Name: FIDES MARIE DE LEON Section: DDM3-B

A. Define Nerve block, Field block and Local infiltration.

- A nerve block is an anesthetic and/or anti-inflammatory injection targeted toward a
certain nerve or group of nerves to treat pain. The purpose of the injection is to "turn
off" a pain signal coming from a specific location in the body or to decrease
inflammation in that area.
- In a field block, local anesthetic is infiltrated around the border of the surgical field,
leaving the operative area undisturbed. In field blocks, epinephrine may be added to
the anesthetic to enhance vasoconstriction and prolong the duration of anesthesia.
- Local Infiltration anesthetics are used for infiltration and nerve block anesthesia.
Because of variation in systemic absorption and toxicity, the ideal choice of local
anesthetic and concentration depends on the intended procedure. Infiltration
anesthesia is often used for minor surgical and dental procedures.

B. Differentiate each technique through illustration.

2. What are the different theories of mechanism of action of local anesthesia, briefly describe
each.
● The membrane expansion theory
- postulates that the local anesthetic is absorbed into the cell membrane,
expanding the membrane and leading to narrowing of the sodium channels.
This hypothesis has largely given way to the specific receptor theory.
 ● Acetylcholine Theory
- Acetylcholine is involved in nerve conduction
- A neurotransmitter at nerve synapses

● Calcium Displacement Theory

- nerve block is produced by the displacement of calcium from some
membrane site that controls permeability to sodium

● Surface Charge (Repulsion) Theory

- local anesthetics act by binding to the nerve membrane and changing the
electrical potential

3. Draw the usual armamentarium needed for local anesthetic on an instrument tray with
labels.

4. Draw and label the parts of a breech-loading aspirating metallic cartridge-type syringe.
5. Review the skeletal landmarks.
A. Illustrate the skull in frontal and lateral view with labels.
B. Draw the mandible and label the parts.