different configurations in the
arrangement of the SMA absorbers was investigated. The
result shows the proposed model is able to predict the
unique dynamic characteristics of this smart metamaterial
beam. Moreover, the tunable stopband of the metamaterial
beam with controlling the state of SMA absorbers was also
demonstrated.

英 文 關 鍵 詞 ： Metamaterial; Tunable Vibration Absorber; Shape Memory

Alloy; Stopband; Finite Element
 智能超穎材料應用於結構隔振與隔音設計之研究
Applications of smart metamaterial in the vibration and acoustic isolation
design of structures
Abstract: Metamaterials are materials with artificially tailored internal structure and unusual
physical and mechanical properties such as negative refraction coefficient, negative mass inertia,
and negative modulus of elasticity, etc. Due to their unique characteristics, metamaterials
possess great potential in engineering applications. This study aims to develop new acoustic
metamaterials for the applications in semi-active vibration isolation. For the proposed
state-of-the-art structural configurations in metamaterials, the geometry and mass distribution of
the crafted internal structure is employed to induce the local resonance inside the material.
Therefore, a stopband in the dispersion curve can be created because of the energy gap. For the
conventional metamaterials, the stopband is fixed and unable to be adjusted in real-time once
the design is completed. Although the metamaterial with distributed resonance characteristics
has been proposed in the literature to extend its working stopband, the efficacy is usually
compromised. In order to increase its adaptability to time-varying disturbance, several
semi-active metamaterials have been proposed. In this study, the incorporation of tunable shape
memory alloy (SMA) into the configuration of metamaterial is proposed. The repeated
resonance unit consisting of SMA beams is designed and its theoretical formulation for
determining the dynamic characteristics is established. For more general application, the finite
element model of this smart metamaterial is also derived and simulated. The stopband of this
metamaterial beam with different configurations in the arrangement of the SMA absorbers was
investigated. The result shows the proposed model is able to predict the unique dynamic
characteristics of this smart metamaterial beam. Moreover, the tunable stopband of the
metamaterial beam with controlling the state of SMA absorbers was also demonstrated.

Keywords: Metamaterial; Tunable Vibration Absorber; Shape Memory Alloy; Stopband; Finite
Element

1. Introduction
The project was planned for a three-year research. During a proposed three-year course of
study, the repeated resonance unit consisting of shape memory materials will be designed and
its theoretical formulation for determining the dynamic characteristics will be established. For
more general application, the finite element model of this smart metamaterial will also be
derived and simulated. Following the theoretical analysis, the prototypes will be built and the
corresponding testing apparatus in acoustic and vibration isolation will be employed to
validate the theoretical formulation. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics of this smart
metamaterial under different controlled environments will also be investigated. Finally, based
on the measured system characteristics, a control strategy employing fuzzy logic or neural
network will be incorporated into this smart metamaterial system. Its performance under
time-varying external excitation will be demonstrated. However, the financial support from
MOST had only been granted for the first year, which tasks had been intended for the
theoretical analysis. Therefore, only the theoretical formulation and analysis regarding this
smart metamaterial beam were presented in this report.
Metamaterials are artificially fabricated structural materials with special physical
properties, such as negative refraction index of electromagnetic wave [1], negative effective
mass, and negative effective elastic modulus [2], etc. Their potential applications include
invisibility cloak, vibration, acoustic control in structures, and metadevices [3]. Usually, the
1
materials with periodic distribution of elastic constant or mass density are known as phononic
crystals. With analogy to photonic crystal, it is found that when elastic wave propagates
through phononic crystal or elastic composite with periodic structure, a similar stopband or
bandgap is formed in its transmission [4-6].
Low frequency flexural wave band gaps in Timoshenko beams with locally resonant
structures were studied theoretically and experimentally by Yu et al. [7]. They concluded the
existence of low frequency band gaps in the beams provides a method for flexural vibration
control of beams. For broadband vibration absorption, Pai [8], by varying the attached
absorber's characteristics along its wave propagating axis, showed numerically the feasibility
on the design of broadband elastic wave absorber in axial vibration of a longitudinal
metamaterial bar. With regards to other structures, the multi-stopband metamaterial beam [9]
and plate [10,11] were designed by employing the local resonance between the multi-frequency
absorbers and the external excitation. Moreover, a Helmholtz resonator with adjustable size
[12], a 3-D kagome-sphere lattice with tuned dimensional sizes [13], a chiral elastic lattice with
different column materials [14], and a lattice with sinusoidally-shaped ligaments [15] were also
employed, respectively, to alter the bandgap of the materials. He and coworkers [16] reported
that composite laminate acoustic metamaterials manifested more effective for broadband
vibration absorption with the superior strength to weight ratio of CFRP. The design of a layered
mechanical metamaterial having implemented negative stiffness inclusions has been presented
and its acoustic wave propagation properties have been modeled for beam [17] and plate [18]
structures, respectively. A superior performance in a broadband frequency range when
compared to a viscoelastic damping constraint layer of equivalent mass was demonstrated
using the proposed configurations.
Although the above studies proposed the designs of metamaterial which were effective in
demonstrating their stopband characteristics in vibration or acoustic control, their designs were
unable to be adapted to the change in external excitation source, e.g. machinery which needs to
operate at different rotational speeds. Therefore, a variety of metamaterial designs have been
incorporated with a tunable capability to be adapted to environmental changes. Wang and
co-workers [19] proposed a design of locally tunable resonant acoustic metamaterials
composed of easy-to-buckle elastic beams. The controlled static loading induced buckling
dramatically alters the stiffness of the beams and consequently the natural frequency of the
resonating units, which in turn determines the frequency range of the band gap. The designs of
tunable acoustic metamaterials by altering the resonant frequency via piezo shunting [20,21]
were also proposed. The performance of this class of design was verified experimentally by
Zhu et al. [22]. In addition, Casadei et al. [23] proposed a metamaterial consisting of a slender
beam featuring aperiodic array or airfoil-shaped masses supported by a linear and torsional
springs. The resonance characteristics of the airfoils lead to strong attenuation at frequencies
defined by the properties of the airfoils and the speed on the incident fluid. There are also
designs incorporating the use of tunable smart materials, such as magnetorheological elastomer
(MRE) [24], electrorheological fluid (ERF) [25], and shape memory polymer (SMP) [26].
Although the use of smart materials such as MRE and ERF in the design of tunable
metamaterials has been proposed as mentioned previously, the mechanical property change
upon activation by magnetic field or electric field is still limited due to their rubber-like nature.
On the other hand, shape memory alloy (SMA) is metallic in nature and undergoes significant
stiffness change upon the thermally activated martensite to austenite transformation [27].
Nevertheless, there is a thermal hysteresis in the phase transformation. Thus, a superlattice
material consisting of alternate layers of a shape memory Ni-rich NiAl alloy and NiAl B2 alloy
has been proposed to reduce this thermal hysteresis [28]. In general, SMA has been employed
in the tunable vibration absorber design for vibration control [29,30]. Therefore, in this study, a
theoretical analysis on the feasibility of using SMA cantilevers in the design of a tunable
2
metamaterial beam structure was performed. The geometrical dimensions and configuration of
the periodic arrangement on the stopband of vibration transmission was investigated through
finite element analysis.

