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Contemporary World

World Lit (Cebu Technological University)

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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY
DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
LESSON 1: THE STRUCTURES OF
GLOBALIZATION
Sydney – is a metropolis of families of international
immigrants or foreigners working in industries that
also sell their products abroad.
- Globalization is experienced by different people in
different ways. (Example, foreign investments leads
to new factories which those poor who lives there
were evicted)
TWO PREMISES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that
occurs at multiple levels
2. It is uneven process that affects people differently
Globalization – integration of the national markets to
a wider global market signified by increased free
trade
Anti – globalization – it is a movement of 1990s, it
means resisting the trade deals among countries
facilitated by global organizations like the World
Trade Organization.
Manfred Steger – described the process of
globalization as “the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across world time
and across world – space”
Expansion – creation of new social
networks and multiplication of existing connections
that cut across, traditional, political, economic, cultural
and geographic boundaries.
Intensification – expansion, stretching and
acceleration of these networks. Global connections
are becoming more closely – knit. (ex. America and
China)
*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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- China committed itself to the global economy in the
1980s, and steadily returned to its old role as a major
trading post.
- Globalization can also be seen for example when a
strong monsoon rains flooded much of Bangkok, the
Honda Plant making some of the critical parts
temporarily ceased production which affected Honda
– USA
Steger – “ Globalization processes do not occur
merely at an objective , material level but they also
involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.
Ex. People begin to feel that the world has
become smaller, sending of email, etc.
Globalism – is the widespread belief among powerful
people that the global integration of economic
markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads
freedom and democracy across the world.
Arjun Appadurai – Different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes”
SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people
2. Mediascape – flow of culture
3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods
and software
4. Financescape – global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape – Political ideas move around
LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD
ECONOMICS
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – regards
economic globalization as a historical process
representing the result of human innovation and
technological progress.
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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY
DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Global GDP 42.1 % in 1980 to 62.1 % in 2007 – this
is the increase of GDP defined my IMF
$ 57 Billion in 1982 to $1.76 trillion – amount of
foreign direct investments flowing across the world (
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD))
High Frequency Trading – supercomputers can
execute millions of stock purchases and sales
between different cities in a matter of seconds.
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS
Silk Road – the oldest known international trade
route, a network of pathways in ancient world that
spanned from CHINA to what is now the MIDDLE
EAST AND TO EUROPE
- The most profitable products traded through this
network was silk.
- Silk Road was used from 130 BCE when the
Chinese Han Dynasty opened trade to West until
1453 BCE, when the Ottoman Empire closed it.
- Silk Road is INTERNATIONAL not GLOBAL
because it had no ocean routes that could reach the
American Continent.
Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez – age of
globalization began when “all important populated
continents began to exchange products continuously
– both with each other directly and indirectly via other
continents- and in values sufficient to generate crucial
impacts on all trading partners.
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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- Flynn and Giraldez traced this back to 1571 with the
establishment of galleon trade that connected Manila
and Acapulco in Mexico, the first time for Americas
connect to Asian routes
- Galleon Trade is part of the age of Mercantilism
Mercantilism – countries primarily in Europe
competed with one another to sell more goods as a
means to boost their country‟s income.
- Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade to
other nations, restricted trade routes, subsidized its
exports.
Gold Standard – adopted by US following UK and
other European nations in a monetary conference in
Paris (1867)
- Goal of Gold Standard- create a common system
that would allow more efficient trade and prevent
isolationism of mercantilist era.
- Currency Prices and fixed exchange rate system are
all based on the value of gold.
- Gold Standard compelled countries to back their
currencies with fixed gold reserves
- During WORLD WAR 1, countries depleted their
golds to fund their armies, many abandon the Gold
Standard.
- Europe, having low gold reserves, adopted floating
currencies that were no longer redeemable in Gold
Great Depression – returning to a pure standard
became difficult this happened in 1920s to 1930s.
- worst and longest recession in Western World.
- Many believed that it was caused by the Gold
Standard, because it limited the amount of circulating
money and reduced demand and consumption.
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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY
DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Barry Eichengreen – argues that the recovery of the
United States really began when, having abandoned
the Gold Standard, the US government was able to
free up money to spend on reviving the economy
- Indirect versions of gold standard was used in 1970s
but never returned to this standard up to 20th century
Fiat Currencies – currencies that are not backed by
precious metals and whose value is determined by
their cost relative to other currencies.
Bretton Wood System – inaugurated in 1944 during
the United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent catastrophes of the early
decades.
John Maynard Keynes – his idea affects the Bretton
Wood System: “economic crises occur not when a
country does not have enough money, but when
money is not being and spend, and thereby; not
moving “
Active Role of the Governments in managing
spending – anchor of Global Keynesianism.
- Its high point was in the 1940s to early 1970s
TWO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CREATED BY
BRETTON WOODS
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD, or World Bank) – responsible for
funding postwar reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global lender
of last resort to prevent individual countries from
spiraling into credit crises.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) –
various countries also committed themselves to
further global economic integration in 1947
Goal: reduce tariffs and hindrances to free trade.
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS
- Some countries accept rise in prices because it is
accompanied with economic growth and reduced
employment (Japan ).
- Prices increased – companies would earn more –
would have more money to hire workers – trade off
for economic development
- In 1970‟s – prices of oil rose sharply as a result of
the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC) imposition of embargo –
response to the decision of US and other countries to
resupply the Israeli Military with the needed arms
during Yom Kippur War.
OAPEC - the Arab member – countries of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC)
Embargo – was used by Arab Countries to stabilize
economies and growth
1973 – 1974 – stock markets crashed after US
stopped linking dollar to gold.
Stagflation – decline in economic growth and
employment
Inflation – sharp increase in prices
Stagnation- decline in economic growth and
employment
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman – “government‟s
practice of pouring money into their economies had
cause inflation by increasing demand for goods
without necessarily increasing supply” and
“Government Intervention in economies distort the
proper functioning of the market – this challenged
Keynesianism
Neoliberalism – from 1980‟s onward , this was the
codified strategy of Unites States Treasury
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Deparment., World Bank, IMF, and World Trade 1990s – communism collapsed, IMF called for
Organization immediate privatization of all government industries.

