MIL REVIEWER
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INTERNET
The origins of the Internet go back to the 1960s. It had many
milestones from then until now. The Internet has changed
business, education, government, healthcare, and even the
ways in which we interact with our loved ones.
It became one of the key drivers of social evolution. The
changes in social communication are one of their particular
significance. Most communication barriers have been
removed because of the internet.
COPYRIGHT is a legal device authorizing the creator of a
literary piece, artistic work, musical, or other creative
compositions the sole right to publish and sell such work.
COPYRIGHT OWNERS have the right to control the
reproduction of their work, including the right to receive
payment for that reproduction. An author may grant or sell
those rights to others, including publishers or recording
companies.
Violation of such right is called INFRINGEMENT.
COPYRIGHT LAW gives creators of original material the
exclusive right to further use and duplicate that material for a
given amount of time, at which point the copyrighted item
becomes public domain. (KENTON, 2020).
PLAGIARISM is an instance of using or closely imitating
the language and thoughts of another author without
authorization; the representation of that author's work as
one's own, as by not crediting the original.
PHISHING is a cybercrime in which a target or targets are
contacted by email, telephone, or text message by someone
posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into
providing sensitive data such as personally identifiable
information, banking and credit card details, and passwords.
The information is then used to access important accounts
and can result in identity theft and financial loss.
The FAIR USE of a copyrighted work for criticism,
comment, news, reporting, and teaching including multiple
copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar
purposes is not an infringement of copyright.
DECOMPILATION which is the reproduction of the code
and translation of the forms of the computer programs to
achieve the inter-operability of an independently created
computer program with other programs may also constitute
fair use.
✓ Copyright is a legal device authorizing the creator of a
literary piece, artistic work, musical, or other creative
compositions the sole right to publish and sell such work.
✓ Plagiarism is an instance of using or closely imitating the
language and thoughts of another author without
authorization.
✓ Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place online.
✓ Computer addiction is the excessive use of computers to
the extent that it interferes with daily life.
✓ Phishing is a cybercrime in which a target or targets are
contacted by email, telephone, or text message by someone
posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into
providing sensitive data.
Digital divide is an economic inequality between groups in
terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
*SOURCES NOT CITED*
1. The Ghost Writer - The writer turns in another’s
work, word-for-word, as his or her own.
2. The Photocopy - The writer copies significant
portions of text straight from a single •source,
without alteration.
3. The Potluck Paper - The writer copies from
several different sources, tweaking the sentences to
make them fit together while retaining most of the
original phrasing.
4. The Poor Disguise - The writer has altered the
paper’s appearance slightly by changing keywords
and phrases.
5. The Labor of Laziness - The writer takes the time
to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources
and make it all fit together.
6. The Self-Stealer - The writer “borrows”
generously from his or her previous work.
*SOURCES CITED* (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)
1. The Forgotten Footnote - The writer mentions an
author’s name for a source, but neglects to include
specific information on the location of the material
referenced.
2. The Misinformer - The writer provides inaccurate
information regarding the sources, making it
impossible to find them.
3. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase - The writer properly
cites a source, but neglects to put quotation marks
on the text that has been copied word-for-word, or
close to it.
4. The Resourceful Citer - The writer properly cites
all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations
appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost
no original work!
5. The Perfect Crime - The writer properly quotes
and cites sources in some places, but goes on to
paraphrase other arguments from those sources
without citation.
NETIQUETTE
Netiquette, or network etiquette, is a set of socially
constructed rules and norms for behaving and
communicating responsibly in an online environment.
Simply stated, it is the etiquette of cyberspace.
While not all of these rules hold legal power nor are
strictly enforced, it is important that you, as a media
consumer, have a well-defined set of guidelines that helps
keep you or the people you know in check in terms of your
online activity and presence.
Consider the following "rules," adapted from Virginia
Shea's The Core Rules of Netiquette, whenever you
communicate in the virtual world.
Rule 1: Remember the human
Remember that the receiver on the other side of your
computer or phone is another human person capable of
understanding, feeling, and getting hurt.
Putting yourself in others’ place can put everything in the right
perspective. Before you send that message, upload that photo,
or send that tweet, ask yourself:
How would the other person or people at the end of the line
feel if I do or say this? Always put in mind that empathy is
one of the most powerful motivations for some basic decency
online.
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online
that you follow in real life
Good netiquette is derived from the same standards set in real
life. While it can be argued that standards of behavior may be
different in the virtual world, they certainly should not be
any lower. In real life, we are constantly reminded to be
respectful to other people, mindful of our words, and follow
the law, and other societal rules. This holds true for
cyberspace etiquette as well.
Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
The Internet may be as vast as the earth’s oceans or outer
space with parts least visited, not discovered, and some
deemed even dangerous.
Today, you are presented with a wide array of internet
domains and websites. While there may be millions of them
on the Internet, they can easily be categorized according to
content or intended audience. In this context, your manner of
interaction may differ from one domain to another.
Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth
In the context of netiquette, whenever you post something
online or send a message to someone, you’re taking up a few
precious minutes from the already limited time of another.