2. Modeling
A schematic diagram for the proposed metamaterial beam with shape memory material
(SMM) absorbers is shown in Fig. 1. Two types of plausible SMM absorber were shown in Fig.
1: absorber with helical spring and absorber with cantilevers. Either type can be applied in the
construction of the metamaterial beam. l denotes the pitch of the attached absorbers along the
axial direction of the beam. In mathematical modeling, each absorber can all be represented by
a 1-degree-of-freedom mass-damper-spring system. However, the helical spring can usually be
made with lower stiffness than the cantilever. The different configurations can be considered
for different ranges of stopbands. Suitable design can be chosen for individual application. By
controlling the temperature of the SMM via electric current or other means, the stiffness and
subsequently, the natural frequency of the absorber can be tuned accordingly.

Pitch of SMM absorbers

y
l l
x

Base structure

SMM cantilevers
SMM helical springs

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the proposed metamaterial beam consisting of different
types of shape memory material absorbers.

2.1. Metamaterial Beam with Infinite Length

Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the repeated unit element for the metamaterial
beam. ma, ca and ka denote the equivalent mass, damping and stiffness of the SMM absorber,
respectively, while l represents the pitch length of the element. Similar modeling can be found
in the work of Pai et al. [9]. However, in this study it should be noted that ca and ka can be
adjusted by controlling the temperature of the SMM. According to the Euler-Bernoulli’s beam
theory, if the damping for both beam and absorber can be neglected, the governing equations
for the beam and absorber can be written as:
  EIw (iv )  EI w0  w0   k a w0  wa  ( x)  0
Aw (1)
 a  k a w a  k a w 0
ma w
(2)

l/2 l/2
w(x,t) w0
x

ka Ca

wa
ma

Figure 2. The schematic diagram of the repeated unit element for the metamaterial
beam.
3
 In Eq. (1),,A, I and E are the mass density, cross-sectional area, second area moment of
inertia, and Young’s modulus of the beam structure.(x) is the Kroneckler delta function. For a
metamaterial beam of infinite length, the representative repeat unit should satisfy the conditions
of periodicity at both ends. Therefore, under harmonic excitation, the lateral displacement
functions of the beam structure w(x, t) and the absorber wa(t) can be expressed, respectively, as:
w( x, t )  w0 e i ( xt )  w0 e ix (3)
 it
wa (t )  wa e (4)
In the above equations, and are the wave number and frequency of the propagating waves.
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) and performing the integration over the pitch length l, we can
have:
0  k w0  k a (w0  wa )  0
mw (5)
where
 l 
2 A sin  
m  2  , k  2 EI 3 sin  l 
 
  2 (6)
By further substituting Eqs. (3) & (4) into Eqs. (5) & (2), and solving for nontrivial solution
of the resulted homogeneous equations, an equation to determine the wave number can be
obtained:
k  ka  m2  ka
0
 ka k a  ma  2
(7)
Given a vibration frequency, the stopband of this metamaterial beam lies within the
range when no real solution exists in Eq. (7).