GOAL : to pass on industries from corrupt

World Trade Organization – founded in 1995 to
continue tariff reduction under GATT
Washington Consensus – policies they forwarded is
called Washington Consensus. It dominated global
economic policies from the 1980s until early 2000s
- advocates pushed for minimal government
spending to reduce government debt.
- called for privatization of government –
controlled services (water , power communication
,transport)
- pressured the government to reduce tariffs
and open up their economics, arguing it is the
quickest way to progress.
bureaucrats to more dynamic independent private
investors
RESULT: Only Individuals and groups who had
accumulated wealth under the precious communist
order had the money to purchase these industries.
Oligarchy – practice which only rich individuals hold
on industries of the government (Globe Telecom,
Smart, San Miguel, SM)
THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND
CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM
Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 – recent
repudiation of neoliberalism

- NOTE of Washington Consensus – other Global Financial Crisis f 2007 – 2008 – the world
industries might die but this is necessary “shock – experienced the greatest economic downturn since
therapy “ for long – term economic growth the Great Depression.

US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher – justified their reduction
in government spending by comparing national
economies to household. They experienced success
in Neoliberalism.
Thatcher – promoted an image of herself as a mother,
who reined in overspending to reduce the national
debt
- But Governments are not like households,
governments can print money while houses cannot, it
has a taxation system that gives them a steady flow
of money
Post – Communist Russia – experienced bad effects
of neoliberalism
Scaling of regulations continued until 2000s, paving
way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote the
free market, government authorities failed to regulate
bad investments occurring in the US housing market.
- Taking advantage of cheap housing loans,
Americans build houses beyond their financial
capacities
Mortgage – Backed Securities – pooled mortgage
payments and sold by bank who lends houseowners‟
money (The banks have the title of the property)
Sub – Prime Mortgages – High risk mortgages by
banks who extend loans to even those who have bad
credit records

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY
DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
- Since there are many mortgages in just one MBS ,
few failures would not ruin the entirety of investment
- Banks assumed that housing prices would continue
to increase,
2007 – home prices stopped increasing as supply
caught up with demand. Resulting to families not
paying their loans, and triggered the rapid selling of
MBS.
September 2008 – Lehman Brothers and other major
investment banks collapsed
Global Multiplier Effect – sent ripples over the world,
Ex. Iceland‟s banks heavily depended on
foreign capital so when crisis hit them, they failed to
refinance their loans, as a result three of Iceland‟s top
commercial banks defaulted. 2007 – 2008 Iceland‟s
debt increased more than 7 fold
Spain and Greece – countries heavily indebted
Greece – forced by Germany and IMF to cut back on
its social and public spending ( Affecting pension,
health care, and various forms of social security)
President Barack Obama – pushed a large Keynesian
– Style Stimulus package, that‟ why US recovered
quickly.
Marie Le Pen‟s Font national In France – blames
immigrants for the woes, claiming that they steal jobs
and leech welfare.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY
- Solution to financial crisis as closing national
economies to world trade won‟t work,
Exports – make the economies grown in the present
US, Japan, Member countries of European Union –
responsible for 65% of global exports.
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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OTHER COUNTRIES – responsible for 29% of export
2011 – Philippines , India, China, Argentina, Brazil,
and other developing countries was accounter for
51% of global experts while advanced nations – had
gone to 45%
Trade Liberalization – WTO – led reduction of trade
barriers.
According to IMF – global per capita GDP rose over
5 fold in the second half of 20th century, this growth
created large Asian Economies ( Japan, China,
Korea, Hongkong, and Singapore)
Developed Countries are protectionists- they
implement laws to safeguard their primary products.
EXAMPLES OF PROTECTIONIST COUNTRIES
1. Japan – refused for rice imports into the country for
they believe that rice is “sacred”, its economic muscle
resists pressures to open its agricultural sector
2. United States – protects its sugar industry, forcing
consumers to pay higher prices instead of getting
cheaper sugar from plantations of Central America
Transnational Corporations (TNC) – beneficiaries of
global commerce. This TNCs are concerned more
with profits that with assisting the social program of
the governments
“Race to the Bottom” – refers to countries lowering
their labor standards, including the protection of
worker‟s interests, to lure in foreign investor seeking
high profit margins at lowest cost possible.
- Government weakens environmental laws to
encourage foreign investments.
Walden Bello (Focus on the Global South) – us used
its power under the GATT system to prevent
Philippine importers from purchasing Philippine
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
poultry and pork- even it is sold meat to the States / Governments – are key drivers of global
Philippines, process

Walden noted that the Philippines became a net food THE ATTRIBUTE‟S OF TODAY‟S GLOBAL SYSTEM
importer under the GATT
Four Key Attributes of World Politics
1993 – coconut exports amounted to $l.9 billion, the
country had an agricultural trade surplus $292 million, 1. There are countries or states that are independent
and govern themselves
1997 – coconut exports amounted to $2.3 billion, the
country had an deficit of $764 million in agricultural 2. These countries interact with each other through
trade. diplomacy

2000 – coonut exports amounted to $ 1.9 billion, 3. There are international organizations like UN that
deficit of $794 million in agricultural trade facilitate there interactions

