FUSION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rapid expansion in the use of arc welding during the early
part of the last war was followed by a great increase in the use of
automatic welding machines. This increase has continued as the demand
for improved production methods has grown.
As engineers become more familiar with the possibilities of
machine welding, its field of application is continually widening
The use of new materials and the more stringent regulations governing
welding tends to limit manual arc welding with an electrode 460mm.
The manual metal arc process is limited by speed and length of continuou!
run possible. This, plus the shortage of highly skilled welders and
high wages, has contributed towards a growing demand for machines which
enable welding to be done with greater reliability, speed and con-
tinuity, The trend over the last decade has been from manual welding
to machine welding and this trend shows no sign of abating
1.1 Advantages of Automatic Welding Processes
Among the more important advantages of automatic welding are the
factors of arc length and welding speed; the automatic control o:
these variables has enabled high quality welds to be consistently
reproduced. The introduction, close to the arc of high welding
currents giving high current densities, has resulted in high welding
speeds and deep penetration. With the use of a continuous electrode
coil has come a vast improvement in the ratio of arcing time to total
weld time, a very important factor in reducing labour costs. With
machine welding heat input can be more accurately known, hence dis—
tortion more easily controlled. Minimum distortion is achieved by
welding at a high speed and with the minimum of passes, thus localising
the heat input. The smooth appearance of automatic welds, particularly
those made with the submerged arc process, give a finish to the work
which is always desirable and sometimes essential.
1.2 Disadvantages of Automatic Welding Processes
With automatic processes operating at current values of over 300A,
care must be taken because the arc is an intense source of light with
high infra-red and ultraviolet content. Since the welding head is
not able to cover any irregularities, correct edge preparation is
essential for first class welds, and setting up time tends to be
longer than for manual arc welding. In submerged arc welding the
operator cannot see the weld pool and hence judge the welding process:
He must rely on the fit-up of the joint remaining constant, and must
either pre-set the welding head accurately with respect to the joint
or make adjustments to it by observing an indicator such as a pointer
or a light beam focussed ahead of the powdered flux. Experienced users
of the process would probably agree that the inability to see the weld
in automatic submerged arc welding creates more physchological than
practical difficulties.262
1.3 Automatic Arc Wel
fie
Although there are a number of different automatic welding
processes today finding applications in many different fields, there
are only two which seem to have found a wide acceptance and are in
general use. They combine the important features of using a con
tinuous coil electrode with high current densities. These processes
known as Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Submerged Arc/Fusare are widely used
in all fields of the fabrication industry. The successful application
of the MIG process to steel welding was developed in the early 1950's,
being a lead on from the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) process; whilst the
Submerged are process was developed in the U.S.A. in the mid 1930's,
in its early days commonly known as 'Unionmelt'. Another form of
automatic welding is the electroslag process. Whilst not of true arc
welding, it was developed in the U.S.S.R. from the submerged arc
process. With its many varients, it has been successfully applied in
the pressure vessel and shipbuilding industries, taking advantage of the
natural vertical presentation of structural members. The ability to
join thick sections in a single pass with minium distortion has also
contributed to the success of this process.