2.2. Finite Element Formulation of the Metamaterial Beam

The equations established in the previous section are based on a metamaterial beam of
infinite length. For practical applications, the beam should be of finite length and different
boundary conditions. Moreover, if multiple stopbands are to be implemented in this
metamaterial beam, the absorbers should be tunable in their parameters. The resort to finite
element analysis has its necessity. In this study, the structural beam was discretized as
Euler-Bernoulli beam element and the base of each 1-DOF absorber was attached to its node.
The corresponding mass and stiffness matrices of the beam element can be found from the
standard textbook of finite element method, e.g. Bathe [31]. As for the damping matrix of the
beam element, proportional damping approach was assumed if considered. The viscous
damping of the absorber was appended in the system damping matrix accordingly. By
following the standard procedure in finite element analysis, the system matrices and equations
of motion could be assembled.
M X C X  K X   F (8)
A sweep sine analysis was performed in Eq. (8). The frequency response function of the
metamaterial beam over the required frequency span was obtained.
For simulating the time response of the metamaterial beam, the Newmark method [31] was
adopted in this study:
X t  t t
 t

 X   1   X    X  t
t  t
(9)

4
 X t t  X t  X t t   1   Xt   Xt t t 2
 2   (10)

M  X t  t

 C  X
t  t
 K X 
t  t
 F 
t  t
(11)
In the above equations, andare the parameters for adjusting the accuracy and
stability of the integration. The trapezoidal rule ofand was adopted in this study.
Table 1 presents the dimensions and material properties of the structural beam and the
parameters of the absorbers used in the numerical simulation. The structural beam was made of
aluminum and the absorber was designed to damp out the vibration at 2500 Hz, which was
within acoustic range. If calculated, it is found that the mass of the absorber was about one tenth
of a beam element.

Table 1. The dimensions and material properties of the structural beam and the parameters of
the absorbers used in the simulation of the metamaterial beam.
No. of Young’s Poisson’s Mass
Length Width Height
Beam Elements Modulus, E ratio, Density,
32 1m 5 mm 3 mm 72.4 GPa 0.33 2780 kg/m3
ma ca ka a
Absorber -4 4
1.3031×10 kg 0.1 N·s/m 3.2153×10 N/m 2500 Hz

As for the possible experimental implementation, Figure 3 shows an SMA cantilevered

beam configuration. Two parallel SMA wires were clamped symmetrically at their half lengths
by an insulating fixture pad. The wires were separated along their lengths except at the two
extreme ends. The ends were electrically connected to form a circuit loop where the control
current was brought in through the tabs in the fixture pad. The direction of current flow through
this absorber was also schematically shown in the figure. The control current provided
resistance heating to the SMA wires and tuned their phase transformation from martensite to
austenite through temperature manipulation. Therefore, the stiffness of the absorber could be
changed from the lower martensitic phase to the higher austenitic phase. Under the assumption
of Euler beam theory, the fundamental frequency of the cantilever beam can be calculated as
[32]:

(1.875 2 ) EI
a 
2 AL4

For instance, if Nitinol wire with diameter of 0.8 mm and length of 10 mm is used, based on its
mass density of 6450 kg/m3 and Young’s moduli for martensite and austenite phases of 75 GPa
and 28 GPa, respectively, the calculated fundamental frequency of the cantilevered beam are
2332 Hz and 3816 Hz before and after the martensite-austenite transformation. The estimated
working frequency of this proposed absorber configuration seems to fit the parameter presented
in Table 1.

5
 Tabs for heating circuit
Face attached to
Nitinol wire:d
base structure
Conductive pad

Direction of Length: l
current flow Fixture pad

Figure 3. An exemplary implementation of the proposed absorber with SMA wires

clamped in double-cantilevered configuration.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Stopband of the Metamaterial Beam with Infinite Length

Figure 4 presents the frequency dispersion curves of the metamaterial beam of infinite
length. It is clearly seen that around the natural frequency the absorber existed a stopband. No
vibration wave in this frequency band can propagate through this metamaterial beam. When the
mass ratio of the absorber to the beam element increased, the stopband widened. On the other
hand, as the natural frequency of the absorber changed, the stopband of the frequency ratio
remained unchanged. However, the stopband of the actual frequency of vibrationshifted
accordingly with a. In other words, mass ratio of absorber changed the bandwidth of the
stopband while natural frequency of absorber shifted the frequency of stopband without
alteration of its frequency ratio. The simulation of changing the natural frequency of absorber
was to examine the possible influence of switching SMA from martensite to austenite which
generates a change in Young’s modulus of three folds [23].

2.0 0.20
ma/m1= 0.1 a=2500/SQRT(3) Hz
ma/m1= 0.3 a=2500 Hz
ma/m1= 0.5 a=2500*SQRT(3) Hz
1.5 0.15
L/2 )
a

1.0 0.10
L/

0.5 0.05

0.0 0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

L/ L/2 a

(a) (b)
Figure 4. The frequency dispersion curves of metamaterial beams: (a)with the
appended absorbers of different mass ratios; (b) with the appended absorbers of
different natural frequencies.

3.2.The Response of The Metamaterial Beam with Finite Length

For the beam with finite length, the boundary conditions should influence its vibration
characteristics. Before considering the effect of adding SMM absorbers, the reliability of the
finite element model for the pristine beam should be verified first. Table 2 presents some
calculated natural frequencies from finite element model along with their theoretical results
obtained from the Euler beam theory [32]. For the beam in three different boundary
6
configurations, only the natural frequencies from the first three modes were calculated.
However, for the beam in simply-supported boundary conditions, its 19th and 20th natural
frequencies close to the interested frequency range of 2500 Hz were also calculated due to its
simpler effort in calculation. The calculation for the higher modes of the beam in other
configurations was not attempted because the theoretical results were not readily available
from vibration textbook. It is seen that the accuracy of the finite element model in calculating
the natural frequencies of the structural beam under different boundary conditions was
reasonably good even for the higher frequency modes within the interested frequency range of
this study.