CONCLUSION 4. Beyond simply facilitating meeting between states,

international organizations also take on lives of their
International Economic Integration - central tent of own.
globalization
Nation – State – relatively modern phenomenon in
Changes In the Economy – globalization is where human history, and people did not always ORGANIZE
anchored. themselves as COUNTRIES, people belonging to
nation-state see themselves as member of larger
LESSON 3 (A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS – political categories (Ex, Christendom (Chirstian
CREATING INTERNATIONAL ORDER) World)
Scholars are interested in the following political - Not all states are nations and not all nations are
topics: states.
1. History of bureaucracy Ex, Scotland – has its own flag and national culture,
2. Interaction between states, rather that internal but still belongs to a state called UK
politics Bangsamoro – many believes that it is a separate
nation existing within the Philippines, but recognizes
3. Trade deals between states
the authority of Philippine State.
4. International Relation - Political, Military, and
There are states, with multiple nations, there are
other diplomatic engagements.
single nations with multiple states (Example, Nation
Internationalization – deepening interactions between of Korea is divided into North and South Korea and
states this is also a major part of globalization „Chinese Nation refers to both the People‟s Republic
of China (mainland) and Taiwan)
Globalization – encompasses a multitude of
connections and interactions that cannot be reduced DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
to the ties between governments.
State – refers to the country and its government
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
4 Attributes of State
1. Exercises authority over a specific population
(citizens)
2. It governs specific territory
3. A state has a structure of government (laws)
4. The state has sovereignty (Internal and External
Authority) over its territory
Internal Sovereignty – no people or groups can
operate In a given national territory by ignoring the
state.
External Sovereignty – State‟s policies and
procedures are independent of the intervention of
other states.
Nation – According to Benedict Anderson is an
“imagined community”.
- Nation is limited because it does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”
- Nations limit themselves to people who have
imbibed a particular culture, speak a common
language, and live in a specific territory.
- Nation creates a feeling of connection (Cheering for
a Filipino Contestant on an international competition)
- Most nations strive to become a state.
- Nation builders feel a sense of fulfillment when that
national deal assumes an organizational form whose
authority and power are recognized and accepted by
“the people”
- Communities that are not states often seek some
form of autonomy within their “Mother states” (Ex.
Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada,
has different laws of language (French for their
citizens) )
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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Scotland – is a part of UK but has a strong
independence movement led by the Scottish
Nationalist party
Nationalism – facilitates state formation
Sovereignty – one of the fundamental principles of
modern state politics
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Treaty of Wesphalia – origin of the concept of
sovereignty, which was a set of agreements signed in
1648 to end the 30 years war between major
continental powers of Europe
After brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestans – Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden, and Dutch Republic designed a system that
would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the
treaty signers exercise COMPLETE control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other‟s affairs.
Westphalian System - provided stability for the
nations of Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte – challenged Westphalian
System by believing in spreading the principles of
French Revolution – Liberty, Equality and Fraternity ,
thus challenged the powers of KINGS, NOBILITY and
RELIGION in EUROPE.
Napeleonic Wars – lasted from 1803 – 1815 with
Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of
Europe.
Napoleonic Code – forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, promoted
meritocracy in government service. (This shocked
monarchies)
Anglo and Prussian armies – defeated Napoleon in
the Battle of Waterloo in 1815
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
METTERNICH SYSTEM nations of the world (RETRIBUTIVISM,
CATEGORICAL)
- A system named after Austrian Diplomat , Klemens
von Metternich – system‟s main architech) 2. Social Internationalism -

- This lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World - Jeremy Bentham- British Phiospoher coined
War 1 „international‟ in 1780

Concert of Europe – Alliance of Great Powers (United
Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Prussia)
GOAL: sought to restore the world of
monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges, and to
restore the sovereignty of states.
- Up until now, “great powers‟ have still significant
influence over world politics ( UN, security Council
has a 5 permanent member all having veto powers
over council‟s decision – making process)
- advocated the creation of “international law”
- propose the legislation that would create “ the
greatest happiness of all nations taken together”
(UTILITARIANISM)
Giuseppe Mazzini – was the 19th century Italian
patriot . First thinker to reconcile nationalism with
liberal internationalism
- He was a major critic of the Metternich system

INTERNATIONALISM - He believed wit Republican government (without

kings, queens , hereditary succession)
- this is defined as the desire for greater cooperation
and unity among states and people (Desire to - “Free Independent states would be the basis of an
establish a global government) equally free, cooperative international system.”

- He is a nationalist internationalist who believes that

free, unified nation – states should be the basis of
TWO BROAD CATEGORIS OF global cooperation
INTERNATIONALISM
Woodrow Wilson – United States President who was
1. Liberal Internationalism – first thinker in 18th influenced by Mazzini.
Century was German Philosopher Immanuel Kant.
- He saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
- Kant likened states like people in a territory internationalism

- If people need laws to avoid lawlessness, states

need it as well.
Principle of Self- Determination – by Woodrow Wilson
- Without the form of world fovernment, the
international system would be chatotic. - belief that the world‟s nations had a right to a free,
and sovereign government..
- Kant imagined a form of global government
Woodrow Wilson – became the most notable
- establish a continuously growing state consisting of advocate for the creation of the League of nations,
various nations which will ultimately include the

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
League of Nation – at the end of World War I, he
pushed to transform it into a venue for conciliation
and arbitration to prevent another war. - Karl Marx placed a premium on economic equality.

Nobel Peace Prize (1919) – awarded to Woodrow TWO DIVISIONS OF COUNTRIES (KARL MARX)
Wilson
1. Capitalist Class – business owners
- The United Nations was not able to join the league
2. Proletariat Class – workers of capitalists
due to strong opposition of the Senate.
Marx and Friedrich Engels – a socialist revolution
- The League failed to hinder World War II seeing to overthrow the state and alter the economy,
TWO POWERS OF WORLD WAR II the proletariat “had no nation”

1. Axis Powers – Hitler‟s Germany, Mussolini‟s Italy,
and Hirohito‟s Japan. – ultra nationalists that had an
instinctive disdain for internationalism and preferred
violently impose their dominance over nation
2. Allied Powers – United States, United Kingdom,
France, Holland, Belgium.
FAMOUS BATTLE CRY of Proletariat class “Workers
of the world, UNITE!, You have nothing to lose but
your chains”
Socialist International (SI) – followers of Karl max
established , was a European socialist and labor
parties established in Paris in 1889

INSTITUTIONS RESULTING FROM THE LEAGUE SI ACHIEVEMENTS

1. World Health Organizaion (WHO) 1. Declaration of May 1 Labor Day

2. International Labour Organization (ILO) 2. Creation of Internation Women‟s Day

League of Nations – was the concretization of the 3. Successfully campaigned for 8-hour work day
concepts of liberal internationalism, democracy, self – - SI collapsed in World War I
determination, and republic ideas of other great
thinkers (Kant, Wilson, Mazzini) Russian Revolution (1917) – Czar Nicholas II was
replaced by revolutionary government led by
Karl Marx – German Socialist, Philosopher one of the
Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin
biggest critics of Mazzini
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – the new
- Was also an internationalist but he did not believe in
formed party
nationalism.
Bolsheviks – did not believe in obtaining power for the
- According to him “Any true form of internationalism working class through elections, instead they lead
should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted
parties to revolution.
people in domestic concerns instead of global ones”
Communist party – present call for Bolsheviks
REASON: Nationalism prevents workers to unite
because of this they remain workers of capitalist class

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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Communist International (Comintern) –established by Jack Lule – asked “Could global trade evolved
Lenin in 1919 – central body in directing Communist without a flow of information on markers, prices,
parties around the world. commodities, and more?.. etc. “

- Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941 - Lule describe media as “ a means of
conveying something, such as a channel of
Joseph Stalin – Lenin Successor dissolved Comintern communication”
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) – Person’s voice – is itself a medium (singular of
reestablishment of comintern media)
OUTCOME : Soviet Union took over the countries of DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEDIA
Eastern Europe when US , the Soviet Union, Great
Britain divided the war – torn Europe into their sphere 1. Print Media – books, magazines and newspapers
of influences.
2. Broadcast Media – radio, film and television
1991 – Soviet Union collapsed
3. Digital Media – internet and mobile mass
1951 – SI was reestablished – but its influenced communication
remained only in Europe
4. Internet media – e-mail, internet sites, social
- Liberal Internationalism is still be ascendant, evident media, internet – based video and audio
to this is the rise of the United Nations as the center
of global governance Marshall McLuhan – declared that the medium is the
message.

EFFECTS OF TELEVISION TO SOCIETIES

Television – was introduced in 1960‟s

- shapes the social behaviors of users and reorient

family behavior. (Family in dinner – telling stories,
family in living room –watching and munching their
food)

- drawn away people from other meaningful activities

LESSON 7: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION such as playing games and reading books

GLOBALIZATION – involves spread of ideas (LGBT EFFECT OF SMARTPHONES

equality) 1. Communication – there is no way for couples not to
- involves the spread of various culture (Psy get in touch
Gangnam Style) 2. Expand people‟s senses because they provide the
- Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for capability to talk to more people instantaneously and
the spread of global culture and ideas. simultaneously

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
McLuhan – further stated that media simultaneously - these critiques neglected the other global flows of
extend and amputate human senses. information that the media can enable

CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

EX. OF AMPUTATION OF HUMAN SENSES 1. Media messages are not just made by
producers, they are also consumed by audience
1. May expand the reach of communication, but dull
the user‟s communicative capacities - people view media texts in their own cultural lenses

2. Invention of paper in Egypt dulled people‟s Ien Ang – Indonesian cultural critic – studied
capacity to remember. watchers of Dallas in Netherlands

3. Mobile phones make users easily distractible and - she noted that viewers put a lot of
more prone to multitasking emotional energy into the process

McLuhan – new media nether inherently good nor Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes – texts are received
bad. He made examination of electronic media in differently by varied interpretive communities because
1960‟s they derived diff. meaning and pleasures from this
texts.
- declared that television was turning the
world into a “global village” (listening to television Russians - suspicious of Dallas‟s content
daily may contract the perception of the world)
Americans – Dallas was primarily about the lives of
- McLuhan and other scholars thought global the rich
media had a tendency to homogenize culture –
(spread of global media make people read, listen, and 2. Renewed strength of regional trends in
watch the same things globalization process

Cultural Imperialism – happened when America‟s - Ex. Hello Kitty & Mario (Tokyo, Korean Pop
power became world‟s cultural heavyweight, (Korea), sushi, Philippine‟s Jollibee chain in Brunei,
Korean telenovelas
- media globalization coupled with American
Hegemony created cultural imperialism - globalization does NOT overwhelming of foreign
cultures over local ones
- American culture and traditions will
overwhelm others - globalization remains as an uneven process but
promotes cultural change & dynamism
Herbert Schiller – 1976 – argued the spread of
American capitalist values like consumerism SOCIAL MEDIA AND CREATION OF CYBER
GHETOES
John Tomlinson – a simply euphemism for “Western
Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes “ - globalization of ideas and culture can move in
Homogenized , westernized, consumer culture” different directions

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
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1. It has a democratized access – free access Globalization is SPATIAL:

Ex. Uprisings of 2011 (Arab Spring) – 1. It occurs in physical places – foreign investments,
opposing the authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, capital move through a city, skyscrapers, purchase of
Libta, used twitter to disseminate information, condominium units by Filipinos

- women‟s march against Donald Trump 2. It is spatial because what makes it move is the fact
started from a tweet of an Hawaii lawyer. that is based in places –

2. Users can be consumers and producers of Los Angeles – Home of the Hollywood,
information simultaneously where films are made for global consumption

DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA Tokyo – Headquarters of Sony, where the

company coordinates it sales across the world
1.Splinternet – and the phenomenon of
cyberalkankanization City – mediums of globalization

Cyberalkanization – various bubbles people Rate of People living in urban Areas:

place themselves in when they are online
1950 – 30 % 2014 – 54% 2050 – 66%
Ex. Democratic Party read liberal sites,
Republican Party read conservative websites. DEFINING GLOBAL CITY

2. Social Media makes people more partisan and Saskia Sassen – popularized the term “global city” in
closed minded. the 1990s.

3. Social Media Bubbles can produce herd mentality - - She identifies three global cities : New York, London
and Tokyo
Herd Mentality – reads on what ones believe is true
and its group believes as well New York, London, & Tokyo – hubs of
global finance and capitalism and home of world‟s top
- used by politician for a cheap political stock exchanges
propaganda
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) – New York
Ex. Vladimir Putin hired armies of social media to
manipulate public opinion through fake news Financial Times Stock Exchange ( FTSE ) –
London
- By spreading fake news, Putin helped
Trump to win the election. Nikkei – Tokyo

4. Fake Information can spread easily through social $19,300 Billion – amount of shares of NYSE
media. $231.3 Billion – amount of shares of Philippine Stock
Alternative facts – term of Trump‟s senior advisers Exchange
for FAKE NEWS
Big Apple - New York
LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY
*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Home of the most powerful internet companies 2. Global Cities are centers of authority
(Facebook, Twitter, and Google ) – San Francisco
Washington D.C- not as wealthy as New York, seat
Growth of Chinese Economy – turned cities like of American state power.
Shanghai, Beijing ,and Guangzhou into centers of
trade and finance Major Landmarks of Washington: Congress,
Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, Supreme
Shanghai Stock Exchange – was reopened in late court,
1990s, it became the 5th largest stock market in the
world Canberra – not wealthy as Sydney and Melbourne,
Australia‟s political capital
Sydney – commands the greatest proportion of
capital in Australia 3. Centers of Political Influence –

Melbourne – Sydney‟s rival “global city” Headquarters of:

- magazines referred to as the most “livable a.) UN – New York

city”- good transpo, thriving cultural scene, easy pace
b.) European Union – Brussels
of life
c.) ASEAN – Jakarta, Indonesia
INDICIATORS OF GLOBALITY
d.) European Central Bank – Frankfurt, Germany
1. Economic Power
4. Centers of higher learning and culture – city‟s
New York – greatest stock market In the intellectual influence can be seen in its publishing
world industry
Tokyo – houses the most number of - most articles people read are published in places
corporate headquarters (613 of Tokyo V.S. 217 of like New York, London, and Paris (ex. New York
N.Y.)
Times)
Shanghai – plays a critical role in global Boston – Home of Harvard University
economic supply chain
Australia – English – language universities there is
- Busiest container port in the world (33 what teenagers‟ reason in moving in cities
million container units in 2013)
- Education is 3rd largest export – it made
China – manufacturing center of the world. $19.2 billion dollars ($14 Billion USD) in education
San Francisco Bay Area – IT programmers and Copenhagen – can be toured with a bike in 30m,
engineers from Asia preferred place capital of Denmark
- significant figure in Silicon Valley‟s Tech. - Culinary capitals of the world – birthplace
Boom of “New Cordic” cuisine
London – preferred destination of Filipino Nurses

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Manchester, England – home of post- punk and Richard Florida – ecologists have found
New Wave bands – Joy Division, Smiths, and Happy that by concentrating populations in smaller areas, it
Mondays decrease human encroachment on natural habitats.

