Final For 2006 in Astu

AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT
2006.EC
ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& COMPUTER ENGINEERING
(STREAM OF POWER)
TITLE: DESIGN & IMPLEMENTING AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR
STREET LIGHT IN ASTU
Prepared By: NAME ID
1. GEZAHAGN DADI ………………………..……... 02022202
2. GETU BULBULU……………………………..……02022196
3. FITSUM TADESSE ………………………………. 02022106
4. GETU TEKLIYE……………………………………02022198
5. HENOK SHIFERAW………………………………..02022365
Advisor: Mr. Zemenfes Abreha
Submission Date: June-2014
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Adama, Ethiopia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we would like to thank our department for giving us the opportunity for doing this
thesis. We are very thankful to our thesis advisor Mr. Zemenfes Abreha, staffs of Electrical and
computer engineering for guiding us throughout our thesis work by giving appropriate advice on
the system devices, system designing, circuit works and other documentation.
Finally to the people who really made our project a reality: Thank you to Doctor Vinyl for your
willingness to help us on technical expertise and hands-on lab help to learn and even learn with
us along the way and thank you Mr. Zemenfese for making sure our project was on track from
start to finish.
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ABSTRACT
This thesis (project) is the design, simulation and hardware implementation for optimization of
solar power generation system for street light in ASTU compound. The work was begun by
investigating solar energy potentials of the desired site, compiling data from different sources
and analyzing it using a software tool. The solar energy potential, has been given in the form of
solar radiation plots for the site. According to the results obtained through the analysis, the site
has abundant solar energy. The design of a standalone PV power generating system has
proceeded based on the promising findings of this renewable energy resource potential. Electric
load for the basic needs of the community is for street light. The simulations and design has
been carried out using Proteus based micro C for pic and the cost analysis by Homer software.
By running the software the simulation results which are lists of power supply systems have been
generated and arranged in ascending order according to their net present cost.
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ASTU Adama Science And Technology University
NTC Nazareth Technical College
NCTTE Nazareth College of Technical Teacher Education
EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
PV Photo Voltaic
LDR Light Dependent Resister
LED Light Emitted Diode
Vpm Maximum power voltage

Ipm Maximum power current
Pm Minimum power
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker
Ipeak Peak Current
VBAT Battery Voltage
LVD Voltage Load Disconnect
PIC Programmable Interface Controller
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Code
MCU Microcontroller
VLED LED lamp voltage
ILED LED Lamp Current
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IBAT Battery Charging Current
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Isc Short circuit current
Voc Open-Circuit Voltage
Vmp Optimum Operating Voltage
PCB Printed Circuit Board
LCD Liquid crystal display
ISIS Intelligent schematic input system
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List of Figure page
Figure2.1 picture of BP SX 150S PV MODULE……………………………………..7
Figure 2.2 out back MX60 charge controller………………………………………… 10
Figure 2 3.characteristic curves of voltage and current during
charging and discharging Battery………………………………………..11
Figure 2.4. LED lamp driving scheme……………………………………………….12
Figure 2.5 Types of PIC Microcontroller…………………………………………… 14
Figure 2.6 IRFZ44N MOSFET ………………………………………………….......15
Figure 2.7 Battery with 12v …………………………………………………………18
Figure 4.1 block diagram of pv street light…………………………………………24
Figure 4. 2 Structural schematic of Solar LEDs lighting system………………. ….25
Figure 5.1 the schematic circuit………………………………………………………31
Figure 5.2 No charging (Battery Dead) at V=10.3v………………………………...32
Figure 5.3 Battery is charging (50% charging) at V=11.5v………………………...33
Figure 5.4 Battery fully charged (100% charged)…………………………………..34
Figure 5.5 Battery overcharge (cut out voltage, i.e. V.13.5v)……………………...35
Fig 5.6 Automatic light sensing circuit diagram……………………………..……..39
List of Table
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Table 2.1: Battery State of charge…………………………………….…………….17
Table 4.1 specification of LED lamp……………………………………………….28
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground of the study
ASTU is one of the universities located at East showa which established in 1993 as Nazareth
technical college (NTC), offering degree and diploma level education in technology fields. Later,
the institution was renamed as Nazareth College of technical teacher education (NCTTE), a self-
explanatory label that describes what the institution used to train back then: candidates who
would become technical teachers for TVET College across the country. In May 2006 it named as
Adama University and also renamed in 2008 as Engineering and Technology University. Finally
in May 2011 it renamed as Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU). The campus is
growing in the student’s population as well as the geographical territory. It is obvious to have
had a proportional utility resources increment as campus expansion in terms of territory and
student numbers, such as water, electric power and etc. One of these very essential utility is the
electrical power for street lighting system. Not only the scarcity of the power but also the
utilization is flexible and the using method is not smart and satisfactory.
1.2 statement of the problem
In ASTU main campus, there is no sufficient street lightning system required reliability and
standard form of installation.
Taking closer observation on the campus situation of geographical landform, some service
building such as lab ,students cafeteria, and others the street light must be available regardless of
EEPCO power.
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Since there is a problem in transmission and distribution system of electricity there is a shortage
of hydro electric power available for street light in ASTU.
ASTU is located in ADAMA city, thus there is plenty of intense sunshine thought 8am_5pm.
Most of the electrical poles installed back in 1997 E.C are not in function at any more. The poles
are not standardized in the height as well as the separation between two successive poles.
The currently installed street light functioning is from students main gate up to specific places
but does not cover whole internal roads. These lighting system uses ordinary tree bars and it
seems not street light, but searching light.
The lighting system operates manually. Sometimes it will not be ON and became difficult for the
students to use the street for lab. Other times remain ON even day times. These are huge power
loss and make the lighting components fail to function for intended service period.
1.3 Objective of the study
The general objective of this project is to supply electric power for street lighting system using
solar energy and making the system ON/OFF automatically.
The specific objectives of the project are:
 Making the power system for street lighting more reliable.

