JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSTY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS INFORMATION ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

EEE2306: ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

CHARLES MUTISO ENE211-0026/2020

SAMSON GACHIE ENE211-0042/2020

DENNIS RUBUI M ENE211-0208/2020

DAVID WACHIRA ENE211-0212/2020

INTRODUCTION

Single-phase motors are small motors, mostly built in the fractional horsepower range and they
are of three types namely;

1. Single-phase induction motors

2. Single-phase synchronous motors
3. Single-phase series (or universal) motors
The Single-phase induction motors are the majority in fractional horsepower motors. They are
classified according to the methods used to start them and are referred to by names descriptive of
these methods. Some common types are;

1. Resistance-start (split-phase)
2. Capacitor-start
3. Capacitor-run
4. Shaded-pole
OBJECTIVE

1. To investigate the effectiveness of different values of starting capacitance on a Single-

phase induction motor.
THEORY

The widespread use of the single phase induction motor is due mainly to its low cost and
simplicity coupled with the ready availability of single-phase ac supplies. It is not inherently self
strating because the flux produced by a single-phase winding merely alternates in polarity. To
obtain the required rotating field the stator must be wound for two or more phases.

Most motors of this type are wound as two phase machines with the main starting circuits
initially in parallel across the single phase supply but designed so that the currents in the two
windings differ in phase. The necessary phase shift can be made by connecting a capacitor in
series with the starting or alternatively winding it with fewer turns of smaller diameter wire than
is used in the main winding so that its resistive component is increased. As the motor approaches
its operating speed this winding can be switched off, although in some motors it is left connected
to the supply with a reduced value of series capacitance. In either case a centrifugal switch is
used which operates at approximately 80% of the normal running speed

An induction motor runs at a speed n, which is dependent on the supply frequency f, pole pairs p,
and fractional slip. In this four pole assembly p =2 and taking s= 0.05

60 60
n= ( 1−s ) = ×50(1−0.05)
p 2
The operating speed is thus = 1425r/min and for the same supply frequency 60Hz the speed
would be 1710r/min. As slip varies with load, this equation is only true at one particular value of
load.

The single phase induction motor is used for many types of equipment in homes, offices, shops,
and factories in applications such as providing motive power for washing machines, fans,
refrigerators, lawn mowers, hand tools,record players, blenders and juice makers.

APPARATUS

1. One basic unit

2. One resistor and capacitor board
3. One centrifugal switch
4. One slot wound stator
5. One squirrel cage rotor
6. A 135V, single phase AC supply
7. 200V AC voltmeter
8. 5A AC Ammeter
9. One center zero DC Ammeter 5A
10. One hand tachogenerator ; 0-3000 r/min
11. Band brake or other dynamometer

PROCEDURE

Figure 1 represents the circuit diagram of a single phase induction motor

Figure 2, represents the experiment circuit connection

1. Set the value of the starting capacitance to 8µF

2. Switch on the 135V a.c supply to the motor.
3. When the shaft speed reaches approximately 1150r/min the centrifugal witch will operate
and cut out the starting circuit, or if the centrifugal switch is not fitted ,this can be done
manually using the on – off switch on the resistor/capacitor board. The motor will the run
up to its no-load speed of approximately 1470r/min.
4. The effectiveness of different values of starting capacitance can be investigated and the
switching arrangements can be altered to permit capacitor start and run operation, using
the connections given in figure 2b. For resistor start operation it is 200.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

a) No load test

At no load the current is 2.5A and the motor runs with a speed of 1400rpm.

As the value of start capacitor is from 8µf to 14µf in the steps of 2, the starting torque is
observed to increase.

Table of results

b) Load test

With 6µf capacitance

Shaft speed(RPM) Stator current(A) Torque(NM)

1400 2.50 0
1300 2.50 0.2
1250 2.55 0.4
1150 2.65 0.6
1025 2.95 0.8

With 12 µf capacitance

Shaft speed (RPM) Stator current(A) Torque (NM)

1200 2.0 0
1150 2.05 0.2
1100 2.15 0.4
1050 2.20 0.6
1000 2.35 0.8
950 2.55 1.0

c) Stall test
The motor decelerates and stalls at a current I= 4.2A, torque T= 1.2NM and speed V=
900RPM
 d) Supply voltage test

Voltage test (V) Speed (RPM) Slip

135 1400 0.048
125 1350 0.082
115 1300 0.116
105 1200 0.184
95 1100 0.252
85 1050 0.286
75 950 0.354
65 900 0.388

Characteristics of a 4- pole squirrel cage motor

At 6µf

Shaft speed vs torque

1600
1400
1200
1000
Shaft speed
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
At 12µf

Shaft speed vs torque at 12uf

1400

1200

1000

800 Shaft speed

600

400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Questions
1. Over what range of load torque is your capacitor run motor useful?
 The range is 0 – 1.0 NM
2. What do you notice about the supply current during acceleration from standstill?
 The supply current increases as it accelerate from zero.
3. Is the starting torque of an induction motor high or low.
 Produces very low starting torque about 1.5 to 2.5 times the starting torque.
4. From the data obtained from the load and stall tests, try to sketch in the complete
torque/ speed characteristics.

Ns−N
5. S=
Ns
Ns = 1470rpm
At N= 1400rpm
1470−1400
S=
1470

S = 0.047
 160 Voltage vs slip
140
120
100
80
Voltage test
60
40
20
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45

6. The graph is nearly linear.

CONCLUSION.

We can easily conclude that the value of the motor torque increases as the value of the capacitor
increases. Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting because the produced stator flux is
alternating in nature and at the starting, the two components of this flux cancel each other and
hence there is no net torque.

REFERENCES.
1. https://www.electrical4u.com/single-phase-induction-motor/#:~:text=From%20the
%20above%20topic%2C%20we,there%20is%20no%20net%20torque.
2. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-13/single-phase-
induction-motors/

3. Sen, Paresh C - Principles of electric machines and power electronics (2014, Wiley) -
libgen.lc