Singapore – houses the region‟s top television Ex. Denser settlement patters yields to
stations and news organization (MTV Southeast Asia energy savings. (Efficient transportation tend to drive
and Channel News Asia) less and cut carbon emission)

SONGS ABOUT NEW YORK New York – lowest per capita carbon footprint in U.S.

1. Empire State of Mind – Jay Z and Alicia Keys Los Angeles – are urban sprawls, with massive
freeways that force residents to spend money on cars
2. New York, New York – Simon and Garfunkel and gas
Berlin and Tokyo –offer some of the best Turkish Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai – although dense,
food outside Turkey lack of efficient transpo., made them polluted.
Manila – is not very global because of foreign City – consume only 2% of world‟s land mass, but
residents consumes 78% of global energy
Singapore – yes it is a global because it has foreign Vertical Farms – technique that used abandoned
population of 38% building for farms in N.Y.
CRITERIAS OF CITY ECONOMIC 2. Cities especially those with global influence are
COMPETITIVENESS obvious targets of terrorists
- prescribed by the Economist Intelligence Unit Ex. 9/11 attack of Twin Towers of World
1. Market Size 3. Size of Middle Trade Center in New York
Class - November 2015 coordinated attacks in
paris by zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and the
2. Purchasing power of citizens 4. Potential for growth
Levant (ISIL)
Singapore – Asia‟s most competitive city
- Trump towers may be subject to terrorism it
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY is in Istanbul and Manila.

- can produce great inequality, poverty, and THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
tremendous violence
Scandinavia – found ways to mitigate inequality
PATHOLOGIES OF THE GLOBAL CITY through state – led social redistribution programs.

- based on the research of the Chicago Council on Manila, Mumbai and Jakarta – where it is common
Global Affairs to find gleaming buildings alongside massive
shantytowns
1. Cities can be sustainable because of their density

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Outside N.Y. and San Francisco – poor enclaves – global agricultural population ( GAP ) DECLINED
occupied by African –American and immigrant from 50% (1980) to 37 % (2011) of world‟s total
families population

Gentrifications – driving out the poor in favor of “Nourishing the Planet” – a blog site that stated that
newer wealthier residents GAP raised from 2.2 billion (1980) to 2.6 billion (2011)

France – poor Muslim Migrans are forced out of Paris
and have clustered around ethnic enclaves known as
banlieue
- Middle class is thinning out, for high income earners
hire unskilled labor force (hotel cleaners, nannies,
maids, waitresses), meanwhile , middle – income jobs
in manufacturing and business (call center) are
moving to other countrieS
REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Migration – one of the reasons why urban population
raised
- by the 21st century, the world has been 44%
URBAN, for developed countries are 52% to 75%
International Migration – also a reason for the
increase of urban population
-191 million people live in countries other
than their own

UN – projected that 2.2 million will move from the

LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
developing world to the first world countries
Demography – is a complex discipline that requires
PERILS OF OVEPOPULATION
the integration of carious social scientific data.
Thomas Malthus – who warned in his 1798 “An
Will a child be an economic asset or burden to the
Essay on the Principle of Population “ that population
family?
growth will inevitably exhaust WORLD FOOD
Farm & small by – the – street corner enterprises SUPPLY
– more children the better it will be
Paul R. Ehrlich & Anne Ehrlich – wrote The
Urbanized, professional and educated families – Population Bomb in 1960
desire just one or two progenies because they are
The Population Bomb – argued overpopulation in
committed with their respective professions and has
the 1970s and 1980s will bring about global
sights of long – term savings plans
environmental disasters that would lead to FOOD
Rural Families – view multiple children and large SHORTAGE and MASS STARVATION
kinship networks as CRITICAL INVESTMENTS
RECOMMENDATIONS OF US IN GLOBAL
- regions that rely on agriculture tend to maintain high POPULATION CONTROL
levels of population growth
1. Bizarre – chemical castration
1980 UN report – “these areas contained 85% of the
2. Policy – Oriented – taxing an additional child and
wold rural population in 1975 and are projected to
luxury taxes on child – related products
contain 90 % by the end of 20th century “