 To promote safety and convenience in the streets at night through adequate visibility.
 To increase the community value of a street.
 Increasing the attractiveness of the street.
1.4 scope of the study
This project work is confined to PV Street lighting system design of ASTU. It deals with solar
module sizing, battery sizing, and charge controller sizing according to the load estimated. And
sketch the simple block diagram of the solar power generation, using PV for purpose of street
lighting. Generally designing, simulating and implementing the Thesis.
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1.5 Limitation of the study
As this project is very essential it needs huge effort in collecting the real and exact data of
demand of power. Also requires long period of time for designing and making cost-benefit
analysis. As the construction of the campus is still on-going we face problem to collect the
correct data. The time we have to finish the project is very short in comparison with this large
and essential project completion. There is also a material problem to complete the Theses in time
and to implement the hard ware.
1.6 Significance of the study
Currently the power provided by EEPCO is not sufficient to cover the country demand. If some
part of already allocated power from EEPCO is replaced by solar generated power, this replaced
power can be provided for some other villages that are requiring for it.
Thus EEPCO can satisfy customers and become beneficiary. Also the campus power is some
time not reliable as this solar generated power can be more reliable and secured. In addition to
the above benefits the campus usage tariff will be reduced.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1 Theory
Photovoltaic energy is the most promising and popular form of solar energy. Now the biggest
usage of solar energy around the world is briefly explained below:
Sunlight is made of photons, small particles of energy. These photons are absorbed by and pass
through the material of a solar cell or solar photovoltaic panel. The photons 'agitate' the electrons
found in the material of the photovoltaic cell. As they begin to move (or are dislodged), these are
'routed' into a current. This, technically, is electricity - the movement of electrons along a path.
Solar panels made of silicon to convert sunlight into electricity.
Now, many people use solar energy or photovoltaic energy as an alternative power because it’s
free and renewable. As we can see now, the payment charge for an electricity had been risen
rapidly because the increasing of gas price. Many researchers have tried to find the alternative
energy to replace the gas. One of the alternative energy that we can use is photovoltaic energy.
[1]
2.2 Solar energy in Ethiopia
For a solar system to be a feasible and appropriate choice, the first requirement is the availability
of the fuel for the system, i.e. a good solar insulation. Since Ethiopia is geographically located
within the tropics between 30N to 150N latitude above the equator, it is endowed with abundant
solar energy resources. The yearly average daily radiation reaching the ground is about 5.4Kw
h/m². The daily and monthly variation of the insulation level is narrow enough for an efficient
utilization of photovoltaic systems anywhere in the country at any period of the year. If such a
considerable resource is there, the use of photovoltaic could be matchless.
As Adama has a plenty of solar intensity and long sunny hours it is so beneficial and most likely
to be efficient and effective. PV system is a type of technology that has been tested in so many
conditions and turned out to be a success in most cases. [1]
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Photovoltaic systems have the following advantages;
 Operate with renewable energy resources and is environmentally friendly

 If the system is utilized properly, it can operate for at least 20 years
 Less initial investment cost as compared to hydroelectric power and grid
extension
 The technology is simple for installation and operation
2.3 Control of Street Lights
Two types of connection are used for street lighting:
I. Lamps in parallel connections (constant voltage control);
II. Lamps in series connection (constant current control).
The constant voltage control is not preferred due to the variation of voltage from lamp to lamp
and conductors of more cross sectional area required. But there is no such draw backs in constant
current control and is thus preferred more for street lighting system.
2.4 PV components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system
type, site location and application. The major components for solar PV system are; solar panels,
solar change Controller, Light sensor (LDR), battery bank, metering and loads (appliances).
2.4.1 Solar panels
Solar panels generate free power from the sun by converting sunlight to electricity with no
moving parts, zero emissions, and no maintenance. The solar panel, the first component of a
electric solar power system, is a collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity
from sunlight. The photons (light particles) produce an electrical current as they strike the
surface of the thin silicon wafers. A single solar cell produces only about 1/2 (.5) of a volt.
However, a typical 12 ts peak out volt panel about 25 inches by 54 inches will contain 36 cells
wired in series to produce about 17 voltput. If the solar panel can be configured for 24 volt
output, there will be 72 cells so the two 12 volt groups of 36 each can be wired in series, usually
with a jumper, allowing the solar panel to output 24 volts. Multiple solar panels can be wired in
parallel to increase current capacity (more power) and wired in series to increase voltage for 24,
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48, or even higher voltage systems. The advantage of using a higher voltage output at the solar
panels is that smaller wire sizes can be used to transfer the electric power from the solar panel
array to the charge controller & batteries. Since copper has gone up considerably in the last few
years, purchasing large copper wiring and cables is quite expensive.
The solar panel is comprised of one or more solar cells that produce electricity or power. People
put solar panels on their homes to turn solar energy into electricity. It serves as a power supply to
the circuit. It receives light from the sun and converts this to energy. The photovoltaic cell is an
unusual power source whereas most sources of electrical power are constant voltage sources,
such as a battery, a PV to a limiting voltage where the current collapses. For an ideal PV module
the voltage where the current collapses would be at the open circuit voltage, V oc. [4]
The 3 basic types of Solar Panels
I Mono-crystalline solar panels: The most efficient (15 – 20%) and expensive solar panels are
made with Mono-crystalline cells. These solar cells use very pure silicon and involve a
complicated crystal growth process. Long silicon rods are produced which are cut into slices of 2
to 4 mm thick discs or wafers which are then processed into individual cells that are wired
together in the solar panel.
II Polycrystalline solar panels: Often called Multi-crystalline, solar panels made with
Polycrystalline cells are a little less expensive & slightly less efficient than Mono-crystalline
cells because the cells are not grown in single crystals but in a large block of many crystals. This
is what gives them that striking shattered glass appearance. Like Mono-crystalline cells, they are
also then sliced into wafers to produce the individual cells that make up the solar panel.
III Amorphous solar panels: These are not really crystals, but a thin layer of silicon deposited
on a base material such as metal or glass to create the solar panel. These Amorphous solar panels
are much cheaper, but their energy efficiency is also much less so more square footage is
required to produce the same amount of power as the Mono-crystalline or Polycrystalline type of
solar panel. Amorphous solar panels can even be made into long sheets of roofing material to
cover large areas of a south facing roof Surface.
The important specifications to consider for selecting solar panels are:
 Maximum power voltage (Vpm)

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 Maximum power current (Ipm)
 Minimum power (Pm)
 Module Efficiency
Figure2.1 picture of BP SX 150S PV MODULE [4]
2.4.1.1 Solar Cells
Solar cells capture the sun’s energy and change it to electricity that produces a small electrical
current. Metal grids around the solar cells direct the current into wires that lead it to an output for
use on electrical applications.

