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Grade 6 Natural Sciences and Technology Book
Grade 6 Natural Sciences and Technology Book
Grade 6 Natural Sciences and Technology Book
Contents
Unit 1 – Photosynthesis: Plants and food.......................................................................................................... 5
Unit 2: Plants and Air ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Unit 3 – Nutrients in food: Food groups .......................................................................................................... 12
Unit 4 – Nutrition............................................................................................................................................. 18
Unit 5: Food processing ................................................................................................................................... 24
Unit 6: Methods for food processing .............................................................................................................. 26
Unit 7: What is an ecosystem? ........................................................................................................................ 29
Unit 8: Ecosystems and food webs .................................................................................................................. 32
Unit 9: Food webs ............................................................................................................................................ 34
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Discussion
How can the results of my experiment be used? _______________________
What other questions does my investigation raise? _____________________
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Use this format to follow the design process for your technology projects
Investigate
What must my product do? _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Design and plan
Specifications: What are the specifications? (E.g. instructions, design brief)
Strand 1
Natural Sciences: Life and Living
Technology: Processing
Plants make food that we eat and put oxygen into the air that we breathe. We would not be
able to live without plants and the same for animals.
Food webs
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Lesson 1
The word photosynthesis is derived (comes from) from different words. The word ‘photo’ is
the Greek word for light and ‘synthesis’ is the Greek word for putting together.
Photosynthesis is the use of light to put things together.
Plants also need other substances to make their food. Plants absorb a gas called carbon
dioxide, from the air, through their leaves. Plants absorb water through their roots.
During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sunlight, carbon dioxide gas from
the air and water to make glucose sugar. Plants also produce oxygen during
photosynthesis. Oxygen is a very important gas which living things need to stay alive.
Plants use chlorophyll, sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make food.
Vocabulary
Photosynthesis A process through which plants make their own food from carbon
dioxide and water using light energy from the sun.
Glucose A type of sugar used as an energy source for many living organisms.
Chlorophyll A substance that makes plant green.
Carbon dioxide A gas in the air that plants need for photosynthesis.
Oxygen A gas in the air that living things need.
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Summary
Plants make glucose sugar, mainly in their leaves, through a process called
photosynthesis. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make their food. Plants
change glucose to starch and store it in different parts of the plant. Starch changes iodine
solution from brown-yellow to blue-black.
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Lesson 2
Plants store food as starch
Plants make more glucose than they can immediately use. Plants change some of the
glucose sugar they make in their leaves into starch. The starch is the food that the plant
keeps in reserve. Plants store the starch in their leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and
seeds. There is a lot of starch in potatoes, maize and grains like wheat.
Activity 2
Comparing sugar and starch
Aim
- To compare the appearance, taste and solubility of glucose and starch.
Materials:
You will need:
Glucose powder
Maize flour (maizena)
2 beakers of water
Teaspoons
Method
Steps 1 – Look at the texture and colour of the glucose sugar
and the starch.
Step 2 – Taste the glucose sugar and the starch.
Step 3 – Stir a teaspoon of glucose sugar into a beaker of cold water.
Step 4 – Stir a teaspoon of starch into another beaker of cold water.
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Question – Describe how the glucose sugar and the starch are different in colour,
taste and solubility. Record your results in a table, like the one below.
Glucose Starch
Colour
Taste
Solubility
REMINDER:
Work in groups of 5 or 6. Your teacher will provide the following items for Lesson 3
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Lesson 3
Testing foods for starch
We will experiment to find out which foods contain starch.
Iodine solution can be used to test for starch.
Starch turns yellow/brown iodine solution to a blue /black colour.
Activity 3
Aim
- To test different foods for starch.
If the food contains starch, the yellow/brown iodine will turn blue /black.
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Materials
You will need:
Iodine solution
Plastic droppers
A small amount of cooked rice, flour, a potato, a slice of bread, some cooking oil,
a boiled egg, a piece of cheese and an apple
Method
Steps 1 – Put a few drops of iodine on each piece of food
Step 2 – Check the colour of the iodine solution after 1 to 2 minutes.
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Lesson 4
Read the two case studies below and answer the questions that follow
Case Study 1
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Case Study 2
Why do plants need fertiliser?
If plants make their own food, then why do they need plant food or fertiliser? Plants
need some nutrients that they cannot make themselves. The most important of these
are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Plants get these nutrients from the soil.