Table 2.The calculated natural frequencies of the structural beam from finite element model
along with their theoretical results obtained from the Euler beam theory.
Boundary Method Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 19 Mode 20
Theory 2.476 Hz 15.76 Hz 43.40 Hz - -
Cantilever FEM 2.470 Hz 15.50 Hz 43.40 Hz - -
Error -0.242% -1.65% 0.00% - -
Theory 6.942 Hz 27.78 Hz 62.53 Hz 2506 Hz 2777 Hz
Simply-supported FEM 6.942 Hz 27.77 Hz 62.48 Hz 2525 Hz 2803 Hz
Error% 0.00% -0.04% -0.08% +0.76% +0.94%
Theory 15.76 Hz 43.40 Hz 85.11 Hz - -
Clamped-clamped FEM 15.74 Hz 43.38 Hz 85.04 Hz - -
Error% -0.13% -0.05% -0.08% - -

The frequency response function of the metamaterial beam in cantilevered configuration

was calculated first from Eq. (8) by using sweep sine technique. The beam with 32 equally
spaced absorbers was discretized into 32 elements in the finite element model. With linear
nature of the governing equation, the steady state response was calculated under a sinusoidal
input force of unit magnitude at x=0.03125 m. The input excitation applied near to the fixed
end was to leave more room for observing the vibration propagation toward to free end. The
frequency response spectra of this cantilevered metamaterial beam are shown in Figure 5. It is
noted that there was a discrete stopband and the response of the beam reduced drastically within
the stopband. The stopband was around 2500 Hz which was the designed working frequency
of this metamaterial beam presented in Table 1. Moreover, because of the attached absorbers
to the beam structure there were several resonance peaks around the stopband. For the
frequency response of the beam away from the stopband, the displacement amplitude was
lower at location x=0.0625 m which was near the cantilevered end than at the free end (x=1.0
m). This fits the characteristics of cantilevered beam in usual vibrations. However, at
frequency near the stopband, the response at the free end was lower than that near the
cantilevered end. The accumulated vibration reduction effect through the action of absorbers
reduced the vibration of the beam effectively. Therefore, it is clearly seen that the stopband
was present more obviously at the free end. As regards to the vibration of the absorber, the
displacement amplitude was always higher than its beam counterpart. Nonetheless, the
frequency response followed closely with that of its beam counterpart.

7
 1e-2

Amplitude of Frequency Response (m /N)

1e-3

1e-4

1e-5

1e-6

1e-7

Beam, x=0.0625 m
1e-8 Absorbers, x=0.0625 m
Beam, x=1.0 m
1e-9 Absorber, x=1.0 m

1e-10
2000 2500 3000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 5. The frequency response spectra at near the fixed end (x=0.0625 m) and at
the free end of a cantilevered metamaterial beam with the SMA spring in martensite
phase.

By using the Newmark method mentioned previously, the time responses of a cantilevered
metamaterial beam at different downstream locations were simulated and shown in Figure 6.
For the beam excited with a sinusoidal disturbance at x=31.25 mm near the fixed end, the
response component with the same frequency of excitation showed a quick decay at farer
downstream locations. Nevertheless, the vibration of lower frequency was still observed. This
result reveals that the vibration components in the stopband can be effectively diminished after
certain distance away from the excitation. This was consistent with lower magnitude in
frequency response spectra at further downstream location from the disturbance presented in
Figure 5.
Figure 7 presents the variations of displacement amplitudes along the downstream
direction for the metamaterial beams having 16 and 32 absorbers, respectively. For the
metamaterial beam with 32 absorbers equally-spaced along its full length, it is seen that both
the displacement amplitudes of beam and absorber decayed drastically away from the location
of external disturbance. Because the absorber took over the vibration energy from the beam, it
had larger displacement amplitude than the base beam at all locations. For the metamaterial
beam with only 16 absorbers equally-spaced in the first half of its length, the decay in
displacement amplitude leveled after the last absorber. Even under this circumstance, the
attenuation in vibration still reached applicable level for engineering application. Therefore, the
configuration design of this metamaterial beam should be an interesting topic to be further
explored.

8
 0.00030
x=0.5 m
0.00025 x=0.25 m
x=0.0625 m

Displacement Response (m)

0.00020
F=100 sin( t), x0=31.25 mm, =2500 Hz
0.00015

0.00010

0.00005

0.00000

-0.00005

-0.00010
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Time (s)

Figure 6. Time responses of a cantilevered metamaterial beam at different

downstream locations.

1e-4
1e-5
1e-6
Beam (32 absorbers)
1e-7
Absorbers (32 absorbers)
1e-8
Displacement Amplitude (m)

Beam (16 absorbers)

1e-9
Absorber (16 absorbers)
1e-10
1e-11
1e-12
1e-13
1e-14
1e-15
1e-16
1e-17
1e-18 =2500 Hz
1e-19
1e-20
1e-21
1e-22
1e-23
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

X Coordinate (m)

Figure 7. The variations in displacement amplitudes along the length of the

cantilevered metamaterial beams having different numbers of absorbers.

3.3. The Stopband Tunability of The Metamaterial Beam

Figure 8 presents the calculated frequency response spectra of a cantilevered metamaterial
beam with the SMA spring in martensite and austenite phases, respectively. As mentioned
previously, the Young’s modulus of the Nitinol changed from 28 GPa of martensite phase to
75 GPa of austenite phase upon complete transformation in heating. The corresponding
change in the stiffness of absorber as given in Table 1 was adjusted accordingly. The finite
element analysis clearly showed that the stopband was tuned to higher frequency when the
absorbers were heated into austenite phase. Theoretically, if the SMA was heated to a
temperature wherein only partial austenite transformation was completed, the stopband could
be tuned between the two extremes of simple martensite and simple austenite. Another

9
possibility would be the absorbers were tuned in a distributed fashion, i.e. the absorbers were
divided into several groups and the SMA in each group was having different degrees of
austenite transformation. In this case, a metamaterial beam with very wide stopband could be
probably made.

