SCIENCE REVIEWER: QUARTER 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM- body’s descision and communication center.

-regulates and coordinates activities within the body.

3 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

 DETECTS- receives the stimuli and takes information to the CNS.
 INTERPRETS- make descisions/ process information
 RESPONDS- the act of carrying a response to a gland or muscle.

SENSORY RECEPTORS- gather information and send electrical impulses to the central nervous system.
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES- processed and generate appropriate reactions by sending electrical impulses via
nerves to effector organs such as muscles and glands.

2 DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
-contains the brain and the spinal cord.
-receives and process all the information from all the parts of the body
-controls the entire organ system of the body.

 BRAIN- control center of the nervous system

 CEREBRUM- judgement, thinking, reasoning
 CEREBELLUM- posture, balance
 BRAIN STEM- regulates heart rate, balance, coordination, reflexes

 SPINAL CORD
- 40-50 cm long.
- connects the brain and the body
-composed of gray and white matter.
-transmits impulses
-responsible for INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

-contains all the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord.
-carry impulses from the sensory nerves to the CNS and from the CNS to the motor nerves.

2 KINDS:
 MOTOR NEURONS- CNS to muscles and glands/ away from the CNS
-SOMATIC- controls voluntary movements/ under concious control
-AUTONOMIC- controls involuntary responses

2 KINDS OF AUTONOMIC NS:

 SYMPATHETIC- fight or flight response
- in times of stress
-responsible for the acceleration of the heart rate.
 PARASYMPATHETIC- rest and digest
-controls internal function at rest.

 SENSORY NEURONS- sensory organs to CNS/ to CNS

NEURON- the basic unit of the nervous system.

-also known as the nerve cell.

PARTS OF A NEURON:
 NUCLEUS
 MYELIN SHEATH- covers the nucleus
 AXON TERMINAL- the end
 SCHWANN CELL- produces the myelin sheath
 DENDRITE- the receptor site; receives the impulses
 AXON- carries the impulses away from the cell body.
 NODES OF RANVIER- allow the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon.
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF NEURON:
 SENSORY/ AFFECTIVE NEURONS- carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal
cors (CNS)
 MOTOR/ EFFECTIVE NEURONS- carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and
glands.
 ASSOCIATIVE NEURONS- analyze and interpret the data or impulses.

 RECEPTORS:
 PHOTORECEPTORS- eyes
 MECHANORECEPTORS- ears
 OLFACTORY RECEPTORS- nose
 CHEMORECEPTORS- tongue
 NOCICEPTORS- pain
 THERMOCEPTORS- temperature

 HOMEOSTASIS- human body is maintained balanced despite of the changing external factors.
-responsible in the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body.

 SENSORS- receptors that are responsible in gathering information about the conditions inside and
outside of the body.

 COMMUNICATING SYSTEMS
- Nervous system and Endocrine System

 CONTROL CENTER
-the brain
-receives information from the sensors

 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

-A control system to REDUCE or MINIMIZE any internal or external change of the body.
-regulates homeostasis
-set point/ normal value

SET POINT- the ideal requirement of the body to maintain homeostasis.

 POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

-A control system that uses information from sensors to INCREASE THE RATE of processes.
-exact opposite of NFM
-deviates from a set point, and it becomes GREATER, which makes a bad situation worse.
SCIENCE REVIEWER: QUARTER 3: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 A series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses.
 Works with nervous system to coordinate and direct the activity of the body’s cells
 Slower but longer lasting coordination
 HORMONES
 Produced by glands and sent into the bloodstream to the different tissues in our body.
 Send signals to those tissues to tell them what they are supposed to do.
 “Chemical messenger” of the endocrine system.
 Can influence bodily functions such as:
-respiration
-metabolism
-reproduction
-movement
-sensory perception
-sexual development
-growth

 GLANDS
 An organ which produces and releases hormones that perform specific function in the body.