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2.4.1.2 Solar cell Principles
The PV effect can be observed in nature in a variety of materials, but the materials that have
shown the best performance in sun light are the semiconductors. When photons from the sun are
absorbed in a semiconductor, they create free electron which higher energies than electrons
which provide the bonding in the base crystal. Once these electrons are created, there must be an
electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the SC to do useful work. The
electric field in most solar cells is provided by a junction of materials which have different
electrical properties. To obtain a useful power output from photons interaction in a SC, three
processes are required.
i. The photons have to be absorbed in the active part of the material and result in
electrons being excited to a higher energy potential.
ii. The electron-hole charge carrier created by the absorption must be physically
separated and moved to the edge of the cell.
iii. The charge carrier must be removed from the cell and delivered to a useful load
before lose their extra potential.
For completing the above processes, a solar cell consists of:
 Semiconductor in which electron-hole pairs are created by absorption of incident solar

radiation,
 Region containing a drift field for charge separation,
 Charge collecting front and bask electrodes.
Generally Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called Semiconductors such as
silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a
certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of
the absorbed light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose,
allowing them to flow freely. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force
electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a
current off to se externally. [4]

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2.4.2 Charge controller
A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current
is added to or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents overcharging and may prevent against
overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk.
It may also prevent completely draining ("deep discharging") a battery, or perform controlled
discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery life. The terms “charge
controller” or “charge regulator” may refer to either a stand-alone device, or to control
circuitry integrated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery recharger.
In solar applications, charge controllers may also be called solar regulators.
A series charge controller or series regulator disables further current flow into batteries when
they are full. A shunt charge controller or shunt regulator diverts excess electricity to an auxiliary
or "shunt" load, such as an electric water heater, when batteries are full.
Simple charge controllers stop charging a battery when they exceed a set high voltage level, and
re-enable charging when battery voltage drops back below that level.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) and maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technologies are
more electronically sophisticated, adjusting charging rates depending on the battery's
level, to allow charging closer to its maximum capacity. Charge controllers may also
monitor battery temperature to prevent overheating. Some charge controller systems
also display data, transmit data to remote displays, and data logging to track electric flow
over time.

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Figure 2.2 out back MX60 charge controller [1]
Ideally, charge controller directly controls the state of charge of the battery. Without charge
control, the current from the module will flow into a battery proportional to the irradiance,
whether the battery needs to be charging or not. If the battery is fully charged, unregulated
charging will cause the battery voltage to reach exceedingly high levels, causing severe
gassing, electrolyte loss, internal heating and accelerated grid corrosion. Actually charge
controller maintains the health and extends the lifetime of the battery.
2.4.2.1 Main functions of the controller
I Battery charging management
During the daytime, the battery is charged by PV electricity according to the typical pattern.
An MPPT (maximum power point tracing) algorithm is applied to enable the PV module to
output as much electricity power as it can. Differentiates the entire charging process into 3
stages. During stage 1 and stage 2, the battery is charged with the solar module maximum power.
In stage 3, the battery is charged in constant voltage algorithm. Figure 2.3 below shows Battery
charging pattern

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Charging current Ipeak
Imax=5A
Time
Battery voltage
13.4V
11.1V
Stage1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Time
Figure 2 3.characteristic curves of voltage and current during charging and discharging Battery.
 Stage 1 (trickle charging): VBAT < 11.1 V. The battery is charged with the maximum
 power of the PV module. This stage is designed for a battery which is deeply discharged.
In order to prolong battery operating life, the charging current is constrained at Imax = 5
Ampere.
 Stage 2 (high-current bulk charging): 11.1 V ≤ VBAT < 13.4 V. In this stage, the battery
is charged with the maximum power of the PV module. The charging current (I peak)
may not be constant.
 Stage 3 (floating charging): VBAT ≥ 13.4 V. In this stage, battery is charged at constant
voltage (13.4 V). The voltage values 11.1V and 13.4V define the boundaries of the stages
(cut in and cut out point) that are based on the characteristics of a typical 12 V lead acid
battery. The voltage needed depends on the type of battery.

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II LED lamp driving management
During night time, normally the ambient light is weak, the LED lamp lights for N hours. The
determined light-on duration (N hours) can be set by selecting a switch. The controller turns
on/off the LED lamp to automatically correspond to the ambient light.
Figure 5 illustrates how the controller turns on the LED lamp. The switch also provides a test
mode to test the LED lamp.
Figure 2.4. LED lamp driving scheme [3]
III System monitoring circuit

The main function of a controller or regulator is to fully charge a battery without permitting
overcharge. If a solar array is connected to lead acid batteries with no overcharge protection,
battery life will be compromised. Simple controllers contain a relay that opens the charging
circuit, terminating the charge at a pre-set high voltage and, once a pre-set low voltage is
reached, closes the circuit, allowing charging to continue. More sophisticated controllers have
several stages and charging sequences to assure the battery is being fully charged. The first
70% to 80% of battery capacity is easily replaced. It is the last 20% to 30% that requires more
attention and therefore more complexity. [7]
IV How a Charge Controllers Work and Available Options
The circuitry in a controller reads the voltage of the batteries to determine the state of charge.
Designs and circuits vary, but most controllers read voltage to reduce the amount of power
flowing into the battery as the battery nears full charge. Features that can be included with
controllers include:

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 Reverse current leakage protection- by disconnecting the array or using a blocking diode
to prevent current loss into the solar modules at night.
 Low-voltage load disconnect (LVD)- to reduce damage to batteries by avoiding deep
discharge.
 System monitoring- analog or digital meters, indicator lights and/or warning alarms.
 Over current protection- with fuses and/or circuit breakers
 system control- control of other components in the system; standby generator or auxiliary
charging system, diverting array power once batteries are charged, transfer to secondary
batteries.
 Load control- automatic control of secondary loads, or control of lights, water pumps or
other loads with timers or switches [4]
V Sizing a Charge Controller
Charge controllers are rated and sized to the systems they protect by the array current and
voltage. Most common are 12, 24 and 48 volt controllers. Amperage ratings run from 1 amp to
over 100. For example, if one module in your 12 volt system produces 3.5 amps and four
modules are utilized, we produce 14 amps of current at 12 volts. Because of light reflection and
the edge of cloud effect, sporadically increased current levels are not uncommon. For this reason
we increase the controller amperage by a minimum of 25% bringing our minimum controller
amperage to 18.7. Looking through the products we find a 20 amp controller, as close a match as
possible. There is no problem with going to a 30A or larger controller, besides possible
additional cost. If you think the system may increase in size, additional amperage capacity at this
time should be considered. On small systems where a 10 watt or smaller module charges 100
amp hour battery or larger, no regulator is required. Typically this module to battery ratio cannot
overcharge the battery.
In fact, if you are building a system that utilizes an inverter, we recommend looking strongly at
utilizing a power center. Why simply because they are typically more reliable, save time and
money.[4]