1e-2

Amplitude of Frequency Response (m / N) Martensite

1e-3 Austenite

1e-4

1e-5

1e-6

1e-7

1e-8 Cantilevered
a =0.001
ma /m1=0.1
1e-9
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 8. The frequency response spectra of a cantilevered metamaterial beam with

the SMA spring in martensite and austenite phases, respectively.

For the metamaterial beams in simply-supported configuration, Figure 9 shows their

frequency responses when the absorbers were arranged in different spacing. These frequency
responses were calculated from the sinusoidal input at x=0.03125 m and steady state output at
x=0.96875 m. For these four metamaterial beams, the stopband near the designed frequency
of 2500 Hz occurred. However, only the metamaterial beam with absorber spacing of 0.03125
m showed the complete stopband around 2500 Hz. The other metamaterial beams with larger
absorber spacing ≧0.0625 m either presented smaller or offset stopband. As seen from Table
2, the mode shape of the simply-supported beam with frequency close to 2500 Hz was the 19th
mode which had wave length about 0.05 m. Therefore, it is suspected that the spacing of the
absorbers in metamaterial beam should be less than the wave length of the corresponding
mode shape at the designed working frequency. The more detailed study is needed in this
respect.

10
 1e-2
Absorber spacing= 0.03125 m
1e-3 Absorber spacing= 0.0625 m

Amplitude of Frequency Response (m / N)

Absorber spacing= 0.09375 m
1e-4 Absorber spacing= 0.125 m

1e-5

1e-6

1e-7

1e-8

1e-9 Simply-supported

1e-10

1e-11

1e-12
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 9.The frequency responses of the simply-supported metamaterial beams

having absorbers in different spacing.

Figure 10 presents the frequency response spectra of the simply-supported metamaterial

beam having the absorbers activated in different states. For the absorbers in inactivated state,
i.e. martensitic phase, the stopband around 2500 Hz was seen as expected from previous
example. As all the absorber springs were activated or heated to fully austenitic phase, the
Young’s modulus of the Nitinol was raised to 75 GPa and the spring constants of the absorber
increased accordingly. The stopband of this simply-supported beam having all absorbers
activated shifted to a higher frequency around 4200 Hz, similar to that of cantilevered beam
shown in Figure 6. In order to explore the effect of tunable capability the SMA absorber, only
alternating absorbers were activated along the beam. The frequency response shown in Figure
10 for this beam with alternatingly activated absorbers demonstrated two discrete stopbands,
around 2500 Hz and 4200 Hz, respectively. Although their bandwidths were somewhat
compromised, these two stopbands were very distinctive. It is therefore believed that
distributed activation of the absorbers along the beam’s axis could present more capabilities
of the metamaterial beam in active broadband control.

11
 1e-2

All martensite

Amplitude of Frequency Response (m / N)

1e-3 All austenite
Alternating

1e-4

1e-5

1e-6

1e-7

Simply-supported
1e-8

1e-9
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 10. The frequency responses of the simply-supported metamaterial beam

having the absorbers activated in different states.

4. Conclusions
The finite element formulation on a metamaterial beam which features distributed SMM
absorbers was established. Based on the theoretical analyses, the tuning in absorber mass was
more effective in increasing the bandwidth of the stopband in vibration transmission while both
mass and stiffness tuning had capability to shift the stopband. The simulation results of both
cantilevered and simply-supported metamaterial beams showed the shift of stopband to higher
frequency by the controlled phase transformation from martensite to austenite of the SMA
absorber spring. This proposed design could constitute another class of smart acoustic
metamaterial structure. Moreover, installation of the absorbers along a partial segment was able
to dampen out the harmonic disturbance of target frequency with acceptable performance. Thus,
the configuration design of this metamaterial beam can be an interesting topic to be further
explored.

