2024

ANDRAGOGY
BY: JOANNA MAE ALMOROTO
KENT ANDUJAR
JOMELYN ARCITE
ANDRAGOGY
LEARNINGS:
A. Historical development
B. Pedagogy of learning
C. Assumptions of pedagogy
D. The adult theory by Malcom S.
Knowles
1. Knowles 5 assumption
2. Knowles 4 principles of adult
learning.
A. Historical development
The term was originally coined by
German educator Alexander Kapp
in 1833. Andragogy was developed
into a theory of adult education by
Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy. It later
became very popular in the US by
the American educator Malcolm
Knowles.
PEDAGOGY OF LEARNING
Pedagogy is the combination of teaching methods
(what instructors do), learning activities (what
instructors ask their students to do), and learning
assessments (the assignments, projects, or tasks that
measure student learning).
 C. ASSUMPTIONS OF PEDAGOGY

Pedagogy=s assumption is that children and

adults are essentially the same since they
share the same human nature. Therefore, the
education of adults and children is the same.
Andragogy-s assumption is that children and
adults are existentially different.
THE ADULT THEORY BY MALCUM S. KNOWLES

Developed by Malcolm Knowles in 1968, Adult Learning

Theory or andragogy is the concept or study of how
adults learn and how it differs from children. It aims to
show how adult learning is distinct and identify the
learning styles which suit them best. Over the years, the
theory has been added to and adapted.
 KNOWLES 5
ASSUMPTIONS
1. SELF-CONCEPT: ADULTS BECOME
MORE SELF-DIRECTED AS THEY MATURE

The first of Knowles’ assumptions is this: as

adults move throughout life, they become
more independent and self-directed. Adult
learners want to have ownership over their
learning journey.
2.Learner experience: Adults bring a wealth of
experience to the learning process

The second assumption Malcolm Knowles made is about

the learner experience. Unlike children who are frequently
learning things for the first time without previous
experience, adult learners bring the richness of past
education, jobs, and life events to learning experiences.
Basically, don’t assume your learners are beginners without
first understanding the knowledge they bring to the table.
3.READINESS TO LEARN: ADULTS WANT TO LEARN THINGS
THAT HELP THEM ACCOMPLISH RELEVANT TASKS
RUFUS STEWART
You might’ve heard that adults care a lot about the
“why” behind learning, and that’s where Knowles’
next assumption about “readiness to learn” comes
in. Unlike children, who absorb everything they can
as they grow up, adult learners are more selective
with what information they take in. Common
questions you might hear learners ask include, “How
will this help me?” or, “What’s really in it for me?”
4.ORIENTATION TO LEARNING: ADULT
LEARNERS WANT TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
Similar to readiness to learn, Malcolm
Knowles spoke of adult learner
orientation, noting that adults move
away from subject-based learning,
which centers around simply knowing
about a concept, towards problem-
based learning, which focuses on
knowledge that tangibly contributes to
problem solving
5.MOTIVATION TO LEARN: ADULTS RELY ON INTERNAL
RATHER THAN EXTERNAL MOTIVATION

Finally, Knowles made an assumption about adult

motivation to learn. While children have external sources
of motivation to learn—including parents, teachers, or the
societal push for higher education—once learners become
adults, they no longer have those same external
motivators. They get replaced by internal motivators,
which are individual to each learner.
KNOWLES 4 PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Adults need to be involved in
the planning and evaluation of
their instruction.
2.Instruction should be task-oriented instead of
promoting memorization -- learning activities should
be in the context of common tasks to be performed by
the others.
3.Instruction should take into account the wide range of different
backgrounds of learners; learning materials and activities should
allow for different levels/types of previous experience with
computers.

4.Since adults are self-directed, instruction should allow

learners to discover things and knowledge for themselves
without depending on people. However, learners should be
offered guidance and help when mistakes are made.
Thank you