The nutrients dissolve in the water and plants absorb the water and the nutrients
through their roots.
Activity 4
1) Explain, using your own words, why Delicious Monster plants have holes in their leaves.
2) List 3 important nutrients plants cannot make themselves.
New words:
Starch – storage product in plant.
Solubility – ability to dissolve.
Nutrients – substances in food that are important for growth or good health.
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During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide from the air and give off or release
oxygen into the air.
All living organisms like humans and animals use the oxygen that the plants release.
We breathe in oxygen from the air around us. We breathe out carbon dioxide into the air.
Plants absorb this carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
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What about plants? Do they breathe? Yes, they do. The correct term for this breathing is
‘respiration’. In darkness, plants only respire. In light (such as sunlight), plants
respire and they carry out photosynthesis.
Respiration Photosynthesis
It takes place in all living plant cells. It only takes place in cells that have chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll gives the cells a green colour.
It occurs in light and dark conditions. It only occurs in light.
Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide and water are Carbon Dioxide and water are used and Oxygen
released. is released.
Respiration uses only a little oxygen and releases very little carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis uses a lot of carbon dioxide and releases a lot of oxygen.
The relationship between these two processes means that plants create more oxygen than
they use and use more carbon dioxide than they release.
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Revision Activity:
2. What is photosynthesis?
3. Where does photosynthesis in the plant mainly take place?
4. Explain why it takes place there.
5. Name three things that plants need from their environment for photosynthesis to take
place.
6. Plants store their food as what?
Summary
Plants use up carbon dioxide and give off oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals and
humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
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There are 7 life processes that every living thing needs: energy to feed, breathe, move,
grow, excrete, sense things and to reproduce.
People and animals get their energy from the food they eat. Everything you eat contains
nutrients. Nutrients are substances in food that keep your body healthy. Foods can be
grouped according to their functions in your body and the main nutrients they supply. Most
natural foods contain a mixture of more than one nutrient group.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates give living organisms energy. Carbohydrates are used by the body to keep
it warm and to provide all the energy it needs for growth and movement. Without
carbohydrates you will be too tired to walk, run, and dance or even to think. Carbohydrate
foods contain sugars and starch.
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Proteins
Living organisms need proteins to build and repair their bodies and
for growth. Proteins also help living things fight sicknesses and they
help the immune system fight off infections. Proteins also make up
part of the red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen
from the lungs to the rest of the body. Muscles and organs are
mostly made up of proteins. Proteins are part of everything in the
human body, such as bones, hair, skin and nails.
It is important to get proteins from a variety of foods such as: meat, fish, eggs, nuts, and
beans. Eating the right amount of protein is important to help repair any tissues that are
damaged through normal use over the years. Proteins give the body strength and are very
important for muscle growth.
Activity 6
1. Why is it useful to know which foods contain starch?
2. Name one advantage of eating foods that contain starch?
3. Does bread contain starch? Give a reason to support your answer.
4. What substance is used to test for starch?
5. Why is this substance used for a starch investigation?
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Activity 7
Draw a table with two columns, in your workbooks.
Carbohydrates Proteins
You can draw examples of the different foods or use pictures from magazines.
Vocabulary
Nutrients The important parts of food needed by the body for energy and good
health.
Diet The different foods a person or animal eats.
Food groups The main types of food.
Immune system The system in the body that protects it from diseases and germs.
Insulation The ways or things that protect prevent loss of heat or cold.
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Important vitamins
Important minerals
REMINDER
Bring a variety of food labels or packaging (can foods, cereals, pasta, etc.) for
lesson 10 and lesson 11
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Lesson 7
Food additives
Activity 8
What are E numbers?
E numbers are codes for chemicals that can be used as food additives.
Many food additives have E numbers.
Tartrazine, a yellow colorant, is also called E102. Look for E numbers on packets of jelly,
puddings, sweets and chips.
Sulphur dioxide is also called E220. It is a common preservative in fruit juices and dried
fruit.
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====================================================================
Lesson 11
Labels on food packaging
Activity 10
Labels on food packaging (Choose three different food labels)
Aim
To read the nutritional information on food labels and to identify the nutrients.
