‘Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount dp is given by br = al (Ts — T) = aL AT where a is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m?C, L is the length in meter, T; and Tyare the initial and final temperatures, respectively in °C. For steel, « = 11.25 < 10" © m/meC. ‘If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or stress will be induced in the structure. In some cases where temperature deformation is not, permitted, an internal stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as thermal stress, For a homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown, the thermal stress is computed as: deformation due to temperature changes; bp =aLAT deformation due to equivalent axial stress; Goto es PAE EB Sr = 5p oL aLAT— = o=EadT ‘where c is the thermal stress in MPa, E is the modulus of elasticity of the rod in MPa.If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be made: =e a bp atop aLAT=2+— where o represents the thermal stress. ‘Take note that as the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in compression, and if the temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in tension. Problem A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 in” is stretched between two fixed points. ‘The tensile load at 70°F is 1200 Tb. What will be the stress at 0°F? At what temperature! will the stress be zero? Assume a = 6.5 x 10° in/(in-°F) and E = 29 x 108 psi. Solution For the stress at 0°F: b= br tba oL PL ge ALT) + ae P o=aB(AT) +5 6 1200 @ = (6.5 x 10-*)(29 x 10°)(70) + Te 7995 psi=18 ksi answerFor the temperature that causes zero stress: Or = ba azar - 7% a(Ar) (6.5 x 10°°)(T— 70) = 1200 0.25(29 x 10°) T=9546°F — answer Problem A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 190 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum, diameter of the rod? Assume o = 11.7 m/(m-°C) and E = 200 GPa, Solution 5 = br + bu oL PL -anan+ 5 P =anan+2 130 = (11.7 x 10-8)(200.000)(40) + “= 4 — 500 _ 137.36 mm? 36.4 4d? = 137.36 a 13.22 mm — answerProblem Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume a. = 11.7 um/(m-°C) and E = 200 GPa. Solution Temperature at which é; = 3 mm: bp =aL (AT) bp =aL (Ty — T:) 3 = (11.7 x 10-®)(10 000)(T, — 15) T; =40.64°C answer Required stress: 6=67 a =aL(AT) o=abF(T; —T) @ = (11.7 x 10~®)(200 000) (40.64 — 15) o —60 MPa answerProblem Asteel rod g feet long with a erass sectional area of o.25 in. is stretched between txo fixed points. The tensile force is 1200 Ib at 40°F. Using E = 29 x 106 psi and a = 6.5 x 20 in,/(in.F), calculate (a) the temperature at which the stress inthe bar willbe 10 ks; and (b) the temperature at which the stress will be zero. Solution (@ Without tenpecature change: P2200 _ 500 psi A” 025 — o = 48k < 10ksi A drop of temperature is needed to increase the stress to 10 ksi. See figure below. b= orton oL PL oF -at(ar)+ 4% earns? 1200, 10000 — (6.5 x 10-8)(29 x 10°)(AT) + AT =27.50°F Required temperature: (temperature must drop from 40°F) T=40—27.59=1241°F — answer (b) Temperature at which the stress will be zero: From the figure below: b=6r PL ap 2487) P= aAE(T; ~ T)) 1200 = (6.5 x 10-*)(0.25)(29 x 108)(T — 40) T,=65.46°F answer