Electronic communication takes time: time to read and time
in which to respond. Most people today lead busy lives, just
like you do, and don't have time to read or respond to
frivolous emails or discussion posts. Thus, it is your
responsibility to ensure that the time reading your message or
post isn’t a waste
of anyone’s time.
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online
In the real world, other people’s immediate judgment of you
would be based on your physical appearance, your
demeanor, how you speak, how you carry yourself, or even
how you dress.
In the virtual environment, you will be judged by the quality
of your writing or the content that you post. Both worlds are
filled with prying eyes, whether we like it or not, thus we
need to be mindful of what we call our “virtual self”. So,
keep the following tips in mind:
✓ Always check for spelling and grammar errors
✓ Verify the truth of what you are posting or sharing
✓ Know what you're talking about and state it clearly
✓ Be pleasant and polite
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
The strength of the Internet is the extent of the information it
offers and the various sources this information comes from.
While credibility issues are a concern, the Internet, as an
overall knowledge bank, continues to grow and expand.
As experts contribute facts that people constantly consume.
Although netiquette lists several red flags, sharing your
knowledge on something doesn’t count as one. So do your
part – share what you know! When you post a question and
receive intelligent answers, share the results with others.
If you are one of these people or if you are someone with
knowledge powerful enough to expertly navigate through
cyberspace, remember
that knowing more than others does not give you the right
to take advantage of them.
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control
"Flaming is what people do when they express a strongly
held opinion without holding back any emotion." (Shea,
1994). Flamers, from the name itself, add fuel to the flame –
they provoke people whose opinions are different from
theirs, these are the people who express their opinion in an
aggressive or offensive manner usually resulting in “flame-
wars” where two or three people exchange angry posts
between one another.
Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy
Privacy is a human right. Much like how you do not want
your phone opened just by anyone or your messages read by
someone without your permission, other people value their
privacy as well. That is someone you have to always
remember especially in cyberspace where you get to access
loads of information. The advent of the Internet has put
everyone almost everyone’s lives under a microscope. Even
so, information that is private in nature must remain private
and that is a right that needs to be asserted – a right that
everyone is afforded.
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes
Not everyone has the same amount of experience working in
the virtual world. And not everyone knows the rules of
netiquette. As you move along and around cyberspace, at
some point, you will bump into a ridiculous
post, a nonsense photo, a poorly constructed sentence, or a
stupid question. When this happens, learn to carry an
understanding attitude. Practice tolerance when you see
minor and forgivable mistakes. If you feel compelled to
correct and respond to a mistake, do so preferably in private
and as politely and respectfully as possible.
THINK
T – Is it true?
Is this fact or is it really an opinion or feeling? Know and be
clear before you speak.
H – Is it helpful?
Will it just aggravate the situation if you do talk about it or
post a rant about it? Does it help you, them, or the situation?
I – Is it inspiring?
Will people be in awe after reading your status?
N – Is it necessary?
There are things that are better left unsaid. Some people are
making their social media account daily/routine diaries.
K – Is it kind?
What is your motivation for communicating?
Digital Divide
Digital Divide is inequality or disparity between
demographic groups in terms of access to, use of, or
knowledge of ICT. Different segments have varying levels
of knowledge and access to digital developments due to a
number of factors which include, but are not limited to race,
age, education, income, socioeconomic status, and
geographical location.
The digital divide may further be grouped into three
divisions, as relayed by The Manila Times writer Noemi
Lardizabal-Dado (2019):
✓ The digital native and the digital immigrants.
✓ The digital rich and the digital poor.
✓ The digital skills and the digital unskilled.
TEXT AND INFORMATION MEDIA
Informative texts or media provide information about a topic
or situation and can include newspaper articles, manuals and
handbooks, textbooks, brochures and menus or recipes.
The internet with websites presents a wide range of examples
of informative texts which give the reader information about
particular subjects. Informative writing which provides facts
is often quite formal and will often use the passive voice.
TEXT
A simple and flexible format of presenting information or
conveying ideas whether hand written, printed or displayed on
screen.
a. Text is very powerful as well as disseminating
information, providing and giving suggestions.
b. Text is available in different sources whether it is formal
(news articles, published books, newspapers, magazines,
advertisements, research works, etc.) or Informal (blogs,
personal e-mails, SMS or text messages, online messengers,
- Formal text - based materials are created and
distributed by established institutions (such as
publishing companies, news agencies, etc.) and go
through a rigorous process of editing or evaluation
and are usually governed by censorship of the state.
- Informal text - based materials, on the other hand,
come from personal
c. Text can be as short such as a single sentence or phrase, or
they can be as lengthy as news articles or investigative
reporting. No matter how brief or lengthy, however, a text is
always carefully written with the intent of sending a very
specific message to the target audience.
d. In our exposure to text media and information, we can
either be a consumer or a producer of content. As a
consumer, these are the questions that you need to ask with
regards to the content of text media and information. e. As a
producer of text media and information, we need to review
the mediaandinformationdesign
TYPEFACE
Typeface (also called font, font type, or type) refers to the
representation or style of a text in the digital format. A
typeface is usually comprised of alphabets, numbers,
punctuation marks, symbols and other special characters.