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2.4.3 PIC 16F876A Microcontroller
The semiconductor division of General Instruments Inc originally developed the PIC
(Programmable Interface Controller) line of microcontrollers. The first PIC‟s were a major
improvement over existing microcontroller because they were a programmable, high output
current, input/output controller built around a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) architecture.
The first PICs ran efficiently at one instruction per internal clock cycle, and the clock cycle was
derived from the oscillator divided by 4. Early PICs could run with a high oscillator frequency of
20 MHz. This made them relatively fast for an 8-bit microcontroller, but their main feature was
20 mA of source and sink current capability on each I/O (Input/output) pin. Typical micros of the
time were advertising high I/O currents of only 1-milliampere (mA) source and 1.6 mA sink.
The microcontroller (MCU) provides a real-time system monitoring for the controller, including:
● Error detection/protection for solar module output voltage (USC), battery voltage(VBAT),
LED lamp voltage(VLED), battery charging current (IBAT) and LED lamp current(ILED)
● Temperature detection for the operating temperature of the battery, MOSFET and LED lamp
● System self-recovery [5]
Figure 2.5 Types of PIC Microcontroller [5]
2.4.3.1 MOSFET
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) are by far the most popular
transistors used for switching in circuits today, along with BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistors).

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The main difference between MOSFETS and BJTs is that the former are voltage controlled (little
or no current is used) and the later are current controlled (voltages are there to control currents).
Therefore, MOSFETs require less power to drive them, so they are preferred choice.
MOSFETs are either N‐channel, made mostly of N‐type semiconductor material, or P- channel
where they are made mostly of P‐type semiconductor material. They operate in two modes –
enhancement mode and depletion mode. MOSFET has high switching speeds, high input
impedance and is ideal for switching converters. The voltage in is applied at the gate (1), the
battery ground is at the drain (2) and the panel ground is at the source (3). The circuit symbols
for these are in figure below. [5]
Figure 2.6 IRFZ44N MOSFET [5]
2.4.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controls adjusts the duty ratio of the switches as the input

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changes to produce a constant output voltage. The DC voltage is converted to a square-wave

signal, alternating between fully on and zero. By controlling analog circuits digitally, system
costs and power consumption can be drastically reduced. In nowadays implementation, many
microcontrollers already include on-chip PWM controllers, making implementation easy.
Concisely, PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog signal levels. PWM control can be used
in two ways: voltage-mode and current-mode. In voltage mode, control the output voltage
increases and decreases as the duty ratio increases and decreases. The output voltage is sensed
and used for feedback. If it has two-stage regulation, it will first hold the voltage to a safe
maximum for the battery to reach full charge. Then it will drop the voltage lower to sustain a
"finish" or "trickle" charge. Two-stage regulating is important for a system that may experience
many days or weeks of excess energy (or little use of energy). The voltages at which the
controller changes the charge rate are called set points. When determining the ideal set points,
there is some compromise between charging quickly before the sun goes down, and mildly
overcharging the battery. The determination of set points depends on the anticipated pattern of
use, the type of battery, and to some extent, the experience and philosophy of the system
designer or operator. [9]
Determine the duty cycle, D to obtain required output voltage.

D = Vo/Vd
Where:
D = Duty cycle
Vo = Voltage output
Vd= Voltage input
2.4.4 Battery
The battery store the solar power that has been generated by panels and discharge the power as
needed. A typical battery bank consists of one or more deep cycle type batteries. Typically,
battery efficiency is 85 Percent requiring a battery bank capacity getter than what is actually
needed. Batteries periodically need servicing and have the highest potential of faults in a solar
PV system. Battery condition and corresponding state of charge that we gathered from reading of
formerly used batteries for solar system is used to measure the PWM states. It is crucial to follow
the ratings in our design so that it may work well with batteries from any organization.

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The following chart represents a clear idea about automotive battery condition that are generally
used including charging and discharging both: [8]
STATE OF CHARGE 12V BATTERY
20% 11.1
30% 11.5
40% 11.9
50% 12.06
60% 12.3
70% 12.6
80% 12.9
90% 13.2
100% 13.4
Table 2.1: Battery State of charge

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What kind of batteries are used PV systems? Although several different kinds are commonly
used, the one characteristic that they should all have in common is that they are deep-cycle
batteries. Unlike car battery, which is shallow-cycle battery, deep-cycle batteries can discharge
more of their stored energy while still maintaining long life. Car batteries discharge a large
current for a very short time to start your car and are then immediately recharged as you drive
PV batteries generally have to discharge a smaller current for a longer period (such as all night),
while being charged during the day .
The most commonly used deep –cycle batteries are lead-acid batteries (both sealed and vented)
and nickel-cadmium batteries. Nickel-cadmium batteries are more expensive, but last longer
and can be discharged more completely without harm. Even deep-cycle lead-acid batteries can’t
be discharged 100% without seriously shortening battery life, and generally PV systems are
designed to discharge lead-acid batteries no more than 40%or 50%.
Figure 2.7 Battery with 12v [1]
2.4.5 Metering
A solar PV system meter is similar to an automobile gauge and is necessary for assessing
operation of solar PV systems. They confirm the battery charging process, show power
consumption, battery reserved capacity, and provide historical battery data. A meter is typically
located at a convenient spot in the home. A good battery meter is a very useful diagnostic and
customer service tool.

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2.4.6 Load (LED)
Energy-efficient lighting is an important factor for sustainable development and energy

strategies. Indeed, Lighting consumes about 20 percent of the electricity for a nation. Also,
renewable energy utilization development permits the reduction of CO2 emission and contributes
to the decrease of fossil energy dependency. The association of a solar energy to High
efficiency lighting technology as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) is the focus of this article
and contributes to the development of a clean energy (Solar) and green lighting technology
(LEDs). In comparing LEDs to other lamps technologies, we can say that LEDs are the Greenest
lighting choice. Indeed, high power LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) devices permit the
design and fabrication of street lighting units in order to replace existing luminaries which
are using sodium or metal halide or CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) lamps. A simple
LED light bulb that can fits standard E40 bulb holders can be applied for solar powered street
light system which is totally independent of power mains. The high power LEDs of last
generation and technology offer a considerable alternative to a conventional street lighting with
energy savings of up to 75 % and an important reduction in carbon emissions [1]. The
photometric properties of high power LED street lights adding to their bright, natural light color,
give a uniform rectangular beam pattern that is 50% brighter and 50% larger than the oval beam
pattern produced by a conventional lamp. This highly focused beam pattern allows LED lights to
be spaced at much wider intervals than sodium and CFL lights.
2.5 Lighting streets with solar
Besides solar PV system there exist solar street lighting systems. They work identically to solar
pv systems using grid &battery power. However, they contain a device or microprocessor that
automatically turns the light on at dusk, regulates the hours of light operation, and prevents
battery overcharge and discharging. Some of these solar lighting systems are able to operate for
at least five consecutive days without sunlight. The batteries have a typical life expectancy of 5
years with system life expectancy of 20 to 25 years. They are available with optional features
that include a bulletproof shield to protect panel and lock secured battery enclosures to deter
vandalism. [3]