References
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2. Findeisen, C., Hohe, J., Kadic, M., & Gumbsch, P. Characteristics of mechanical
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7. Yu, D., Liu, Y., Wang, G., Zhao, H., & Qiu, J. Flexural vibration band gaps in
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mitigation in lattice metamaterials with sinusoidally-shaped ligaments. Extreme
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16. He, Z.C., Xiao, X., & Li, E. Design for structural vibration suppression in laminate
acoustic metamaterials. Composites Part B, 2017, 131, pp. 237-252.
17. Chronopoulos, D., Antoniadis, I., Collet, M., & Ichchou, M. Enhancement of wave
damping within metamaterials having embedded negative stiffness inclusions. Wave
Motion, 2015, 58, pp. 165-179.
18. Chronopoulos, D., Antoniadis, I., & Ampatzidis, T. Enhanced acoustic insulation
properties of composite metamaterials having embedded negative stiffness
inclusions. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2017, 12, pp. 48-54.
19. Wang, P., Casadei, F., Shan, S., Weaver, J. C., & Bertoldi, K. Harnessing buckling to
design tunable locally resonant acoustic metamaterials. Physical Review Letters, 2014,
113, 014301.
20. Airoldi, L., & Ruzzene, M. Design of tunable acoustic metamaterials through periodic
arrays of resonant shunted piezos. New Journal of Physics, 2011, 13, 113010.
21. Casadei, F., Delpero, T., Bergamini, A., Ermanni, P., & Ruzzene, M. Piezoelectric
resonator arrays for tunable acoustic waveguides and metamaterials. Journal of Applied
Physics, 2012, 112, 064902.
22. Zhu, R., Chen, Y. Y., Barnhart, M. V., Hu, G. K., Sun, C. T., & Huang, G. L. Experimental
study of an adaptive elastic metamaterial controlled by electric circuits. Applied Physics
Letters, 2016, 108, 011905.
23. Casadei, F., & Bertoldi, K. Harnessing fluid-structure interactions to design self-regulating
acoustic metamaterials. Journal of Applied Physics, 2014, 115, 034907.
24. Xu, Z., Tong, J., & Wu, F. Magnetorheological elastomer vibration isolation of tunable
three-dimensional locally resonant acoustic metamaterial. Solid State Communications,
2018, 271, pp. 51–55.
25. Yeh, J.-Y. Control analysis of the tunable phononic crystal with electrorheological material.
Physica B, 2007, 400, pp. 137–144.
13
26. Rossiter, J., Takashima, K., Scarpa, F., Walters, P., & Mukai, T. Shape memory polymer
hexachiral auxetic structures with tunable stiffness. Smart Materials and Structures, 2014,
23(4), 045007.
27. Churchill, C. B., Shaw, J. A., & Iadicola, M. A. Tips and tricks for characterizing shape
memory alloy wire: Part 2-fundamental isothermal responses. Experimental Techniques,
2009, 33(1), pp. 51-62.
28. Guda Vishnu, K., & Strachan, A. Shape memory metamaterials with tunable
thermo-mechanical response via hetero-epitaxial integration: A molecular dynamics
study. Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 113(10), 103503.
29. Williams, K., Chiu, G., & Bernhard, R. Adaptive-passive absorbers using shape-memory
alloys. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2002, 249(5), pp. 835-848.
30. Lee, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Yang, T. H., & Lin, C. J. Structural vibration control using a
tunable hybrid shape memory material vibration absorber. Journal of Intelligent Material
System and Structure, 2012, 23(15), pp. 1725-1734.
31. Bathe, K.-J. Finite element procedures in engineering analysis, 1982, Prentice-Hall Pub.
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32. Thomson, W.T. Theory of vibration with applications, 2nd ed., 1981, Prentice Hall Co.

14
 附件四

科技部補助專題研究計畫項下出席國際學術會議心得報告
日期： 107 年 2 月 10 日
計畫
MOST 106-2221-E-027-054
編號
計畫
智能超穎材料應用於結構隔振與隔音設計之研究
名稱
出國人員 服務機構 臺北科技大學
李 春 穎
姓名 及職稱 機械工程系 教授
會議 107 年 2 月 4 日 至 紐西蘭 奧克蘭(Auckland, New Zealand)
會議地點
時間 2月8日 Crowne Plaza 國際會議廳

(中文) 第三屆精密機械與製造技術國際研討會(2018 年)
會議
(英文) ICPMMT 2018 : The 3rd International Conference on Precision
名稱
Machinery and Manufacturing Technology
(中文) 一用於平台結構減振之可調諧形狀記憶合金線吸振器：設計與實際應
發表
用
論文
(英文) A Tuned Vibration Absorber Constituted of Shape Memory Alloy Aires for
題目
Vibration Reduction of Platform Structures: Design and Implementation

一、參加會議經過

此 次 為 2018 年 第 三 屆 精 密 機 械 與 製 造 技 術 國 際 研 討 會 (ICPMMT 2018 : The 3rd

International Conference on Precision Machinery and Manufacturing Technology)，由中州科技大
學(Chung-Chou University of Science and Technology, Taiwan)工學院鄒國益院長主辦，奧克蘭
技術大學機械系(Mechanical Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, New
Zealand) 主任Prof. Timotius Pasang協辦。研討會從2月4日至8日在紐西蘭奧克蘭(Auckland,
New Zealand) Crowne Plaza 國 際 會 議 廳 舉 行 ， 執 委 會 成 員 包 括 : Prof. Thomas Neitzert
( Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand)，Prof. Jeong-Whan Yoon (Deakin University,
Australia; KAIST Korea)等。會中接受共計約八十篇論文，大會中共有多個專長分項討論發
表，內容涵蓋了積層製造(additive manufacturing)、機械設計(Mechanical Design)、材料改質
(Surface Treatment)、精密量測(Precision Measurement)、計算力學(Computational Mechanics)
等相關技術議題，亦有機會與從事本領域研究的學者專家討論學習，是個重要的國際研討會。

會議於2月4日下午進行早開始報到與認識交流，為隔天正式進行的會議進行暖場。2月5
日上午9點進行報到與資料領取，共約一百位來自台灣、紐西蘭、澳洲、韓國、斯洛維尼亞等
世界各地的學者及研究人員參加。首先進行大會邀請演講(keynote speeches)，由Auckland
University of Technology工學院院長Prof. Guy Littlefair進行Current Trends in Machinability
1
Research主題演講，針對金屬之切削加工過程中的力學及材料關聯作了很詳細之介紹，並與
在場學者間有熱烈的討論。短暫午餐後進行第二場主題演講，由紐西蘭Institute of Geological &
Nuclear Science (GNS Science)的Dr. John Kennedy主講Design of Intelligent Surfaces for Energy
Intensive Processing Industry。除了以離子佈植改善工業用材料表面特性之研究外，其提到紐
西蘭人口不多，研究資源有限，其政府之研究多集中於跟紐西蘭之畜牧、地熱能源等相關產
業議題上，值得台灣政府參考。接著，進行2個場次之論文發表，分別有關工業4.0及塑性加
工成形之論文發表，會中都有熱絡的討論。就此結束第2天之議程。

