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PCM 30 Frame 2
PCM 30 Frame 2
P(ulse)C(ode)M(odulation)-Hierarchy
starting with PCM 30 level interleaving 4 incoming channels bitwise frequency difference pseudo synchronous: Plesiochronous System Due to missing incoming bits stuffing bits are necessary
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PCM-Hierarchy
Systems/channels PCM 30 PCM 120 PCM 480 PCM 1920 PCM 7680 Bitrate in MHz (Mbps) 2,048 8,448 34,368 139,264 564,992
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10
11
12
1 TM
10
11
12
fTS Frequency of the sending systems f TM Frequency of the multiplexers S Stuffing bit
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1 1
0 2
1 3
1 4
0 1
1 2
0 3
0 4
1 1
0 2
1 3
0 4
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PCM 30 (1)
Combination of 30 ( speech) channels 64 Kbps 2 additional channels for administration RK frame marking channel, M messaging channel, Z bundeling channel Frequency of 2.048 (15010-6) MHz nominal Bitrate of 2.048 Mbps Frame duration: 125 s (due to 256 frame bits)
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PCM 30 (2)
0 1 2 3 ...... 15 16 17 K15 Z K16 ^ 256 Bit = 125 s
X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 X 1 D N Y Y Y Y
......
30 31
RK K1 K2 K3
K29 K30 M K1
RKK
0 0 0 0 0 DK NK 0 S1 S16 S2 S17
MK
. . .
. . .
S15
S30
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Example
A PCM 30 frame consists of 256 bits and takes 125 s to be placed. If we consider two PCM 30 systems and a constant frequency departure of 10-5. So the frequencies differ by f = 10-5 2.048 106 Hz = 20.48 Hz. Hence 20.48 times per second the faster system sends one more bit. So after every 1000 ms / 20.48 = 48.83 ms the faster system has sent the same number of bits as the slower system PLUS one bit. Considering the frame duration of 125 s after 48.83 ms / 125 s per frame = 390 frames a bit deviation occurs. If these systems should be arranged without any loss of information, a stuffing bit should be inserted referring to the faster system.
block 1
12 RK/M 200
block 4
208 RK/M
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 D N
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
......
1 2 3 4
RK/M of block1 is the frame identifier St of block 2 through 4 contains information about the stuffing bits S of block 4 contains the stuffing bits Although four PCM30 systems are interleaved by PCM120 system four PCM30 frames fit exactly into one PCM120 frame. The bits of the different PCM30 systems are interleaved disregarding the beginning and the end of the particular frames.
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St of block 3
2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1
St of block 4
3.2 3.3 3.4
With the knowledge about the St sections of each block we can get some information about the stuffing bits by having a look to the stuffing bit signalisation: stuffing bit signalisation for system 1: 1.1 2.1 3.1 stuffing bit signalisation for system 2: 1.2 2.2 3.2 stuffing bit signalisation for system 3: 1.3 2.3 3.3 stuffing bit signalisation for system 4: 1.4 2.4 3.4 (x.y represents a bit, x = 1,2,3, y = 1,2,3,4) With the following table we can decide whether a stuffing bit exits or not: stuffing bit inserted no stuffing bit inserted if if 111 000 110 001 101 010 011 100
Given is a frame for a PCM 120 system. The St sections are keeping the following bit combinations: - block 2: 0111 - block 3: 1101 - block 4: 0101. How are the bits in section S of block 4 are to be interpreted? The section S of block 4 contains no stuffing bit for the system 1 (stuffing bit signalisation is 010), a stuffing bit for system 2 (stuffing bit signalisation is 111), no stuffing bit for system 3 (stuffing bit signalisation is 100) and a stuffing bit for system 4 (stuffing bit signalisation is 111).
A PCM 120 system is given, that means there exits an output rate of 8448000 bit/s. The four (multiplexed) systems have a output data rate of 2048000 bit/s. How many stuffing bits per second are sent in average?
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