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CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
This chapter explains detail about the methodology of the whole system and Flow of step that
used in “Design and implementing of solar power generation for street light”. This chapter also
describes further more about the planning of the whole project that is included about software
and hardware development. The process of designing solar power generation involves the
conceptual implementation of a number of electrical and mechanical subsystems to create a
machine capable of converting the energy contained in the sun to useful electrical energy.
To work this project the following methodology has been adopted:
 Data collection this includes average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature,
average sunshine duration, Topography of location.[2]
 Theoretical analysis based on the data collected from the neighboring metrology center.
 Design of power generation based on data collected and load demand..
 Analysis of the output by simulating with microprocessor (protous.8) software and for cost
estimation we use HOMER software.
3.2 DESIGN STEPS
Firstly we search for the suitable project title for in the period time about two week.
Next, the project that we get will be discussed with supervisor to get a suitable Hardware and
software development. Next, the research about the hardware is doing to know what electronic
Component is needed to develop this project. Next, the electronic component is collected to
assemble the hardware. Electronic component is taken from laboratory or buy directly from
Electronic shop. Next, the electronic component is assembled to develop a complete project. The
electronic component is tested before assembling. Lastly we search for suitable software, get the
simulation result and implement.

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CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to design the required elements of street lighting in quantity as well as quality it is
necessary to estimate the demand reasonably. In this crucial solar and pioneer PV power
generation project case it is necessary to estimate the power demand by the street lighting
components to design the PV module. Thus it is required to make sure that the power generated
by the PV module and the total wattage needed for the street lighting mainly lamps must be
balanced.
The estimation of the electrical load of the ASTU street lighting is also necessary to make size
estimation of the batteries needed. As the solar power generation by the PV in this project is
supposed to be standing alone (off_ grid) type, there must be batteries for storage purpose of
energy. This is due to PV electrical power generation is genuinely dependent on the solar
radiation from the sun.
As the solar radiation not available during night times the PV will not be in operation.
And the street light system is needed to be on operational (service) during night times.
Thus the energy for use by the PV model during day times must be stored in storage battery for
the application of the street light during night times. In addition to the above reason: there may
be some more reason those would effluence us to use storage batteries. This may include: rainy
days, cloudy days, and probability of failure of system connection between PV model and the
storage batteries. Battery sizing depending on the total wattage produced by the PV model and
the number of autonomy (number of days that we need the system to operate when there is no
power produced by PV panels) days the batteries extended to serve from the stored energy only.
The autonomy days are fixed for reasonable period of time and economic consideration are also
involved. According the total kilowatt hour expected from the PV models watt and the total
hours the street to be lighted will determine selection of the rating capacity of the storage
batteries. [7]

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4.2 Solar PV system sizing
Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy
consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:
I. calculate total watt-hours per day for each lamps used.
Add the watt-hours needed for all lamps together to get the total watt-hours per day which must
be delivered to the lamps.
II. Calculate total watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total lamps watt-hours per day times 1.3(the energy lost in the system) to get the
total watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels. This is calculated below:
4.2.1 Size of the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of
PV modules, the total peak watt produced is needed. The peak watt (W P) produced depends on
the size of the PV modules and climate of site location. We have to consider the” panel
generation factor “which is different in each site location for the panel generation factor is 3.43.
To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:
a) Calculate the total watt-peak rating needed for PV modules

Divide the total watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules by 3.43 to the total watt-
peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.
b) Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in item (a) by the rated output watt-peak of the PV modules available
to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be
number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels .If more PV modules are
installed ,the system will perform better and battery life will be improved .If fewer PV modules
are used, the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.

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4.2.2 Battery sizing
The batter type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle
battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or
cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be charge enough to
store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of
battery, calculate as follows:
i) Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
ii) Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
iii) Divide the answers obtained in item (ii) is 0.6 for depth of discharge.
iv) Divide the answers obtained in item (iii) by the nominal battery voltage.
v) Multiply the answers obtained in item (IV) with days of autonomy (the number of days that
we need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get we required
ampere-hours capacity of deep-cycle battery.
Battery Capacity (Ah)=Total Watt-hours per day used by lamps*Days of autonomy
(0.85*0.6*nominal battery voltage)
4.2.3 Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against amperage and voltage capacities. Select the
solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which
type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller
has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array. For the series charge controller type,
the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller
and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel configuration).
According to the standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take short circuit
current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3 solar charge controller rating =total short
circuit current of PV array *1.3 [4]

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4.3 Block diagram of the system
Charge
Pv array
controller
Load
Light
sensor
Battery
Fig 4.1 block diagram of pv street light
4.4 structure of solar powered LEDs systems
Solar Street Lights system includes: solar panel, battery, solar controller, LED lighting
unit and pole. The solar LED street light system converts the sun energy into electricity and
stores it to provide green illumination. Luminaries utilize High Power white LED with superior
thermal management design [3]. These extremely durable fixtures are waterproof and
designed for multiple applications including indoor and outdoor. LEDs lamps have a lifetime
of more than 50 000 hours. Fig. 1 gives a schematic representation for the structural composition
of a PV LEDs lighting system.

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Figure 4. 2 Structural schematic of Solar LEDs lighting system [1]
4.5 CASE STUDY
In ASTU campus the road from AnPhe to Kulubi is 500m long.
From the above distance (500m) we want to design only for one pole in our project and We
choose LED lamp. We prefer this lamp (LED) because of the following benefits;
- Easy installation no wiring required
- Proven technology
- All parts are corrosion resistant
- Easily and quickly deployed in almost any location
- NO wiring run from and to the grid
-Lower maintenance cost
-Lower utility bills
- Maintenance-free Batteries

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- Nighttime visibility
- Solar panel has a lifetime of 25 years
- Two-year full system warranty
4.6 CALCULATION ON DESIGN
We decide the distance between two poles is about 40m and the height of the poles is 8m long.
The illuminance on the surface between the middle of the two poles is calculated as follow.
A B
8m h h 8m
20m Q 20m
Given;
Luminous intensity (brightness) =350cd
Height of the pole =8m
Radius =20m
Luminous efficacy(η) =80lm/w
UF=0.5
MF=0.6
Then the illuminance of one lamp at Q is,
= ( 350/h^2)*cosϴ, where h^2=8^2+20^2=464m^2 Then h=21.54m, cosϴ=8/21.54=0.37.
=(350/464)*0.37

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=0.28lx
The illuminance from two lamps is double that due to one lamp. Since the conditions
for lamps are identical’ thus total illuminance at the middle of two poles is 2*0.28lx=0.56lx.
Luminous flux(F)=(E(lx)*Area)/(MF*CU) where Area=πr^2=π*20^2=1256.64m^2
=(0.56lx*1256.64m^2)/(0.6*0.5)=2345.72lm
Power required=F(lm)/η (lm/w)
=2345.72/80¿ 35 W .
Here our power required is 35W. but 40W LED lamp is prefer for street light, so we choose
40W of LED lamp. Since the distance between two pole is 40m,and total distance from Anphi to
kulubi is 500m so 12 number of pole (LED Lamps) is required for our project.
4.7 SPECIFICATION OF 40W LED LAMP
Cell; poly-crystalline silicon
Number of cells and connections; 36 (4*9)
Weight; 6.2kg
Electrical Characteristics:
 Open-Circuit Voltage (V0c): 20.6V

 Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp): 17.0V
 Short-Circuit Current (Isc): 3.63A
 Optimum Operating Current (Imp): 2.94A
 Maximum Power at STC (I’max): 50Wp
 Operating Temperature: -40oC to +85Oc
 We select autonomy day =3 days
 Average sun hours per day in ASTU compound area are 8 hours.
 We use circuit breaker for protection and ON-OFF for manual operation.
 We use auto controller for ON-OFF Street light automatically

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4.8 The calculation of total load and size of each device are as follows:
4. 8.1 Size of PV module
1) Total load=No of lamps*watts rating of lamps

1*40W =40W
2) Total watt-hours per day =total load*hour per day
=40W*12 hours/day=480Whr/day
3) Total watt-hours per day needed from the pv modules= total watt-hours per day*1.3
=480Whr/day *1.3
=624Whr/day
Note-We multiply by 1.3 because energy lost in system.
NO ITEM QTY SPECIFICATIOM
1 Solar Module 50w 1 50WP/12VDC
2 Solar Panel Support Frame (for mounting) 1 Zinc Metal
3 Deep-Cycle Maintenance-Free Battery 1 55AH/12VDC
4 Battery Box 1 IP55
5 JB920 40w/12V LED Street Light 1 10A/24VCD
6 Cable and other installation material 1set
7 Charge Controller 1
Table 4.1 specification of LED lamp [4]

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CHAPTER FIVE
SIMULATION AND HARDWARE IMPLAMENTATION
5.1 SIMULATION OF PROTEUS & ITS RESULT
5.1.1 Introduction Of Proteus
ISIS provides the development environment for PROTEUS VSM, our revolutionary interactive
system level simulator. This product combines mixed mode circuit simulation, microprocessor
models and interactive component models to allow the simulation of complete micro-controller
based designs. ISIS provides the means to enter the design in the first place, the architecture for
real time interactive simulation and a system for managing the source and object code associated
with each project. In addition, a number of graph objects can be placed on the schematic to
enable conventional time, frequency and swept variable simulation to be performed.
Major features of PROTEUS VSM include: [7]
 Support for both interactive and graph based simulation.
 CPU Models available for popular microcontrollers such as the PIC and 8051 series.
 Interactive peripheral models include LED and LCD displays, a universal matrix keypad,
an RS232 terminal and a whole library of switches, pots, lamps, LEDs etc.
 Virtual Instruments include voltmeters, ammeters, a dual beam oscilloscope and a 24
channel logic analyzer.
 On-screen graphing - the graphs are placed directly on the schematic just like any other
object. Graphs can be maximized to a full screen mode for cursor based measurement and
so forth.
 Graph Based Analysis types include transient, frequency, noise, distortion, AC and DC
sweeps and flourier transform. An Audio graph allows playback of simulated waveforms.

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 Open architecture for „plug in‟ component models coded in C++ or other languages.
These can be electrical, graphical or a combination of the two.
 Digital simulator includes a BASIC-like programming language for modeling and test
vector generation.
5.1.2 Programming the PIC
These PIC microcontrollers can be programmed in high-level languages or in their native

machine language (Assembly). In this thesis the C language was chosen, using the software
MICRO C. The advantages of C language consist of better control and greater efficiency.
Another reason for using C language is that the interface with the programmer is quite simple
and easy to understand.
5.1.3 Circuit Components
There is no panel or similar instrument available in PROTEUS. Therefore, a DC current source

represented the panel. The source had constant current of 5A.
The voltage regulator 7805 was omitted from the simulation, as there is no pin 19 or VDD pin in
PIC16F876A in PROTEUS. The purpose of the voltage regulator is to feed 5V to the
microcontroller. Above this voltage microcontroller will burn.
A digital oscilloscope was connected to get the view of PWM. The digital oscilloscope is a
virtual instrument that is available in PROTEUS VSM. It has four channels. Channel A is the
channel that shows square waves.