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
3. Monetary Incentives – paying off men who would
agree to be sterilized after 2 children
4. Institution – Building – a powerful Deparment off
Population Environment
1.8 % - 2.06% - growth rate from 1955 to 1975
Philippines, China and India – in mid – 20th century
sought to lower birth rates.
Widespread Poverty, Mass Hunger, and Political
Instablity – results of overpopulation
Foreign Affairs – 1958 American Policy Journal that
advocated “contraception and sterilization”
May 2009 – American Billionaires warned of how a
“nightmarish” explosion of people can result to
ENVIRONEMNTAL, SOCIAL AND INTRUSTRIAL
threat
Puerto Rico – Reproductive health supporters regard
their work as the task of transforming their “poor
country” into modern nation
- Governments determine “birth – control “ programs
Irresponsible Fecundity – Egyptias‟ reason for run
on in population growth
Libidinal Tendencies – Iranian‟s reason for
population growth
India – from 1920 onwards, the Indian Government “
Marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as
hypersexual and hyper fecund
China – sterilization for those violators of one – child
policy
Vietnam and Mexico – conducted coervice mass
sterilization
IT‟S THE ECONOMY NOT THE BABIES
*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
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*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
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Betsy Hartmann – disagrees with the advocates of
neo – Malthusian theory and accused governments of
using population control
- Many pointed that growth in population of many
countries in 1960s aided economic development
- there is a shift in population ( from rural to urban
areas ) - 52% TO 75 % in developing world
Median Age – 29 .4 years (Females) , 30.9 (males) in
the cities means a young working population
- There are some assumptions that having a baby
boom, can mean that there will be more workers per
dependents and production will increase relative to
consumption – GDP then will receive a boost.
East Asia – productive capacities of this generation
are high
Infant Mortality – 183 to 34 per 1000 births between
1950 and 2000
Fertility Rate – 2 to 6 children per woman
- this both decrease and increase in mortality and
fertility rate, resulted to a baby – boom generation
- Growth of working – age population grew nearly four
times faster than the dependent population
Green Revolution – create high – yielding varieties
of rice and other cereals.
- in 1950 to 1984, global grain production increased
by over 250 %
- If governments push through birth control programs
they must also include inclusive growth and greener
economic growth
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
World Population – 7.4 Billion (today ), predicted to
be 9.5 Billion (2050), 11.2 billion (2100)
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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Median Age – 30.1(overall), 29.4 (Male), 30.9 b.) workers who stay in a country for fixed
(Female) period (at least 6 mos. In a year)

- 90% of population growth will happen in the c.) Illegal Immigrants

developing countries
d.) Migrants whose families have petitioned
- In developed countries, population is stable in them to move to the destination country
general
e.) Refugees – also known as asylum –
- In most advanced countries, population is declining seekers
(Singapore and Japan)
247 Million – no. of people currently living outside the
- by 2050 the population will stabilize at 9 billion countries of birth

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – warns 50% of global migrants – moved from the
that in order for countries to mitigate impact of developing countries to the developed zones of the
population growth, food production must increase by world and contribute from 40% to 80% of their labor
70% force

1. Annual Cereal production – must rise to 3 McKinsey Global Institute – first – generation
billion tons from 2.1 billion tons immigrants constitute 13 percent of the population in
Western Europe, 15% in North America, 48% in the
2. Annual Meat Production – must rise 470 GCC countries
million tons from 200 million tons
Percentage of Migrants in Cities – 92% in US, 95%
- FAO recommends that countries increase their in UK, 99% in Australia
investments in AGRICULTURE, craft LONG –TERM
POLICIES, and RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT COUNTRY CONTRIBUTION % OF GDP
U.S $ 2 trillion 11%
- FAO suggests that governments must keep their U.K $390 billion 14%
markets open Germany $550 billion 17%
Canada $ 320 billion 21%
LESSON 10: GLOBAL MIGRATION Australia $330 billion 25%
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

1. Internal Migration – refers to people moving from

one are to another within one country

2. International Migration – people cross borders of

one country to another

a.) Immigrants – who move permanently to

another country

*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much
as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material
or reliability of any information written.
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