參與會議報到照片 科技部固力學門召集人劉德騏教授致詞

Prof. Guy Littlefair 主題演講照片 Dr. John Kennedy主題演講照片

第3天主要為壁報論文之展示與討論，共有40篇之論文發表，論文內容涵蓋控制、加工、
機構設計、先進材料與製程等，與會人員也有相當難得的面對面研究心得交換與討論。第4
天 早 上 大 會 先 安 排 由 清 華 大 學 動 力 機 械 系 張 禎 元 教 授 的 主 題 演 講 Magnetic Recording
Technologies for Position Sensing and Control in Precision Machine。張教授執行之整合產學計
畫，成效卓著，最後成品實現於公司產品並有更高市場競爭力，相當令人佩服。接續場次分
開兩個會議室發表，由作者主持一場次並發表研究成果「一用於平台結構減振之可調諧形狀
2
記憶合金線吸振器：設計與實際」(A Tuned Vibration Absorber Constituted of Shape Memory
Alloy Aires for Vibration Reduction of Platform Structures: Design and Implementation)，本研究
對精密機械可能遭遇到的振動問題提出半主動式吸振器設計，使用鎳鈦形狀記憶合金線控制
線張力，調控吸振器之作動頻率以對應外在擾動頻率之變化，發揮寬頻之減振效果。論文中
包含理論推導與實驗驗證，獲得相當不錯之成果。同一場次還有屏科大王栢村教授與學生的
有關缽樂器的振動嚴就，以及Auckland University of Technology機械系的有關電子束於超合金
積層製造上的微結構控制研究。場次中都有熱烈的討論與意見交換，相當具有建設性。晚上，
大家參加由大會準備的晚宴，會中大會主席鄒教授謝謝大家的參與，並預告明年預計的會議
地點，歡迎大家繼續參與。

作者論文發表報告照片 作者主持場次照片

與會出席代表大合照

此次會議，大會特別於2月8日安排參觀奧克蘭大學的先進複材中心(Centre for Advanced

Composite Materials, The University of Auckland, New Zealand)，由該中心台籍教授Richard Lin
負責一行20人之接待與導覽。該中心位於一獨立之建築，2年前剛從舊校區遷至此處，主要設
有各種複材之製程研究與測試設備，實驗室管理設有專門之技術人員，環境乾淨整潔、重視
操作安全。在全世界天然複合材料的研究上有領先之成果，果然能配合紐西蘭之產業特色進
行技術之研究開發，優秀之研發環境令人印象深刻。

3
 會後參觀奧克蘭大學的先進複材中心照片

二、與會心得
此次研討會不僅讓作者了解目前國際間相關學研與應用趨勢和發展近況，作者亦向多位
國際頂尖學者請教/討論作者在研究上的問題。作者認為這次的研討會內容十分充實，最大貢
獻在有很多最新的研究成果於科學發展及可能實際應用。感謝科技部補助讓作者有機會於會
議中和來自於世界各地的研究學者，交換意見與討論，特別是針對目前從事的研究，得到許
多良好的建議和肯定。

三、建議
本次為相當有規劃，而且內容充實的精密機械、先進製造工程之國際學術研討會。本次
會議主要有我國學者參(50 篇論文)，科技部固力學門召集人中正大學機械系劉德騏教授也親
臨參加，未來若能爭取更多國際學者投稿參與，將會使得台灣整個學術界對此領域的相關研
究有相當的助益，亦提升國家的地位與聲望。

四、攜回資料名稱及內容
作者攜回論文行動碟一個(內容為會議議程與所有論文全文)。

4
所發表之論文全文
(中文) 一用於平台結構減振之可調諧形狀記憶合金線吸振器：設計與實際應用
(英文) A Tuned Vibration Absorber Constituted of Shape Memory Alloy Aires for Vibration
Reduction of Platform Structures: Design and Implementation

5
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11
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14
 106年度專題研究計畫成果彙整表
計畫主持人：李春穎 計畫編號：106-2221-E-027-054-
計畫名稱：智能超穎材料應用於結構隔振與隔音設計之研究
質化
（說明：各成果項目請附佐證資料或細
成果項目 量化 單位
項說明，如期刊名稱、年份、卷期、起
訖頁數、證號...等）
期刊論文 0
邱永上、彭繼偉、李春穎，2017，”智
慧型超穎材料樑結構之建模與動態特性
分析”，CSMMT 2017第20屆全國機構與
機器設計學術研討會論文集，106年11月
17-18日，彰化縣彰化市，論文編號05
超穎材料為一人工設計之結構材料，由
於具有負折射率、負質量或負彈性模數
等特別之物理及機械性質，在工程應用
上已呈現出極大的潛力，本研究主要集
中在超穎材料的音波及振動的隔離設計
應用。目前此類超穎材料之架構，皆是
利用結構內部之構形及質量分布，產生
結構內部之諧振，造成材料在音波或振
動傳遞上之能隙，產生頻散曲線之阻斷
頻帶。在固定之材料設計下，此一阻斷
篇 頻帶是固定的，無法即時隨外在環境之
研討會論文 1 改變或需求變更而進行調變，雖然部分
設計可以設計不同諧振頻率之單元於同
學術性論文 一超穎材料內，增加阻斷頻寬，但其無
法避免的會降低其阻斷效能。本論文研
國 究目的即在利用智慧型材料之可調變特
內 性，用於建構一新型之超穎材料，加入
材料特性之控制，使超穎材料之特性可
隨外在環境或需求而控制改變，形成所
謂智慧型超穎材料。研究中首先將以形
狀記憶材料建構超穎材料樑結構之諧振
單元，設計其幾何構形，並建立分析模
擬之理論模型以及以有限元素法進行分
析求解，建立此智慧型超穎材料之設計
工具。一懸臂智慧型超穎結構樑之分析
結果顯示，不論在頻率域或是時間域的
響應上，所建立之分析模型皆可正確的
模擬出此型結構之動態特性。
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Hua-Liang Hu, Ji-Wei Peng and Chun-
Ying Lee*, 2018, “Dynamic
Simulation of a Metamaterial Beam
Consisting of Tunable Shape Memory
Material Absorbers,” Vibration, 1,
81–92;
doi:10.3390/vibration1010007
Metamaterials are materials with
artificially tailored internal
structure and unusual physical and
mechanical properties such as
negative refraction coefficient,
negative mass inertia, and negative
modulus of elasticity, etc. Due to
their unique characteristics,
metamaterials possess great
potential in engineering
applications. This study aims to
develop new acoustic metamaterials
for the applications in semi-active
國
學術性論文 期刊論文 1 篇 vibration isolation. For the
外 proposed state-of-the-art
structural configurations in
metamaterials, the geometry and
mass distribution of the crafted
internal structure is employed to
induce the local resonance inside
the material. Therefore, a stopband
in the dispersion curve can be
created because of the energy gap.
For the conventional metamaterials,
the stopband is fixed and unable to
be adjusted in real-time once the
design is completed. Although the
metamaterial with distributed
resonance characteristics has been
proposed in the literatureto extend
its working stopband, the efficacy
is usually compromised. In order to
increase its adaptability to time-
varying disturbance, several semi-
 active metamaterials have been
proposed. In this study, the
incorporation of tunable shape
memory alloy (SMA) into the
configuration of metamaterial is
proposed. The repeated resonance
unit consisting of SMA beams is
designed and its theoretical
formulation for determining the
dynamic characteristics is
established. For more general
application, the finite element
model of this smart metamaterial is
also derived and simulated. The
stopband of this metamaterial beam
with different configurations in
the arrangement of the SMA
absorbers was investigated. The
result shows the proposed model is
able to predict the unique dynamic
characteristics of this smart
metamaterial beam. Moreover, the
tunable stopband of the
metamaterial beam with controlling
the state of SMA absorbers was also
demonstrated.
H.-L. Hu, J.-W. Peng, C.-Y. Lee,
H.-Y. Cheng, 2018, “Dynamic
Analysis on a Metamaterial Beam
Consisted of Tunable Shape Memory
研討會論文 1 Alloy Absorbers,” 2nd
International Conference on
Research, Innovation and
Commercialization (ICRIC-2018),
July 16-19, 2018, Zagreb, Croatia
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參與計畫研究之研究生，在計畫之執行
過程中當可對智慧型材料的性質與應用
碩士生 3 有深入瞭解，對結構之振動與噪音控制
本國籍 之技術，不論在理論分析推導，或是實
參 驗量測技術，得到紮實的訓練。
與 博士生 0
計 博士後研究員 0 人次
畫
人 專任助理 0
力 大專生 0
碩士生 0
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其他成果
（無法以量化表達之成果如辦理學術活動
、獲得獎項、重要國際合作、研究成果國
際影響力及其他協助產業技術發展之具體
效益事項等，請以文字敘述填列。）
 科技部補助專題研究計畫成果自評表

請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況、研究成果之學術或應用價
值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）、是否適
合在學術期刊發表或申請專利、主要發現（簡要敘述成果是否具有政策應用參考
價值及具影響公共利益之重大發現）或其他有關價值等，作一綜合評估。

1. 請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況作一綜合評估
■達成目標
□未達成目標（請說明，以100字為限）
□實驗失敗
□因故實驗中斷
□其他原因
說明：

2. 研究成果在學術期刊發表或申請專利等情形（請於其他欄註明專利及技轉之證
號、合約、申請及洽談等詳細資訊）
論文：■已發表 □未發表之文稿 □撰寫中 □無
專利：□已獲得 ■申請中 □無
技轉：□已技轉 □洽談中 ■無
其他：（以200字為限）
已發表於國際期刊:
Hua-Liang Hu, Ji-Wei Peng and Chun-Ying Lee*, 2018, “Dynamic
Simulation of a Metamaterial Beam Consisting of Tunable Shape Memory
Material Absorbers,” Vibration, 1, 81–92; doi:10.3390/vib

3. 請依學術成就、技術創新、社會影響等方面，評估研究成果之學術或應用價值
（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性，以500字
為限）
由於本計畫之研究標的與技術，對於結構之振動與噪音控制技術，雖然目前都
限於學術研究，亦應具有實際應用之潛力，計畫完成後可進行技術之推廣，例
如道路旁之隔音牆、潛艦之聲納匿蹤表面等，都有技術直接可應用之潛力。參
與計畫研究之研究生，在計畫之執行過程中當可對智慧型材料的性質與應用有
深入瞭解，對結構之振動與噪音控制之技術，不論在理論分析推導，或是實驗
量測技術，得到紮實的訓練。

4. 主要發現
本研究具有政策應用參考價值：■否 □是，建議提供機關
（勾選「是」者，請列舉建議可提供施政參考之業務主管機關）
本研究具影響公共利益之重大發現：□否 □是
說明：（以150字為限）