CIRCULATORY SYSTEM or CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

-transport nutrients

-functions in fighting infections

> HEART – muscular pumping organ

> BLOOD – the circulating medium
> BLOOD VESSELS
- ARTERIES
- VEINS
- CAPILLARIES

HEART – the organ that pumps blood to the different parts of the body.
THE HUMAN HEART IS A FOUR-CHAMBERED HEART LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF THE CHEST
>THE HEART CHAMBERS ARE PARTITIONED BY A MUSCULAR WALL CALLED THE SEPTUM

ATRIA – receiving chambers of the heart.

RIGHT ATRIUM – receives oxygen-poor blood coming from all parts of the body.
LEFT ATRIUM – receives oxygen-poor blood coming from the lungs.
VENTRICLES – pumping chambers of the heart.
RIGHT VENTRICLE – pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
LEFT VENTRICLE – pumps oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.

BLOOD VESSELS – are connected to the heart.

VENA CAVA
- the LARGEST VEIN
- sends oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
TWO BRANCHES:
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA – drains blood from the head and neck.
INFERIOR VENA CAVA – drains blood from the lower parts of the body.

PULMONARY ARTERY – sends blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.
PULMONARY VEINS – sends oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

AORTA
-largest artery
-sends oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to all parts of the body.
BRANCHES OF AORTA:
- CORONARY ARTERIES – supply blood to the heart.

> As blood moves from one place to anotherwithin the heart, there should be no back flowing
of the blood.
> This back flowing phenomenon is painful and life-threatening.
VALVES
- flaps of tough muscles that prevent back flowing from happening.
>Tricuspid valves, Bicuspid or Mitral valves, Semilunar valves, Pulmonic valves and the Aortic
Valves prevents blood from back flowing.
> AORTIC VALVES are closed while the Semilunar Valves are open. Thus, the closing of the
valves ensures that blood moves toward its destination and will not flow back from where it
came.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES
- are thick-walled to cope with the high pressure of the blood flowing through them.
 - transport oxygen-rich blood that moves away from the heart.
ARTERIOLES – smaller arteries.

VEINS
- thinner walls than arteries.
- return blood back towards the heart.
CAPILLARIES
- smallest blood vessels that are just one-cell thick.
- surround body cells & tissues to deliver and absorb oxygen, nutrients, and other
substances.

THE FLOW OF THE BLOOD IN THE HEART

2 THE DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS

COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD

BLOOD – a liquid tissue, which is the medium of circulation.
> Its main function is to transport materials and fight infection.
> Blood is composed of two parts:
1. Plasma
2. Corpuscles
PLASMA
- is the liquid part, which comprises 55% of blood by weight.
- it is a pale-colored fluid composed mostly of water, blood proteins, and small amounts of
inorganic materials.

CORPUSCLES
- are the solid part that is suspended in the plasma and comprise 45% of the blood
weight.
 - they are manufactured within the red bone marrow ( MYELOID TISSUE ) within flat and
long bones.
- these formed elements are the red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets.
RED BLOOD CELLS/ ERYTHROCYTES
- transport gases, especially oxygen, to all parts of the body.
- RBCs are shaped like a biconcave disk and do not have a nucleus (anucleated).
- HEMOGLOBIN – is a pigment that makes the blood red.

TYPES OS WHITE BLOOD CELLS

GRANULOCYTES
1. NEUTROPHIL – helps in phagocytosis.
PHAGOCYTOSIS – destroy virus and infected cells.
2. EOSINOPHIL – fights against parasitic infection.
3. BASOPHIL – produces inflammatory and allergic reactions.
AGRANULOCYTES
4. LYMPHOCYTE – produces specific immune responses.
B LYMPHOCYTE
T LYMPHOCYTE
NATURAL KILLER CELL
5. MONOCYTE – fights off bacteria viruses and fungi.

BLOOD PLATELETS
- are amorphous just like WBCs.
- among the formed elements, platelets are not real cells, they are just fragments of the
stem cell in the red bone marrow.
- they cannot be seen even in fresh blood samples because they disintegrate upon
contact with air.
 - this is the platelets' important attribute- as platelets disintegrate, the blood-clotting
process begins.

3 ABO BLOOD RELATIONSHIPS

In 1900, Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian Scientist at the University of Vienna, discovered four
different blood groups that characterize human populations.
BLOOD TYPE A
- RED BLOOD CESLL - ANTIGEN A
- PLASMA – ANTIBODY B
BLOOD TYPE B
- RED BLOOD CELL – ANTIGEN B
- PLASMA – ANTIBODY A
BLOOD TYPE AB
- RED BLOOD CELL – BOTH ANTIGENS A & B
- NO ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA
BLOOD TYPE O
- NO ANTIGENS IN RBCs
- BOTH A&B ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD TYPE O
- UNIVERSAL DONOR
- can receive blood only with people with the same blood type.
BLOOD TYPE AB
- UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS
 - But when their blood is given to people who are types ), A, B, the blood of these people
will clump or agglutinate because blood type AB has both antigens.

THE RH OR “D” BLOOD FACTOR

- second most significant blood group in humans.
- it presently consists of 50 antigens.
- the most common, and is considered the most significant since it triggers the body's
immune response, is ANTIGEN D.
- RH+ = WITH ANTIGEN D
- RH- = WITHOUT ANTIGEN D, do not have antibodies in their plasma. They can develop
RH antibodies once they are exposed with RH+ BLOOD.
- RH+ BLOOD can receive blood from RH- and RH+ , RH- blood can only receive RH-
blood

4 BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS

BIOLOGY
- PLATELETSAND BLOOD CLOTTING