Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher
Lesson 1: Matter
Properties of Matter
• Physical property: no change in the
composition.
• Chemical property: change in the
chemical composition.
Classification of Matter
Matter
Pure
Mixtures
substances
Elements Compounds Heterogeneous
Pure Substances: Elements and
Compounds
• Element is the simplest type of matter
that is composed of only one kind of
atom, e.g. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Iron.
• Compound is composed of two or
more elements combined chemically
in definite proportions, e.g. Carbon
dioxide, water.
Mixtures: Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous mixture has uniform
appearance, properties, and
composition throughout the sample.
• Solution is a homogeneous
mixture of substances and can
be physically combined in
varying proportions.
• Heterogeneous mixture has
components unevenly distributed in
the sample and can be physically
identified.
Physical Methods of Separation
• Magnets are normally used to
removed magnetic solids from a
nonmagnetic components of a
mixture. Separation of sulfur and iron
filing using magnet. Iron filings are
attracted to magnets and sulfur
particles are not.
• Decantation is used for mixtures of
liquid and heavy insoluble solids. The
liquid is separated from the solid
particles settled at the bottom of the
container due to density differences.
• Evaporation is used to separate
homogeneous mixture done by
Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed.
Proverbs 16:9
continuously heating the solution
leaving behind the solid component
of the mixture. The evaporation
setup. The water will evaporate
leaving the solid salt in the vessel.
• Sublimation is used for volatile
solids from nonvolatile substances.
Sublimation of ammonium chloride
from the reaction allow solids to form
as sublimate on the walls of the
vessel.
• Filtration when a mixture is a solid-
liquid allowing it to pass through
filter trapping the solid in it. The
filtration setup for suspension of
Homogeneous chalk in water. The suspension will be
poured out to the funnel with filter
paper. The water will pass through,
and the chalk particles will be
trapped.
• Distillation separates miscible
liquids of different boiling points.
Acetone have different boiling point
with water. The acetone will
evaporate first leaving the water in
the flask of mixture.
• Chromatography is the method used
to separate components of different
degrees of solubility using a moving
and a stationary fluid. The papers as
a stationary phase separates the
components of the compounds with its
different rate of moving with the
mobile phase.
Pure substances and Mixtures in
Consumer Products
• Bleach helps clean and whiten
surfaces by generally lowering the
stability of the chemical bonds of the
stain molecules. Two most common
bleaching agents are sodium
hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide.
• Soaps and detergents are mixtures
of surfactants, water softeners, stain
removers, enzymes, and perfumes,
among others.
• Lipstick is made of assorted
ingredients – wax, oil, moisturizers,
pigments. A basic component of
lipstick is a color additive or dye
derived primarily from petroleum.
• Foundation is made of water, oil or
wax, colorants and fillers such as talc.
Talc is used to prevent caking of the
1
 Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher

makeup and ensures the smooth Lesson 3: Nomenclature

distribution of makeup to skin.
• Lotion is generally used for skin
hydration. One common moisturizing
agent is glycerin. Other typical
components of lotions serve as
preservatives, thickeners, colorants,
emulsifiers, and solvents.
• Toothpaste normally come as
heterogeneous pastes or gels. Anti-
decay toothpaste contain fluoride
compounds, such as sodium fluoride,
and tin fluoride to help stave off
cavities in teeth. Over-the-counter
toothpaste contain 1350-1500 parts
per million of fluoride.
Lesson 2: Radioisotopes
• Isotopes: same atomic number but
different mass number; these atoms
have different number of neutrons.
Types of Chemical Formula
Binary Ionic Nomenclature
1. Metal (Fixed Oxidation Number) and a
Non-metal
Rule: Name of metal + stem name of
nonmetal + -ide
Example:
CaCl2 – Calcium chloride
NaI – Sodium iodide
KF -
2. Metal (Variable Oxidation Number)
and a non-metal
Rule: Name of Metal + Roman form of
Oxidation number enclosed in
parentheses + Stem name of nonmetal
+ -ide
Example:
Cu2O – Copper(I) oxide
CuO– Copper(II) oxide
PbBr – Lead(I) bromide
PbBr2 – Lead(II) bromide
*Note: Use I (capital i) instead of l
(lowercase L).
Binary Covalent Nomenclature
3. Two nonmetals
Rule: Prefix (except mono) + name of
more electropositive element + prefix +
Stem name of more electronegative
element + -ide
Example:
CO2 – Carbon dioxide
N2O4 – Dinitrogen tetroxide
PCl5 –
Oxyacids Nomenclature
4. Rule [aqueous environment]: hydro +
stem name of non-metal + -ic acid
Example:
HCl(aq) – Hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) – Hydrobromic acid
HF(aq) –
Salts of Oxyacids Nomenclature
5. Rule: Name of Metal cation + name of
oxyanion or polyatomic ion
Examples:
MgSO4 – Magnesium sulfate
NH4OH – Ammonium hydroxide
Ca(CN)2 –
Hydrates of Salts Nomenclature
6. Rule: Name of compound + prefix to
the number of water molecules +
hydrate
Examples: CuSO4•5H2O – Copper (II)
sulfate pentahydrate

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed. 2
Proverbs 16:9
 Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher

Simple Organic Compounds • The coefficients must be in whole

7. Rule: Prefix according to the number of number.
C atoms + suffix according to the type • Express the coefficients in their
of hydrocarbon (-ane, -ene or –yne) lowest terms.
Examples:
CH3CH2CH3 – Propane Balancing of Chemical reaction
CH2=CHCH2CH3 – Butene Example:
CH3CH2CH2C≡CH - • Balance the chemical equation to
produce ammonia from hydrogen and
nitrogen gases.
Solution:
The first substance to balance is NH3, which
is the most complex formula in the equation.
N2(g) + H2(g) → _NH3(g)
_N atoms : _N atoms
_H atoms : _H atoms

Add coefficient to balance atoms in each side.

N2(g) + _H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
_N atoms : _N atoms
_H atoms : _H atoms

The mole concept and Avogadro’s number

Avogadro’s number (NA)
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles (atoms,
molecules, ions, or formula units)

Lesson 4: Percent Composition

Percent composition from Chemical
Balancing of Chemical Equations Formula
A balanced chemical equation follows the
law of conservation of mass; each element in
both sides of the equation should be equal.

Example:
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)is commonly
used as additive in the manufacture of glass,
or as water softener and neutralizer for
chlorine pools. It is commonly known as
soda. What are the percentages of each
element in the compound?
General rules for Balancing Chemical
reactions
Lesson 5: Chemical Equations and Ratios
• Start with the most complicated
formula either among the reactants
and products.
• The next element to balance is the one
whose number was affected by the
coefficient written on a formula when
the previous element was balanced.
• The one with the simplest formula
should be balanced last.