Questions
Look at the labels on the packaged items of food:
1. List the three main food groups of your 3 items that you have selected.
2. List the nutrients that are listed for your products.
3. List the food additives for your products.
Unit 4 – Nutrition
Lesson 12
Healthy eating
The selection of foods you eat every day makes up your diet. A balanced diet contains
enough food from all four food groups, as well as water and fibre, to keep you healthy. We
need to eat the correct amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
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Fast food
Fast food is fried food or takeaway food. It is quickly prepared (often pre-prepared) and
highly processed. Examples of fast food are French fries (potato chips), pies, hot dogs,
burgers, fried chicken and pizzas.
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Activity 12
Nadiema wrote a list of all the foods she ate for one day.
2. Was Nadiema’s diet balanced on this day? Give a reason for your answer.
3. List the foods that she should eat:
a. More of
b. Less of
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Lesson 13
The Traffic Light Diet
Green: go for it
Add plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet. These foods include:
- Fish, milk and yogurt, whole-wheat bread, fresh fruits and vegetables.
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Activity 13
Read the following case study and answer the following questions about Natalie’s diet.
Natalie’s diet
Natalie is a 12 year old girl and she is in Grade 6.
This is what she ate yesterday. It is similar to what she eats every day.
Do you think that she is eating a balanced diet?
1. List the items Natalie ate for breakfast, lunch and supper.
2. List the food groups that are missing from each meal.
3. Work out which is the most important missing food group for each meal.
Add one food item to each meal to improve Natasha’s diet.
4. Suggest two healthy meal options for Natalie’s breakfast, lunch and supper.
(Refer to the traffic light diet)
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Lesson 14
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Tooth decay
Tooth decay is caused by bacteria (germs) that feed on
sugars on your teeth. The bacteria make acids that
cause holes (cavities) in your teeth. If you eat a lot of
sugary food you increase your chances of tooth decay.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition of high blood sugar. Some people are born with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes can be caused by eating too many sugary foods and drinking too many
fizzy sweet drinks. People with diabetes have to be very careful about what they eat.
They have to inject themselves with insulin in order to keep their blood sugar levels
correct.
Obesity
Obesity is the condition of being unhealthily overweight. It is
caused by eating too much food (especially food high in
sugars and fats) as well as doing too little exercise.
Obesity can lead to disease like:
Diabetes (often caused by eating too much sugar)
Heart disease (often caused by eating too much fat)
Hypertension or high blood pressure
Activity 14
Researching diet-related diseases
Create an information poster by researching the following:
1) Research one of the following diseases to identify the food that causes it.
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Heart disease
Diabetes
Obesity
Tooth decay
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Vocabulary
Evaluate To look at the facts carefully and form your own conclusion.
Diabetes A disease in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels.
Obesity To be extremely overweight.
Kwashiorkor A form of malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet.
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Fortified foods
Unless vitamins and minerals are added, foods can lose some of their nutrients during
processing. The more food is processed, the less nutritious it becomes.
Fortified foods are foods that have had vitamins and minerals added to them to raise or
restore their nutrient content for example: folic acid, iron and B vitamins are added to
breakfast cereals and mealie meal. Iodine is added to salt.
Activity 15
1) Match the processed foods to their raw material. Think of 3 examples of your own.
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2) Evaluate why the foods were processed. Copy and complete the table with the examples
in question 1.
Summary
Food is processed to make it safe to eat, to make it last longer and to
make its nutrients last.
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Lesson 16
Methods for processing food
Look at the following images.
The meat has been prepared by slicing the leg of beef with a butcher’s blade.
The mayonnaise has been made by combing eggs with oil and vinegar and beating them together.
The beetroot has been cooked before being bottled.
• Cooking involves heat. It includes methods such as boiling, baking, steaming, roasting and frying.
Activity 16
Identify some methods of food processing
Research and identify the difference between boiling, baking, steaming, roasting, toasting and
frying.
Design a poster to present your information.
Food does not last long before going rotten. It goes stale, or it spoils as moulds and bacteria start
to grow on it and break it down. Treating food to make it last longer is called preserving. Food is
often processed to preserve it, or make it last longer. Heating (cooking) kills bacteria. Freezing,
pickling, drying or salting (adding lots of salt) stops bacteria from growing on the food. Pickling is
the process of preserving food in salt water or vinegar. (Salt water is called brine)
Atchar is a South African Indian relish that is made with green mangoes and chillies.
The name comes from the Hindi word for pickle - atchar.
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Activity 17
Identify ways of preserving food
Fermenting
Fermenting is a method of food
processing that uses yeast or
bacteria. These bacteria are the good
guys, not the bad ones! The yeasts or
bacteria multiply as they feed on the
food and change the starches or
sugars into acids or alcohol.
Fermenting improves the nutritional value of the food or beverage. The yeasts or bacteria
themselves are nutritious and they partly digest the food. Yoghurt, amazi, ginger beer and
sorghum beer are all made using the fermentation process.
Drying food
When food is dried, water is removed from it. Drying completely changes
the taste and texture of food. For example, dried fruit is smaller than
fresh fruit and tastes sweeter. When water is removed, micro-organisms
are unable to grow. Some types of dried fruit need to have water added
again before you can eat them, for example pasta.
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Activity 18
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• The living things are plants, animals and micro-organisms, such as fungi, moulds and
bacteria.
• The non-living things are air, water, sunlight and soil.
An ecosystem
There are many different ecosystems, such as mountains, grasslands, forests, deserts,
rivers, ponds, wetlands, rocky shores and seas, which all support different kinds of living
things. This term, we will focus on two ecosystems: Rocky Shore and Desert.
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The mussels and barnacles sieve (pronounced: siv) little bits of food from the water when
it washes over them. To protect themselves, they close their shells tightly shut when it is
dry. The limpets eat seaweed. They leave their shells to search for food. Sea birds, such
as seagulls and oysters catchers, catch and then crack open the mussels and limpets.
Activity 20
Draw and label a rocky shore ecosystem.
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Lesson 18
Desert ecosystems
Desert ecosystems are hot and dry. But, the plants and animals
that make up these ecosystems can cope with the harsh
conditions. Tsamma melons are an essential plant in the
Kalahari’s semi-desert ecosystem. They look like watermelons,
although they are bitter and do not taste very much like
watermelons. For many animals, though, they are an essential
source of water. The melon vines grow quickly after the rains,
storing the water in their fruits.
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Activity 21
Learn more about the rocky shore and desert ecosystems.
1. Draw a desert ecosystem. Search Google images to help you find information.
2. Use the internet to read about and research the rocky shore and desert ecosystems.
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Examples of relationships
In an ecosystem, there are certain relationships between the living things and non-living
things. Healthy ecosystems are made up of a wide range of plants, animals and habitats
that depend on each other. Unhealthy ecosystems have a plant or animal that overpowers
the ecosystem. Let us illustrate this with three examples.
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People: how they pollute the water (without even thinking about it)
Have you ever seen a pond or a river with topping of green slime?
The green slime is algae and it can take over the surface of the water very fast.
Algae grow quickly when there is lots of food for it in the water.
Our fertilisers and washing powder detergents are an easy source of food.
At the end of their life cycle, the algae die and rot away. The rotting process uses up all of
the oxygen in the water, leaving none for the fish, which can then all suffocate and die.
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Summary
An ecosystem is an area where living and non-living things depend on each other in
different ways. There are many kinds of ecosystems. The conditions in an ecosystem
determine which plants and animals live there.
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In an ecosystem, plants and animals are connected by their feeding relationship. These
relationships are called a food web.
A food web is made up of a number of linked food chains. A food web is a good way to
show the different organisms that animals feed on.
Food webs
A food web consists of:
• Producers: plants that produce food for themselves, and for animals.
• Consumers: animals, which are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
• Decomposers: micro-organisms that break down dead plant and animal matter and
return nutrients to the soil.
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Decomposers
Decomposers are nature’s recyclers. When plants and animals die, their bodies slowly rot
away and disappear into the soil. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi feed on the
remains and break them down. Decomposers play a very important role in an ecosystem,
returning nutrients to the soil.
Activity 20
Draw and label food webs.
1. Identify and draw three food chains that make up the food web in Figure 1.
(Hint: Begin with the plant and follow the arrows.)
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Lesson 22
Welcome to Tembe
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Activity 21
1. What type of ecosystem is the Tembe Park situated in?
2. What type of bird life is there in Tembe Park?
3. List three animal types that live in this ecosystem.
4. List three plant types that exist in this ecosystem.
5. List three animal species that are at risk in this ecosystem.
6. List three animal types that eat plants in Tembe Park?
7. List two ways in which the dung beetle assists in the ecosystem.
8. Briefly suggest how you would control the large numbers of elephants that are
continually increasing.
9. How would you control poaching in the area?
10. Suggest how to solve the challenges regarding water.
11. Why is it important to care for parks like Tembe Elephant Park?
12. Use a page to illustrate and label your impression of Tembe Park. Use the following
words to guide you.
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