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5.1.4 Schematic Circuit
After the all components of the circuit have been added, the simulation was done. It was done
using different values of the battery. With each battery value the value in digital oscilloscope was
recorded. It corresponds to the exact value of the PWM.
D1
I1
5A
D2
DIODE
D2(A)
DIODE
D3
R7(2)
DIODE BAT1
13.4 R4
LCD1
10k
LM016L
R7
10k Q3
2N2905
VDD
VSS
VEE
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
B
R3
C
100
D
U1 R2 Q1
9 21 2N2905 D4(K)
OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
10
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1
22 10k D4
23 DIODE
RB2
2 24
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
X1 3
RA1/AN1 RB4
25
CRYSTAL 4 26
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RB5
5 27
RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC
6 28
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RB7/PGD
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT R1 Q2
11 NPN
+5V RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
1 12 10k
MCLR/Vpp/THV RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
RC2/CCP1
13 Q4
14 2N6782
RC3/SCK/SCL
15
RC4/SDI/SDA
16
RC5/SDO
RC6/TX/CK
17 R5
18
RC7/RX/DT
1k
PIC16F876A
R6
4.7k
R6(1)
Figure 5.1 the schematic circuit

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5.1.5 Simulation Result
PROTEUS VSM comes with the facility of using Virtual Instrument. Oscilloscope was used to
get the PWM output from CCP1 pin. The CCP1 pin generates square waves. Therefore, the 13th
pin of the microcontroller was connected to the Channel A of the oscilloscope. In our simulation
cut in voltage is 10.3v and cut out voltage or over charging is 13.5v for 12v nominal voltage
Battery. The output of four different voltage of the battery cell is given below.
Figure 5.2 No charging (Battery Dead) at V=10.3v

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Figure 5.3 Battery is charging (50% charging) at V=11.5v

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Figure 5.4 Battery fully charged (100% charged)

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Figure 5.5 Battery overcharge (cut out voltage, i.e. V.13.5v)
5.2 Cost summary analysis using homer software
HOMER's optimization and sensitivity analysis algorithms make it easier to evaluate the many
possible system configurations. HOMER simulates the operation of a system by making energy
balance calculations for each of the 8,760 hours in a year. For each hour, HOMER compares the
electric and thermal demand in the hour to the energy that the system can supply in that hour,
and calculates the flows of energy to and from each component of the system. For systems that
include batteries or fuel-powered generators, HOMER also decides for each hour how to operate
the generators and whether to charge or discharge the batteries. After simulating all of the
possible system configurations, HOMER displays a list of configurations, sorted by net present
cost (sometimes called lifecycle cost), that you can use to compare system design options.

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5.2.1 Simulation Result
Solar Resource Input

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Monthly Average Electric Production

0.10
PV
0.08
Power (kW)
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Expected output result

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Cash Flows
500
Capital
Replacement
Salvage
Operating
0 Fuel
-500
Nominal Cash Flow ($)
-1,000
-1,500
-2,000
-2,500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Year Num ber
PV Output kW
24 0.40
0.36
0.32
18 0.28
0.24
Hour of Day
0.20
12 0.16
0.12
0.08
6
0.04
0.00
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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5.3 Hard ware implementation
D
LED
R1
1k
LDR BAT
3.0 9V
LDR Q2
R3
BC548
10k
R4 Q3
BC548
10k
R2
10k
Fig 5.6 Automatic light sensing circuit diagram
The circuit uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to sense the light. When there is light the
resistance of LDR will be low. So the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This keeps the
transistor Q3 ON. The collector of Q3 (BC107) is coupled to base of Q2 (SL100).SO Q2 will be
OFF and so do the relay. The lamp will remain OFF.
When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the POT R2 to
decrease below 0.6V.This makes transistor Q3 OFF which in turn makes Q2 ON. The relay will
be energized and lamp will glow.[3]
Notes
 POT R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.
We can use lamp of any wattage, provided that relay should have the sufficient rating.
 The circuit can be poured from DC power supply

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CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 Conclusion
In the current situation of the weather’s unexpected behavior and shortage of rain, it is becoming
challenge to gate the required amount of water in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric plants.
Including the societies ever growing demand of electrical energy it is difficult to satisfy this by
the hydroelectric plants only. The oil use option to get electric energy also getting worse than
ever as the cost has been climbing higher and higher. But there is still other better choice
especially for medium level generation of electrical energy.
Especially, pv has a powerful attraction because it produce electrical energy from free in
exhaustible source, the sun, using no moving parts, consuming no fossil fuels, and creating no
pollution or greenhouse gases during the power generation. Together with decreasing PV module
costs and increasing efficiency, PV is getting choose able than ever.
Finally we wish that this project service the Interest of other students who are interested in power
electronics for PV application and provide encouragement towards more advanced senior
projects or master’s thesis research.
The currently cost of pv panel is around 90 birr per watt peak & for battery around
55AH/12VDC is 50 birr Ampere hour. So considerable pv required small investment cost than
another power generation.

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6.2 Recommendation
This project identified the attractiveness of the pv solar electric power generation, provide
enough and details on how a solar technology solution would work, identified the present status
of ASTU street lighting system and operation, the design of pv solar electric energy system and
the cost of using a solar technology. We now have better understanding of solar PV system,
being better alternative to other means of producing of electric power, cost of implementation,
and the design of the system.
We recommend that solar energy systems utilize the PV technology be used in ASTU the street
lighting purpose. As the effect of weather abnormality the hydro based electric power may not be
reliable as the service will be sometimes in shift. ASTU is big institute; power outage is not
being accepted at any time by any reason. Hence using PV system is better alternative. Also the
local is hugely rich of solar energy throughout the year it is recommendable to use it.
There are multiple issues that can arise on the basis of this pioneer project. Potential areas of
additional research include the following:
1. How to ensure reliable power supply for the campus library, clinic, laboratories, student’s
cafeteria, and lounges using PV system?
If the project would be done on these areas the ASTU may satisfy the whole society of the
campus by providing the best power supply to users.
2. How to PV system ON-GRID scheme for reliable power supply?
This issue would also give better continual power supply users. The challenge expected at
particular topic will be synchronization of the generated power.

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REFERENCE
[1]. BP solar BP SX 150-150W Multi-crystalline photovoltaic module data sheet,2001
[2] .Electrical Installation Work Fourth Edition by BRIAN SCADDAN
[3]. Cesen, 1986 data sheet of Ethiopian solar energy
[4]. Master’s, Gilbert M. Renewable and efficient electric power system’s john wiley and sons’
ltd, 2004
[5]. M.S. Wu, H.H. Huang, B.J. Huang, C.W. Tang and C.W. Cheng, Renewable Energy,
2007 World Renewable Energy Conference - Pacific Rim Region, Volume 34, Issue 8, August
2009, Pages 1934-1938
[6]. Jinbo Jiang, Sandy To, W.B. Lee, Benny Cheung, Optik - International Journal for Light
and Electron Optics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 10 September 2009
[7]. Hyun-Ho Kim, Sang-Hyun Choi, Sang-Hyun Shin, Young-Ki Lee, Seok-Moon Choi
and Sung Yi, Microelectronics Reliability, Volume 48, Issue 3, March 2008, Pages 445-454
[8]. A. Chikouche, M. Fathi, A. Bouadjab, International Conference and Exhibition on

Green Energy & Sustainability for Arid Regions & Mediterranean Countries (ICEGES
2009), Le Royal Hotel Amman (Jordan), November 2009