TWO TYPES OF GLANDS

 ENDOCRINE GLANDS- ductless glands and release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
 EXOCRINE GLANDS- secretes hormones onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS:MAIN HORMONE PRODUCING GLANDS

 HEAD- hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

 HYPOTHALAMUS
-a small region of the brain located at the base of the brain near the pituitary gland.
-”links” the nervous and endocrine system by way of the pituitary gland.

FUNCTIONS:
-body temperature
-hunger
-mood
-release of hormones
-thirst
-sleep
-sexual urge

HORMONES RELASED IN HYPOTHALAMUS

 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
-Body’s response to both physical and emotional stress
-signals the pituitary gland to produce a hormone called “adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH)”
-ACTH triggers the production of CORTISOL, an important stress hormone.

 THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)

-Stimulates the pituitary gland to produce “thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)”
-TSH helps in the function of many body parts such as the heart and gaastroinstestinal tract, muscles

 GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)

-causes the pituitary gland to produce the important reproductive hormones, the FOLLICLE STIMULATING
HORMONE (FSH) and LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH).

 OYTOCIN
-controls behaviors and emotions
-sexual arousal, trust, recognition, and maternal behavior.
-Childbirth and lactation

 VASOPRESSIN / ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

-regulates water levels in the body
-when vasopressin are released, it signals the kidney to absorb water.

 SOMATOSTATIN
-Stop the pituitary gland from releasing hormones including GROWTH HORMONES, and THYROID-
STIMULATING HORMONE.
-An inhibiting hormone which regulates the function of other glands.

 PITUITARY GLAND
-small pea-sized gland and referred to as the body’s master gland
-controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting gland.
-secretes hormones that acts on the adrenal glands, thyroid glands, ovaries, and testes
PROLACTIN- produced by pituitary gland which acts on the breast to induce milk poduction.

FUNCTIONS:
The pituitary gland controls:
-metabolism
-growth
-sexual development
-reproduction
-blood pressure

HORMONES PRODUCED BY PITUITARY GLAND

 GROWTH HORMONES
-stimulates the growth of bone and other tissues
-handles the body’s nutrients and minerals

 PROLACTIN
-activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding.

 THYROTROPIN
-stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones

 CORTICOTROPIN
-stimulates adrenal gland to make certain hormones

 VASOPRESSIN/ ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

-stored by hypothalamus
-control body water balance through its effect on the kidneys.

 OXYTOCIN
-triggers contraction of uterus that happen during labor.

 ENDORPHINS
-acts on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain.

 LUTEINIZING HORMONES(LH) & FOLLICLE-STIMULATNG HORMONE(FSH)

-also called “gonadotrophins”
-they stimulate the testes and ovaries to produce sex hormones
SEX HORMONES- controls ovulation and mentrual cycle in women.

 PINEAL GLAND
-also called “pineal body”
-in the MIDDLE OF THE BRAIN

HORMONE PRODUCED BY PINEAL GLAND

 MELATONIN
-a hormone that helps to regulate sleeps at night and when you wake up in the morning.
 NECK
 THYROID GLAND
- in the front of the lower neck, it is shaped like a bowtie or butterfly
- uses iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid
hormones affect every cell and all the organs in the body

FUNCTIONS:
- regulate the rate at which calories are burned
- can slow down or speed up the heartbeat
- can raise or lower body temperature
- influence the rate at which food moves through the digestive tract
- control the way muscles contract
- control the rate which dying cells are replaced

HORMONES PRODUCED BY THYROID GLAND:

 Calcitonin
- a hormone that is produced in humans by the c-cells of thyroid gland
- involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in blood, opposing the action of
parathyroid hormone
 Parathyroid Gland
- four tiny glands that work together called parathyroids
- releases parathyroid hormone, which controls the level of calcium in the blood with the help of
calcitonin which thyroid makes

 CHEST
 THYMUS GLAND
- part of the lympathic system and also part of the endocrine system
- located just below the breast bone
- relatively large in infants and grows until puberty
- in adulthood, it starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat

HORMONES PRODUCED BY THYMUS GLAND:

 Thymopoietin and Thymulin
- hormones that assist in the process where t-cells differentiate into different types
 Thymosin
- increase the immune response as well as stimulating pituitary hormones such as growth hormone
 Thymic Humoral Factor
- acts similarly to thymosin but increases the immune response to viruses

 ABDOMEN
 PANCREAS
- plays the essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells
- it has 2 main functions:
1. An exocrine function that helps in digestion
2. An endocrine function that regulates blood sugar

HORMONES PRODUCED BY PANCREAS:

 Insulin
- lowers glucose levels in the bloodstream and promote the storage of glucose in fat, muscle, liver, and
other body issues
 Glucagon
- its role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low
- it stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen in the liver to glucose, which can be released into the
bloodstream

 TOP OF KIDNEYS
 ADRENAL GLANDS
- these two triangular adrenal glands sit in top of each kidney
- the adrenal glands has two parts. Each of which makes a set of hormones and has a different function

Two Parts of Adrenal Glands:

 Adrenal Cortex
- outer part, it makes hormones called corticosteroids.

HORMONES RELEASED IN ADRENAL CORTEX

 CORTICOSTEROIDS
1. Salt and water balance in the body
2. The body’s response to stress
3. Sexual development and function
4. Metabolism
5. The immune system

 Adrenal Medulla
- inner part

HORMONES RELEASED IN ADRENAL MEDULLA:

 ADRENALINE & EPINEPHRINE
adrenaline & epinephrine that increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress

 REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS/ GONADS

 MALE GONADS/ TESTES

- the testes or testicles are pair of sperm-producing organs that maintain the health of the male reproductive
system

HORMONE PRODUCED BY TESTES:

 Testosterone
-necessary for proper physical development in boys
- in adulthood, maintains libido, muscle strength, and bone density

 FEMALE GONADS/ OVARIES

- the ovaries make egg cells and secrete the female hormones estrogen & progesterone

HORMONES PRODUCED BY OVARIES:

 Estrogen
- involved when a girl starts puberty
- during puberty a girl will have breast growth, accumulate body fat, around the hips and thighs, have a
growth spurt
- Estrogen and Progesterone are involved in the regulation of menstrual cycle. These hormones also play
a role in pregnancy

 SUMMARY
 HORMONES- produced by glands and sent into the bloodstream to the different tissues in our body and
send signals to those tissues to tell them what they are supposed to do.
 When the glands do not produce the right amount of hormones, problems or diseases may develop that can
affect many aspects of life such as:
1. Diabetes- because of high or low level of blood sugar
2. Acromegaly- a disorder that results from excess growth hormone
3. Dwarfism & Gigantism- because of low or excessive amount of growth hormones
4. Hyperthyroidism- occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine

 ENDOCRINOLOGIST
- treat people with hormone problems
CONTINUATION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the blood. In other words, they have no duct.
 Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones.
 Hormones are transported from the endocrine glands to all parts of the body by the blood.
 Although hormones are carried out throughout the body, they only affect specific target organs and tissues.
 HORMONE PRODUCED BY:
Insulin Pancreas
Progeterone Ovaries/ Adrenal glands

Oestrogen Ovaries
Growth hormone Pituitary Gland
Adrenaline Adrenal Glands (adrenal
medulla)

Antidiuretic hormone Pituitary Gland

Testosterone Testes
Aldosterone Adrenal Gland (adrenal
cortex)
Melatonin Pineal Gland
Oxytocin Hypothalamus/ Pituitary
gland
Throxine Thyroid Gland

 PITUITARY GLAND
- Live deep within the brain
-only about the size of a pea but very powerful.
-make the hormones that help us grow and control the activity of the other glands too.

 THYROID GLAND
-shaped like a bowtie or butterfly
-found in the neck
-make the hormones that help you stay alert and full of energy.

 PANCREAS
-the largest gland in the body
-produce the hormone called insulin
-work closely with digestive system

 ADRENAL GLANDS
-come in pair, one on top of each kidney
-produce hormones that help you act fast when you’re in trouble or under stress
-triangular in shape.

 PARATHYROID GLAND
-a set of four tiny glands that work with thyroid to control the amount of calcium in the blood.