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed. 3
Proverbs 16:9
 Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher
Mass Relationships
• Relating the mass of any substance A to
the mass of another substance B in a
reaction may be done in three steps as
depicted in the diagram.
Let’s Start from the Basic!
Mole to Mole, Grams to Grams, Mole
Ratio Problems
Problem: Sulfur Dioxide reacts with Oxygen
gas to form Sulfur Trioxide. (a) If 3.4 moles
of Sulfur Dioxide reacts with excess Oxygen
gas, how many moles of Sulfur Trioxide will
form? (b) How many moles of Oxygen gas
will react completely with 4.7 moles of Sulfur
Dioxide?
Mass Relationships
For example, convert mass of A to mass B.
The reaction is:
2A + 3X → 6B
The “roasting” of copper(I) sulfide forms
powder copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur
dioxide. How many grams of sulfur dioxide
form when 100.0 grams of copper(I) sulfide
reacts?
The reaction follows:
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
MM SO2: 64.07 g/mol
MM Cu2S: 159.16 g/mol
Theoretical yield and Percent yield
The theoretical yield is the calculated
amount of product after the completion of
reaction
Urea, CO(NH2)2(MM=60.06 g/mol), is used
as fertilizer. The production of urea, follows
the reaction:
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2O(l)
Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed.
Proverbs 16:9
When 100.0 g of ammonia (MM = 17.03
g/mol) reacts with excess carbon dioxide,
125.4 g is produced. What is the percentage
yield of this reaction?
Lesson 6: Limiting and Excess Reagents
Limiting and Excess reagents
• Limiting Reagent – substance that
limits the formation of the product;
consumed completely in the reaction
• Excess Reagent – reactant with some
unreacted amount after the reaction
Steps in finding the Limiting Reactant:
1. Determine the balanced chemical
equation for the chemical reaction.
2. Convert the given information into
moles.
3. Use stoichiometry for each individual
reactant to find the mass of product
produced.
4. The reactant that produces a lesser
amount of product is the limiting
reagent.
5. The reactant that produces a larger
amount of product is the excess
reagent.
6. To find the amount of remaining
excess reactant, subtract the mass of
excess reagent consumed from the
total mass of excess reagent given.
Limiting and Excess reagents: Example
Consider the production of phosphorus
trichloride (PCl3) from phosphorus (P4) and
chlorine (Cl2).
P4(s) + 6Cl2(g) → 4PCl3(l)
If 25.0 grams of P4 (MM = 123.88 g/mol) and
25.0 grams of Cl2 (MM = 70.9 g/mol) are
used in the reaction, which is the limiting and
the excess reagent? What is the theoretical
yield of the reaction? The molar mass of PCl3
is 137.32 g/mol.
4
 Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher
Lesson 7: Gases
Variables Used to Describe a Gas
• Amount of gas in the sample,
expressed as the number of moles of
gas, n.
• Volume, V, of the gas, is equal to the
volume of its container.
• Temperature, T, of the gas, is an
indirect measure of the kinetic energy
of the particles.
• Pressure, P, of the gas, is a measure of
the force of collisions of the gas on a
given area of a container.
Conversion table for gas pressure
Pressure Conversion: Example
A typical strong typhoon has an atmospheric
pressure at the center at about 0.87 bar. What
is the pressure in atmospheres (atm)?
The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is
inversely proportional to its volume at
constant temperature.
PV = constant
P 1 V 1 = P2 V 2
Gay-Lussac’s Law
The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is
directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant volume.
Charles’ Law
If the volume of the container is variable, the
force of the particle collisions will cause the
Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed.
Proverbs 16:9
gas to expand until the pressure returns to its
initial value.
Avogadro’s Law
The volume of a gas is directly proportional
to the number of particles at the same
pressure and absolute temperature.
where n is the number of moles of gas.
Ideal Gas and Ideal Gas Equation
Ideal gas equation links all three variables:
volume, temperature and pressure, to the
amount of gas expressed in a mole.
PV = nRT
where R is the gas constant = 0.0821L-
atm/mol-K or 8.314 J/mol-K.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
According to Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure, the total pressure of a mixture of gas
in a container, is the sum of the partial
pressures of the individual gases.
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + … + Pn
where PT is the total pressure of the mixture
and P1, P2, P3, …Pn are the partial pressures
of the all the n component of the gas mixture.
Gas Stoichiometry
The gas Stoichiometry involves the
calculations of mass relationships in a
chemical reaction, where gas can either be
reactant or product.
Acetylene (C2H2), an important fuel in
welding, is produced in the laboratory when
calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water:
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) → C2H2(g) +
Ca(OH)2(aq)
For a sample of acetylene collected over
water, total gas pressure is 738 torr and the
volume is 523 mL. At the temperature of the
gas at 230C, the vapor pressure of water is 21
5
 Reviewer in General Chemistry 1
Mr. John C. Tongco, LPT
Chemistry Teacher

torr. How many grams of acetylene are Pressure-Volume Graph Plotting

collected?

Solutions: The gas variables

PC2 H2 (torr) = Ptotal −PH2 O =738 torr −21 torr = 717 torr
1 atm
PC2 H2 (atm)= 717 torr x 760 torr = 0.943 atm
V (L) = 523 mL = 0.523 L
T (K) = 230C + 273.15 = 296.15 K
nC2 H2 = unknown

Solutions: solving for n (mol)

PV
nC2 H2 = RT =
0.943 atm x 0.523 L
= 0.0203 mol Plot all the coordinates and use you
L atm
0.0821mol K x 296.15 K knowledge in General Mathematics
on Plotting graphs.
Solutions: solving for n to mass
26.04 g C2 H2
mass (g) of C2 H2 =0.0203 mol C2 H2 x
1 mol C2 H2
= 0.529 g C2H2

Effusion and Diffusion

End of Reviewer
The Graham’s law of effusion states that the
rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass.
It was predicted that the lighter gas particles Remember this:
will move faster than heavier ones.
“Everybody is a genius. But if you
rate1 MM2
=$ judge a fish by its ability to climb a
rate2 MM1 tree, it will spend its whole life
where MM is the molar mass of a gas. believing that it is stupid.”
― Albert Einstein, theoretical
Effusion and Diffusion: Example physicist

A sample of an unknown gas took 39 seconds Padayon Kid! – Sir John

to reach a certain point in an effusion tube.
Under the same conditions, a sample of
carbon dioxide gas (MM = 44.01 g/mol) took
31 seconds to reach the same spot. Determine
the molar mass of the unknown gas.

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plan will succeed. 6
Proverbs 16:9