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Basic Calculus WLAS Week 1
Basic Calculus WLAS Week 1
Basic Calculus WLAS Week 1
1. illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function
(STEM_BC11LCIIIa-1);
2. distinguish between lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑓 (𝑐 ) (STEM_BC11LCIIIa-2);
𝑥→𝑐
3. illustrate the limit laws (STEM_BC11LCIIIa-3); and
4. apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial, rational,
and radical) (STEM_BC11LCIIIa-4)
Specific Objectives
Key Concepts
Definition
Consider a function 𝑓 of a single variable 𝑥 and a constant 𝑐 which the variable 𝑥 will
approach (𝑐 may or may not be in the domain of 𝑓). The limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝐿, written as
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
if for any 𝜖 > 0, however small, there exists a 𝛿 > 0 such that
In other words, the definition states that the function values 𝑓 (𝑥 ) approach to a unique
real value 𝐿, i.e., the limit of the function 𝑓, as 𝑥 approaches to a number 𝑐 if the distance
between 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝐿 can be made as small as we please by taking 𝑥 sufficiently near 𝑐, but
not equal to 𝑐.
Values close to 1 from the left Values close to 1 from the right
𝑥 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 𝑥 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.5 2
𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 2.8 2.98 2.998 𝑓(𝑥) 3.0022 3.02 3.2 4 5
lim (1 + 2𝑥 ) = 3.
𝑥→1
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
Example 2: Investigate lim 𝑥−2
.
𝑥→2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
Now, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥−2 and 𝑥 approaches to 𝑐 = 2. Note that when 𝑥 = 2, the function is not
defined, that is, 2 is not in the domain of 𝑓. But, this is not a problem since we are
evaluating the limit, which is the unique real value that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is approaching as 𝑥
approaches to 2. Constructing the table of values from the left and the right of 2, we have
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
lim = 5.
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
Notice that as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the right, the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) approach to 0. However,
as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the left, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) doesn’t converge to a real number. With this reason,
we say that lim √𝑥 − 3 does not exist (DNE). This behavior can also be seen in the graph of
𝑥→3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 3. Observe that there is no graph on the left of 𝑥 = 3. That is, there is no real
value that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) will approach as 𝑥 approaches 3 from the left.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 < 4
Example 4: Investigate lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { .
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 4
Values close to 4 from the left Values close to 4 from the right
𝑥 3 3.5 3.9 3.99 3.999 𝑥 4.001 4.01 4.1 4.5 5
𝑓(𝑥) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 4.999 𝑓(𝑥) 3.000001 3.0001 3.01 3.25 4
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) DNE.
𝑥→4
Remarks
1. The left-hand limit is the value that 𝑓(𝑥 ) approaches as 𝑥 approaches to 𝑐 from the left,
or through values less than 𝑐. In symbols, lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
𝑥→𝑐
2. The right-hand limit is the value that 𝑓(𝑥 ) approaches as 𝑥 approaches to 𝑐 from the
right or through values greater than 𝑐. In symbols, lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim− 𝑓(𝑥 ) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥 ) are referred to as the one-sided limits.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and is equal to 𝐿 if and only if lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
In other words, for a limit to exist, the limits from the left and the right must both exist
and are equal. Otherwise, the limit does not exist.
Thus, we say:
Now, consider the previous three examples and compare the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as
𝑥 approaches to 𝑐, i.e., lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and the value of the function at 𝑥 = 𝑐, i.e., 𝑓 (𝑐 ).
𝑥→𝑐
In Example 1,
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑐
lim (1 + 2𝑥 ) = 3 𝑓 (1) = 1 + 2(1) = 3
𝑥→1
In Example 2,
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 (2)2 + 2 − 6
lim =5 𝑓(2) = (und)
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 2−2
In Example 3,
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑐
lim √𝑥 − 3 DNE 𝑓 (3) = √3 − 3 = 0
𝑥→3
In Example 4,
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑓 (𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) DNE 𝑓 (4) = (4 − 4)2 + 3 = 3
𝑥→4
Once again, in this example, lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑓 (4) are not the same.
𝑥→4
Example 5
Limit Theorem 1
(The limit of a constant is itself)
If 𝑘 is any constant, then lim 𝑘 = 𝑘.
𝑥→𝑐
Example 6:
a. lim 2 = 2 c. lim 𝜋 = 𝜋
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
b. lim −5.12 = −5.12 d. lim 1000 = 1000
𝑥→100 𝑥→𝑐
Limit Theorem 2
(The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐)
lim 𝑥 = 𝑐.
𝑥→𝑐
Example 7:
Limit Theorem 3
(The Constant Multiple Theorem)
If 𝑘 is any constant, then lim 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⋅ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Limit Theorem 4
(The Addition/Subtraction Theorem)
lim (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 + 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Limit Theorem 5
(The Multiplication Theorem)
lim (𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Remark: Limit Theorems 4 and 5 still hold to sums, differences, and products of more
than two functions
Limit Theorem 6
(The Division Theorem)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐
lim = = , 𝑀≠0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐
Example 11:
Limit Theorem 7
(The Power Theorem)
𝑛
lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐿𝑛 , for any integer 𝑛.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3
a. lim[𝑓(𝑥 )]3 = [lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )] = (2)3 = 8
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
−4 1 1
b. lim[𝑓(𝑥 )]−4 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥 )] = (2)−4 = 24 = 16
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Limit Theorem 8
(The Radical Theorem)
𝑛 𝑛
lim √𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝐿, for any positive integer 𝑛
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
and provided that 𝐿 > 0 when 𝑛 is even.
Example 13:
c. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 8, then
𝑥→𝑐
3 3
lim √𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3√lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √8 = 2.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 8, and lim ℎ(𝑥 ) = −4
𝑥→𝑐 3 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Solution:
𝑔(𝑥)
b. lim 2 ⋅ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐 (ℎ(𝑥))
Solution:
Solution:
lim √3 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥 ) + ℎ(𝑥 ) + 5 = √3 lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) + lim ℎ(𝑥 ) + 5 (Limit Theorem 1, 3 & 4)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
a. lim (3𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→1
Solution:
2𝑥+3
b. lim
𝑥→3 4−𝑥
Solution:
Observe that from Example 14, if we evaluate the given function in (a) at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) =
2(3)+3
3(1) + 1 = 4 and in (b) at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓 (3) = = 9. Hence, the function's values are equal to
4−3
their limits as 𝑥 approaches 1 and 3, respectively. With this, we have the following
theorems.
Theorem 9
Let 𝑓 be a polynomial function of the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 .
If 𝑐 is a real number, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
Example 16:
a. lim (3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→−1
Solution:
Thus, by Theorem 9,
lim (3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3) = 𝑓(−1) = −10.
𝑥→−1
Theorem 10
𝑓(𝑥)
Let ℎ be a rational function of the form ℎ(𝑥) = where 𝑓 and 𝑔 are polynomial functions.
𝑔(𝑥)
If 𝑐 is a real number and 𝑔(𝑐) ≠ 0, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim = = .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Example 17:
1+3𝑥
a. lim 3𝑥2 −2𝑥+4
𝑥→1
Solution:
Solution:
Example 18:
a. lim √3𝑥 + 4
𝑥→4
Solution:
3
b. lim √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6
𝑥→−2
Solution:
3 3 3
lim √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 6 = √(−2)2 + 3(−2) − 6 = √−8 = −2.
𝑥→−2
√2𝑥+5
c. lim
𝑥→2 1−3𝑥
Solution:
√2𝑥 + 5 √2(2) + 5 √9 3
lim = = =− .
𝑥→2 1 − 3𝑥 1 − 3(2) −5 5
What to do: Fill in the tables below using the specified values of 𝑥 and illustrate the limit of
the function by answering the given questions.
Values close to 2 from the left Values close to 2 from the right
𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 𝑥 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5 3
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
1. What happened to the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from the left?
a. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 0.
b. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 1.
c. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 2.
d. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is not approaching to a real number.
2. What is lim− 𝑓(𝑥 )?
𝑥→2
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. DNE
3. What happened to the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2 from the right?
a. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 0.
b. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 1.
c. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 2.
d. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is not approaching to a real number.
4. What is lim+ 𝑓(𝑥 )?
𝑥→2
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. DNE
5. What is lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )? Why?
𝑥→2
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. DNE
3𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 < 1
B. Consider the function defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { as 𝑥 approaches to 1.
(𝑥 − 4)2 − 8, 𝑥 ≥ 1
Values close to 1 from the left Values close to 1 from the right
𝑥 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 𝑥 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.5 2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
1. What happened to the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from the left?
a. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 1.
b. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 2.
c. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 3.
d. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is not approaching to a real number.
2. What is lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 )?
𝑥→1
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. DNE
3. What happened to the values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1 from the right?
a. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 1.
b. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 2.
c. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) gets closer and closer to 3.
d. The values of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is not approaching to a real number.
4. What is lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 )?
𝑥→1
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. DNE
5. What is lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )? Why?
𝑥→1
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. DNE
What to do: Consider the graph of the function below and investigate the limit of the function
as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 and the value of the function at 𝑥 = 𝑐 by completing the given table.
What to do: Find your way through the end of the maze by evaluating the given limits.
Shade the path that corresponds to your answer. Show your complete solution
Reflection
On a separate sheet of paper, write a short reflective essay (one to two paragraphs) detailing
your experiences in completing the activities. You may summarize the things you have
learned, their applications in your daily lives, and the things you enjoy or dislike.
RUBRICS
10 – 9 points 8 – 6 points 5 – 3 points 2 – 0 points
The reflection explains The reflection attempts
the student's thinking The reflection explains to demonstrate thinking The reflection does not
and learning the student's thinking about learning but is address the student's
experiences and about his/her own vague and/or unclear thinking and/or
implications for future learning experiences. about the personal learning.
learning. learning experiences.
References
Balmecada, J. P. et al. (2016). Basic Calculus Teacher's Guide (1st ed.). Philippines:
Department of Education.
Leithold, L. (1976). The Calculus with Analytic Geometry (3rd ed.). New York: Harper &
Row.
Agusan National High School
Butuan City Division SHS Coordinator SHS Assistant Principal
Education Program Supervisor Principal IV
ISRAEL B. REVECHE, PhD RUTH A. CASTROMAYOR
Agusan National High School Agusan National High School Agusan National High School
Academic Track Head STEM Group Head Special Science Teacher I
AMALIA B. RINGOR, DevEdD ELMER R. ANDEBOR JEREMIAH A. ATENTA
Reviewers: Writer:
KEY TO CORRECTION
Activity No. 1 (Where am I going?)
A.
Values close to 2 from the left Values close to 2 from the right
𝑥 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 𝑥 2.001 2.01 2.1 2.5 3
𝑓(𝑥) 0 und und und und 𝑓(𝑥) 0.0316 0.1004 0.3317 0.866 1.414
B.
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. D
B.
Values close to 1 from the left Values close to 2 from the right
𝑥 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 𝑥 1.001 1.01 1.1 1.5 2
𝑓(𝑥) −2 −0.5 0.7 0.97 0.997 𝑓(𝑥) 0.994 0.94 0.41 −1.75 −4
C.
1. A
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
Activity No. 2 (Investigate me!)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) Equal or
𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑐)
Unequal?
−2 2 2 Equal
−0.5 3.5 1 Unequal
0 DNE 3 Unequal
1 DNE 0 Unequal
3 DNE 4 Unequal
4 5 5 Equal
Activity No. 3 The Limit Maze