 GONADS
-ovaries in girls, testes in boys
-involved in all the changes of puberty

HORMONE FUNCTION
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) 1. Stimulates development of the ovarian follicle
OXYTOCIN 2. Stimulates milk “let down”
INSULIN 3. Controls blood glucose levels
THYROXINE 4. Influences the rate of growth and development of
young animals.
 GROWTH HORMONE 5. Stimulates the growth of long bones
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE 6. Stimulates absorption of water from the kidney
tubule.
MELATONIN 7. Influences the development of sexual maturity
LUTENISING HORMONE 8. Stimulates the development of the corpus luteum
OESTROGEN 9. Stimulates the development of female sexual
characteristics
TESTOSTERONE 10. Stimulates the development of male sexual
characteristics.
CORTISONE 11. Affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism
PROGESTERONE 12. Prepares the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.

ODD ONE OUT

1. Melatonin ; oxytocin ; growth hormone ; antidiuretic hormone ; follicle stimulating hormone

2. Progesterone ; oestrogen ; luteinisng hormone ; cortisone ; follicle stimulating
3. Adrenaline ; cortisone ; aldosterone ; oestrogen ; insulin

WORD BLANK

1. The endocrine system has eight GLANDS

2. HORMONES are chemical messengers produced by the glands.
3. The hormone ADRENALINE is responsible for the fight or flight response.
4. INSULIN is the hormone that help control your blood sugar level.
5. The THRYROID gland is shaped like a butterfly
6. The PINEAL gland helps make melatonin.
7. The four glands that help control the calcium levels in your blood are called the PARATHYROID glands.
8. When the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin, the result is a disease called DIABETES.
9. When it’s time for boys and girl to begin PUBERTY, the pituitary gland gets the ball rolling.
10. A doctor who specializes in treating people with hormone problems are called an ENDOCRINOLOGIST.

SCIENCE REVIEWER: QUARTER 3: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 TESTIS- responsible for making sperm

 EPIDIDYMIS- male sex gland that produce sperm where the sperm are stored, and are finsihed maturing
 VAS DEFERENS- carries sperm from the epididymis up to the prostate gland and down to the urethra.

 SEMINAL VESICLE- part of the reproductive system that have both gland and muscle tissues.
-the muscle tissues move seminal fluid into the urethra out of the penis.

 PROSTATE GLAND- produce the fluid that nourishes and transform sperm.

 COWPER’S GLAND- produce thick clear mucus prior to the ejaculation that drains into the spongy
urethra.

 URETHRA- a tube that allows the urine to pass through outside the body.

 BLADDER- expands and stores urine and contracts and flattens to empty urine through urethra.

 ANUS- opens during a bowel movement to allow feces to pass through

 PENIS- urination, sexual intercourse, and reproduction

 SCROTUM- holds and helps to protect testicles.

 PUBIC BONE- provides structure and protection to the urogenital organs in both sexes.

 PUBIC HAIR - provides protection against friction that can cause irritation in the sensitive area.

 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 FALLOPIAN TUBE- channels for oocyte transport & fertilization

 UTERUS- pear-shaped organ which holds the egg implants during pregnancy & responsible to your
menstrual cycle.

 BLADDER- relax and expand to store urine and contract and flatten to empty urine.

 PUBIC BONE- helps your pelvis absorb some of the weight from your upper body.

 FIMBRIA- catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases.

 OVARY- produces the mature egg.

 CERVIX- allow fluids to pass between your uterus and vagina.

 ANUS- opening of the rectum to outside of the body.

 VAGINA- where the penis is inserted during sexual intercourse.

 LABIA- the lips on the outside of the genitals.

 SKENE’S GLAND- prevent urinary tract infections.

 URETHRA- tube that carries urine from the bladder outside the body.

 PUBIC HAIR- provides protection against friction that can cause irritation

 SHAFT OF CLITORIS- enable you to experience sexual pleasure

 GLANS OF CLITORIS- the area most responsive to sexual simulation.

SCIENCE REVIEWER: QUARTER 3; THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY