LESSON 2.
3 MODERN AGE  Johannes Kepler – Three Laws of Planetary
The Modern Era includes the early period,
called the early modern period, which lasted
from 1500 - present. The Modern Period
covers human history from the creation of a
more global network to present day.
A. Early Modern Period
 The Renaissance is a period in the history
of Europe beginning in about 1300-1600,
and following the medieval period.
“Renaissance” is a French word meaning
“rebirth”
 The Scientific Revolution was the
emergence of modern science during the
early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology (including human anatomy), and
chemistry transformed societal views
about nature that unfolded in Europe
roughly during 1550-1700. The Scientific
Revolution began in Europe toward the
end of the renaissance period, and
continued through the late 18th century
influencing the intellectual social
movement known as Enlightenment.
 The Age of Enlightenment period of the
Modern Era of philosophy corresponds
roughly to the 18th Century (1700). In
general terms, the Enlightenment was an
intellectual movement developed mainly
in France and Germany, which advocated
`freedom, democracy and reason as the
primary values of society.
Famous Scientists during the Scientific Revolution
 Galileo Galilei - Father of Modern
Astronomy; Father of Modern Physics; Albert
Einstei called him Father of Modern Science.
 Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory.
 Postmodernity is the state or condition of
Motion (1) All planets move about the sun in
elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the
foci. (2) A radius vector joining any planet to
the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
lengths of time. (3) The squares of the sidereal
periods (of revolution) of the planets are
directly proportional to the cubes of their
mean distance to the Sun.
 Sir Isaac Newton – Father of Calculus and
formulated the Universal Law of Gravitation
and the Famous Laws of Motion.
B. Mid Modern Period
 Industrial Revolution 1700’s. From the
introduction of the first viable Steam
Engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712,
the invention of steam engine was crucial to
the industrialization of modern civilization,
for almost 200 years it was the outstanding
source of power industry and transport
system in the West.
 The Progressive Era was a period of
widespread social activism and political
reform across the United States that
spanned from the 1890s to 1920s. The main
objectives of the Progressive movement
were eliminating problems caused by
industrialization, urbanization, immigration,
and corruption in government.
 Machine Age is an era that includes the
early 20th century, sometimes also
including the late 19th century. An
approximate dating would be about 1880 to
1945. It forms a late part of the Second
Industrial Revolution
C. Contemporary Period
The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where
modern physics saw new applications such as the
atomic bomb, the first computers, and transistor.
being postmodern - after or in reaction to that
which is modern, as in postmodern art.
Postmodernism a late-20th -century style and
concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism
that represents a departure from modernism
and has at its heart a general distrust of grand
theories and ideologies as well as a
problematical relationship with any notion of
“art”.
 World War I was a situation where defensive
technologies were far superior to offensive
ones-trenches, bunkers and machine guns
were far superior to artillery and infantry
running while defended by a thin layer of
uniform made out of cotton. The mobile
technology of the day – cavalry – was
rendered irrelevant. Air power did not play a
major role.
 Atomic Age or World War II. The Atomic
Era, is the period of history following the
detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity,
on July 16, 1945, during World War II. New
weapons made warfare much more mobile -
mainly tanks but also air power. That made
World War II much more about maneuvering
than about fortification and concentration of
firepower to thin defensive line. As the
Germans learned first and Allies, learned next,
tactics, intelligence, and maneuvering ruled
the battlefield of the 1940s, not trenches and
barbed wire.
Some technologies that shaped World War II
 Airplanes - fighters and bombers
 Submarines (started in WWI but matured in
WWII)
 Radar
 Sonar
 Tanks
  Code-breaking
 Electronic warfare
 Atomic bomb
 Space Age is a time period encompassing the
activities related to Space Race, space
exploration, space technology, and cultural
developments influenced by these events. The
space age is generally considered to have
begun with Sputnik.
 Information Age also known as the
Computer Age, Digital Age or New Media
Age is a historic period in the 21st century
characterized by the rapid shift from
traditional industry that the Industrial
revolution brought through industrialization,
to an economy based on information
technology. This era brought about a time
period in which people could access
information and knowledge easily.
Other Significant Highlights during the Modern Age:
PASTEURIZATION
 It is the process of heating dairy products to
kill harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil
faster
 It is a better means of production to meet the
needs for population, food preservation and
food safety
 It was invented by Louis Pasteur (French
biologist, microbiologist and chemist)
 advantage: milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period
 prevents illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
PETROLEUM REFINER
 Modern times demanded better means of
powering homes and transportation
 They used animal oils for generating light to
illuminate their homes
 Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining
petroleum
 KEROSENE was later on referred to as the
illuminating oil (was used at first to provide
lightning at homes) and then was used for
heating purposes
 the development of Kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry
 At present, petroleum is used in poring
automobiles, factories and power plants
TELEPHONE
 The more people got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed a way to
easily maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real time
 It was one of the most important inventions at
that time and was invented by ALEXANDER
Graham Bell
CALCULATOR
 Was invented to make easier way for
arithmetic calculations
 It resulted in the development of more
complex processing machine like compute
LESSON 3. Historical antecedents in which social
considerations changed the course of science and
technology IN THE PHILIPPINES
Despite the Philippines being considered as a
developing country, its contribution to
global advancement of science and technology is also
remarkable. The Philippines is known to be one of the
most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters.
Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the
Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical
environment.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Science and Technology in the Philippines had
experienced periods of intense growth as well as long
periods of stagnation
 The main managing agency responsible for science
and technology is the Department of Science and
Technology.
 Numerous national scientists have contributed in
different fields of science including Fe del Mundo in
the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the
field of plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of
tropical marine phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of
food technology and many more.
PRE-SPANISH ERA
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the
Philippine islands, the of the Philippine archipelago
already had practices linked to science and
technology.
 Filipinos were already aware of the medical and
therapeutic properties of plants
and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
 They already had an alphabet number system, a
weighing and measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering
by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 The colonization of the Philippines contributed to
the growth of science and technology in the
archipelago.
 The Spanish introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution.
 During the early years of Spanish rule in the
Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was
taught.
 Sanitation and more advanced methods of
agriculture were taught to natives.
 Later the Spanish established colleges and
universities in the archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the University of Santo
Tomas.
 The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine
colonial economy.
 Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard
Colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits.
 The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of
European visitors to the Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who was
probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the age of
Enlightenment.
AMERICAN PERIOD
 The progress of Science and Technology in the
Philippines continued under the American rule of the
Islands
They established the public education system
Improved the engineering works and health
conditions of the people.
They established the University of the Philippines
which is a research university.
 The Americans created more public hospitals than
the Spaniards.
 Basic education science focused on nature studies
and sanitation. Later, the subject was formally
called ―Science
 Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera,
and tuberculosis and other
tropical diseases.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 The Japanese occupation of the Philippines
occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial
Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines
during World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December
1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years,
until the surrender of
Japan During this time, many of the established
industries in the Philippines were turned into ashes
and many lives were destroyed. Horses, cars and
trucks were confiscated.
EDUCATION
Under Education, the country was subjected to
Military Order No. 2 on February 17, 1942which
contains the Japanese educational policies that
upholds Six Basic Principles:
1. Realization of new order;
2. Propagation of Filipino Culture;
3. Endeavor to elevate the morals o people, giving up,
over emphasis materialism;
4. The teaching and propagation of Niponggo;
5. Diffusion of elementary and vocational education;
and
6. Promotion of love of labor
The educational system prioritized the opening of
elementary schools and next
was the re-opening of vocational and normal schools
which offers Agriculture, Fisheries, and Engineering.
This classes were composed of sixty students each
 School calendars became longer since there were no
summer vacation
 American songs were banned including American
symbols, poems and pictures
 During the time of Jose P. Laurel, he required
teachers to obtain licenses
TRANSPORTATION
 Transport was a big problem for local people
throughout Japanese occupation because they were in
control of the world’s rubber and many oil fields.
They forced many motor vehicles to run on coal gases
or inferior petrol made from
vegetable sources.
Bicycles were widely used as mode of transport
during the Japanese reign
Public vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be
available for almost all other than
the Japanese.
Generally, there was transportation through land air
and water and machines
were available
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
 People engaged in the sale of food and medicine
particularly the Sulfathiazole, Sulfanilamide and
Quinine for aiding soldiers which were at very high
prize that time.
Owing to economic dislocation and the scarcity of
food, thousands died of malaria, malnutrition,
tuberculosis and other diseases.
Men, women and children suffered and died from
extreme hunger and tropical
ulcer
AGRICULTURE
 Rice production sank and most of the lands were
planted with cotton.
 Coffee and tea were produced but Erzatz and
Mango leaves also became a substitute to these.
INFRASTURCTURE
 Several government corporations were reorganized
and new ones were created
to perform such varied functions as the exploitation
and development of natural resources.
 During Commonwealth, National Power
Corporation (NAPOCOR) was established.
 There were 22,970 km of road in the country, half
of which was in Central and southern Luzon
The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country
maybe strong but the capacity of the country to bring
what has been destroyed was limited. The reparation
funds focused on building some institutions and public
facilities like schools, hospitals, and transportation
system. The reparation money from Japan was also
concentrated on building highways and providing
technological training and human resource
development in the country.
POST COMMONWEALTH ERA
Since the establishment of the New Republic, the
whole nation has been focusing on its limited
resources in improving its science and technological
capability. Human resource development is the heart
of these efforts focusing more on producing engineers,
scientists, technology experts, doctors and other
professionals in the country.
SEVERAL PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
 The conversion of American military jeeps
used in WORLD WAR II into jeepneys
 Another invention is addition of sidecar to
a motorcycle transforming it into a tricycle
to accommodate more passengers
 During rainy season-flooding is common,
Water Technologies headed by Dominic
Chung and Lamberto Armada together
with Chief designer Victor Atoy Llave
invented the SALAMANDER (an amphibious tricycle
that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers
and lakes.)
SALT LAMP
 one of the major needs in the Philippines is
ELECTRIFICATION (electricity powers various
types of machines, including light sources)
 it was invented by Aisa Mijeno (invented
lightning system that utilizes a material
abundant in the Philippines called
saltwater.)
 she invented the SUSTAINABLE
ALTERNATIVE LIGHTNING LAMP (SALT)
— an environment friendly light source that
runs on saltwater.
Advantages:
 safer as it poses no risk of fire and emit no
toxic gases benefit those from far-flung
barrios - they can make their own saltwater
by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass
of tap water.
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
 A common problem in the Philippines is the high
mortality rate of newborn babies due to maybe lack of
available incubators especially in far-flung
barrios due to lack of resources and electricity
 Dr. Fe del Mundo - Filipino pediatrician invented
incubator first Asian woman who admitted into
Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap
materials which did not run on electricity. made by
placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one.
hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to
provide warmth and
makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation
 Main purpose - maintain conditions suitable for a
newborn usually a pre-term baby.
 Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine
attributed to Del Mundo include
her works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet (includes banana and rice)
for curing diarrhea.
EJEEPNEY
Major innovation that changed the
transportation industry in the Philippines
was the development of the jeepney. The iconic public
utility vehicle was built using the military jeeps left by
the Americans after World War II. It utilizes
electricity instead of the more
expensive diesel
 It is environment-friendly (smoke free and
noise free)
MODULE 2 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined
Society
LESSON 1. Scientific Revolution and Some
Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
Science is defined with four perspectives:
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and
all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses
a systematic and practical study of the natural and
physical world. This process of study involves
systematic observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subjector
or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of
knowledge that deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world. This is what
we refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This
explains that science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. It is a
means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s life
Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment
when the developments in the field of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of
society about the nature. It explained the emergence or birth
of modern science as a result of these developments from
the discipline mentioned.
 Scientific revolution is very significant in the
development of human beings, transformation of the society
and in formulation of scientific ideas. In many ways,
scientific revolution transformed the natural world and the
world of ideas.
Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their
curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the
physical and the natural world. Their love for science is
driven by their deep passion to know and to discover.
Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and
publicity they are ordinary people doing extra ordinary
things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their
times, some were sentenced to death, while others were
condemned by the Church during their time. In spite of all
the predicaments ad challenges they experienced, they never
stopped experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new
knowledge and ideas.
In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists
are discussed. It is important to note that these men,
particularly through their ideas had shaken the world.
Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who proposed the
heliocentric system that the planets orbit around the Sun;
that the Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun
annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very
slow changes in the direction of this axis account for the
precession of the equinoxes.
One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the
field of science, is Nicolaus Copernicus.
  In one important way, Copernicus resembled the
Greek ancient philosopher or thinkers – he did not
do anything extensive such as observing heavenly species either came into being at the start of the world or
bodies or inviting people to test his ideas. were created over the course of natural history. In either
 His ideas were an example of whatis presently case, they believed species remained much the same
called as a thought experiment. By the time he throughout time.
finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus had been Sigmund Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis,
a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which
appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in
explains human behaviour. Freud believed that events in our
Poland.
childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping
 Despite his duty as a canon, he had plenty of time our personality. For example, anxiety originating from
to sustain his interest in astronomy. Copernicus traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from
was strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood
published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes (in the form of neuroses).
Mueller. Thus, when we explain our behaviour to us or
 He circulated a summary of his ideas to his ideas to others (conscious mental activity), us rarely give a true
his few close friends in a manuscript called account of our motivation. This is not because we are
Commentariolus (Little Commentary). deliberately lying. While human beings are great deceivers
 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the of others; they are even more adept at self-deception.
Freud also made a significant contribution in the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
scientific world through the development of an important
 Copernicus placed the Sun as the center of the observational method to gather reliable data to study
universe. (Heliocentric) human’s inner life. This method is called psychoanalysis
 Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary which means a scientific way to study the human mind and
motion: neurotic illness.
1. The orbits of the Venus and Mercury lay
inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to
the sun.
2. The orbit of Mars, Saturn, and lay outside
the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the sun.
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed a
theory of evolution based on natural select. He is famous for
his theory of evolution. He published his book The Origin
of Species in 1589. His book The Descent of Man was so
impressive yet so controversial. He introduced all organic
life, including human beings, under the realm of
evolutionary thinking.
Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s theory of evolution declared that species
survived through a process called "natural selection," where
those that successfully adapted or evolved to meet the
changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived and
reproduced, while those species that failed to evolve and
reproduce died off. Darwin’s theory of evolution and the
process of natural selection later became known simply as
“Darwinism.” At the time, other naturalists believed that all