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APPENDIX
unsigned int v1;
// LCD module connections
sbit LCD_RS at RB2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB2_bit;

sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
void main() {
TRISA=0xFF;
trisb=0;
TRISC=0X00;
PORTC=0X00;
ADCON0=0x00;//0b00010101;
ADCON1=0b00000000;
pwm1_init(40000);
ADC_Init();
Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

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Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
//Lcd_Out(1,1,"");
while(1)
{
pwm1_start();
v1=ADC_read(0);
delay_us(50);
if(v1<=370){ // DISCONNECTED(if battery is DEAD)
pwm1_set_duty(0);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"BATTERY IS DEAD ");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>370 && v1<=406){ // v>=370: if the battery already has charge, but less
than 50%(for normal bettery) or 30%(for solar battery) of its capacity.
pwm1_set_duty(230);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"20% CHARGING");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>406 && v1<=423){ // BULK CHARGE
pwm1_set_duty(230);
delay_ms(500);
}
if(v1>423 && v1<=463){ // ABSORPTION CHARGE

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pwm1_set_duty(30);
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>463 && v1<484){ // FLOAT CHARGE
pwm1_set_duty(30);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"BATTERY IS FULL");
delay_ms(500);
}
else if(v1>=484){ // DISCONNECTED(if battery is fully charged or DEAD)
pwm1_set_duty(0);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"OVERCHARING ");
delay_ms(500);
}
}
}
Table of Contents

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CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back ground of the study.............................................................................................................1
1.2 statement of the problem.................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the study........................................................................................................................2
1.4 scope of the study.............................................................................................................................2
1.5 Limitation of the study.......................................................................................................................2
1.6 Significance of the study....................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................4
LITRETURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Theory................................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Solar energy in Ethiopia.....................................................................................................................4
Photovoltaic systems have the following advantages;........................................................................5
2.3 Control of Street Lights....................................................................................................................5
2.4 PV components..................................................................................................................................5
2.4.1 Solar panels................................................................................................................................5
Generally.............................................................................................................................................8
2.4.2 Charge controller........................................................................................................................9
2.4.3 PIC 16F876A Microcontroller....................................................................................................14
2.4.4 Battery......................................................................................................................................16
2.4.5 Metering...................................................................................................................................18
2.4.6 Load (LED).................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Lighting streets with solar................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................................20

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3. METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................20
3.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................................20
3.2 DESIGN STEPS..................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................21
DESIGN OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM...................................................................................................................21
4.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................21
4.2 Solar PV system sizing......................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Size of the PV modules.............................................................................................................22
4.2.2 Battery sizing............................................................................................................................23
4.2.3 Solar charge controller sizing....................................................................................................23
4.3 Block diagram of the system............................................................................................................24
4.4 structure of solar powered LEDs systems........................................................................................24
4.5 CASE STUDY.....................................................................................................................................25
4.6 CALCULATION ON DESIGN...............................................................................................................26
4.7 SPECIFICATION OF 40W LED LAMP..................................................................................................27
4.8 The calculation of total load and size of each device are as follows:...............................................28
4. 8.1 Size of PV module....................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................29
SIMULATION AND HARDWARE IMPLAMENTATION...................................................................................29
5.1 SIMULATION OF PROTEUS & ITS RESULT.........................................................................................29
5.1.1 Introduction Of Proteus............................................................................................................29
5.1.2 Programming the PIC................................................................................................................30
5.1.3 Circuit Components..................................................................................................................30
5.1.4 Schematic Circuit......................................................................................................................31

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5.1.5 Simulation Result......................................................................................................................32
5.2.1 Simulation Result......................................................................................................................36
5.3 Hard ware implementation..............................................................................................................39
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................................40
Conclusion and recommendation..............................................................................................................40
6.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................40
6.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................................41
Reference..................................................................................................................................................42
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................43

Final For 2006 in Astu

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Final For 2006 in Astu

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AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TITLE: DESIGN & IMPLEMENTING AUTOMATIC SOLAR POWER FOR

STREET LIGHT IN ASTU

Prepared By: NAME ID

1. GEZAHAGN DADI ………………………..……... 02022202

3. FITSUM TADESSE ………………………………. 02022106

Advisor: Mr. Zemenfes Abreha

Submission Date: June-2014

FINAL THESIS Page 1

FINAL THESIS Page 2

FINAL THESIS Page 3

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ASTU Adama Science And Technology University

NTC Nazareth Technical College

NCTTE Nazareth College of Technical Teacher Education

EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

LDR Light Dependent Resister

LED Light Emitted Diode

Vpm Maximum power voltage

Ipeak Peak Current

VBAT Battery Voltage

LVD Voltage Load Disconnect

PIC Programmable Interface Controller

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Code

VLED LED lamp voltage

ILED LED Lamp Current

FINAL THESIS Page 4

MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Isc Short circuit current

Voc Open-Circuit Voltage

Vmp Optimum Operating Voltage

PCB Printed Circuit Board

LCD Liquid crystal display

ISIS Intelligent schematic input system

FINAL THESIS Page 5

List of Figure page

Figure2.1 picture of BP SX 150S PV MODULE……………………………………..7

Figure 2.2 out back MX60 charge controller………………………………………… 10

Figure 2 3.characteristic curves of voltage and current during

charging and discharging Battery………………………………………..11

Figure 2.4. LED lamp driving scheme……………………………………………….12

Figure 2.5 Types of PIC Microcontroller…………………………………………… 14

Figure 2.6 IRFZ44N MOSFET ………………………………………………….......15

Figure 2.7 Battery with 12v …………………………………………………………18

Figure 4.1 block diagram of pv street light…………………………………………24

Figure 4. 2 Structural schematic of Solar LEDs lighting system………………. ….25

Figure 5.1 the schematic circuit………………………………………………………31

Figure 5.2 No charging (Battery Dead) at V=10.3v………………………………...32

Figure 5.3 Battery is charging (50% charging) at V=11.5v………………………...33

Figure 5.4 Battery fully charged (100% charged)…………………………………..34

Figure 5.5 Battery overcharge (cut out voltage, i.e. V.13.5v)……………………...35

Fig 5.6 Automatic light sensing circuit diagram……………………………..……..39

FINAL THESIS Page 6

Table 4.1 specification of LED lamp……………………………………………….28

1.2 statement of the problem

FINAL THESIS Page 7

1.3 Objective of the study

The specific objectives of the project are:

(0.850.6nominal battery voltage)