When fonts are installed in the computer, they usually come
in file formats such as True Type Font (.ttf), Open Type Font
(.otf), etc. In the absence of images or drawings, text is the
easiest way of communicating to your audience. The use of
various font types can express different emotions or
Types of Typeface
1. Serif - connotes formality and readability in large
amount of texts. This font is usually used for the
body text of books, newspapers, magazines and
research publication. Also, serif fonts give a classic
or elegant look when used for title or heading.
Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond,
2. Sans Serif - brings a clean or minimalist look to the
text. This font is used for clear and direct meaning
of text such as road signage, building directory or
nutrition facts in food packages. Also, sans serif
fonts give a modern look and is used primarily in
webpage design.
Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri
3. Slab Serif - carries a solid or heavy look to text.
This font can be used for large advertising sign on
billboards.
Examples: Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak
4. Script - draws much attention to itself because
of its brush-like strokes. This must be used
sparingly and not to be used in large body text.
This font is usually used in wedding invitation
cards or other formal events.
Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler
5. Decorative - caters to a wide variety of emotions
(such as celebration, fear, horror, etc.) or themes
(such as cowboys, circus, holidays, summer,
kiddie, etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
1. Emphasis - refers to the importance or value given
to a part of the text-based content. When trying to
make a point or highlighting a message, you can
make the text bold, italicized, have a heavier
weight, darkened or lightened (depending on your
background color) or enlarged.
2. Appropriateness - refers to how fitting or suitable
the text is used for a specific audience, purpose or
event. In the creation of text-based content, make
sure that the selection criteria (tone, style, purpose,
clarity) is followed. As for the choice of typefaces
to be used, refer to the discussion of the
characteristics of the fonts. When it comes to large
body text, the font should be clear enough to read
3. Proximity - refers to how near or how far are the
text elements from each other. When two things are
closely related, we bring them close together.
Otherwise, we put text elements far from each
other. For example, the main title and subtitle are
usually placed close to each other.
4. Alignment - refers to how the text is positioned in
the page. This can be left, right, center or justified.
5. Organization - refers to a conscious effort to
organize the different text elements in a page.
Organization ensures that while some text elements
are separated from each other (based on the
principle of proximity), they are still somehow
connected with the rest of the elements in the page.
When there are many elements needed to fit in a
page, start by creating a framework or a
compartment for the elements. Divide the space by
creating lines across the page, making it look like a
cabinet with various space sizes. Once you are done
compartmentalizing, you can place the different text
elements on the boxes.
6. Repetition - concerns consistency of elements and
the unity of the entire design. Repetition encourages
the use of repeating some typefaces within the page.
When several typefaces are used on a page, it might
distract the audience and fail to communicate what
you want them to get from the content. To strike a
balance, do not also use just a single.
7. Contrast - creates visual interest to text elements.
Contrast is achieved when two elements are
different from each other. brown background,
contrast is created. Contrast can be achieved in
various ways, by joining the following
elements: large font with a small font, serif and
sans serif, thin elements with thin elements,
cool color and warm color.
AUDIO MEDIA AND INFORMATION DESIGN
PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS
Characteristic and Purposes of Sound
1. Volume - intensity of a sound
2. Tone - the audible characteristic of a sound
3. Pitch - is how high or low a sound is
4. Loudness - refers to the magnitude of the sound
heard
Purposes of a sound
1. Give instructions or information
 2. Provide feedback
3. To personalize or customize
Elements of the Sound Design
1. Dialogue - speech, conversation, voice-over
2. Sound Effects - any sound other than music or
dialogue
3. Music - vocal or instrumental sounds (or both)
combined in such a way as to produce beauty of
form, harmony, and
Principles of Sound Design
1. Mixing - the combination, balance and control of
multiple sound elements
2. Pace - time control, editing, order of
events(linear, non-linear or multi-linear)
3. Stereo imaging - Using left and right channel for
depth. This refers to the aspect of sound recording
and reproduction.
4. Transition - how you get from one.
Types of Transitions
1. Segue - one element stops, the next begins ("cut" in
film).
2. Cross-fade - one element fades out, the next fades
in, and they overlap on the way.
3. V-Fade - First element fades to inaudible before the
second element begins.
4. Fade to Black - V-Fade with some silence
5. Effects.
6. Stereo Imaging - Using left and right channel for
depth.
VISUAL INFORMATION AND MEDIA
TYPES OF VISUAL MEDIA
Photography, video, screenshots, infographics, data
visualization (charts and graphs), comic strips/cartoons,
memes, visual note-taking, etc (Give examples of each type
and highlight special characteristics of a given type and its
application).
Common Visual Media File Types
1. JPEG (also known as JPG), file types ending in
.jpg JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts
Group, which created this standard for this type of
image formatting. Common Visual Media File
Types
JPEG files are images that have been compressed
to store a lot of information in a small-size file.
Most digital cameras store photos in JPEG format,
because then you can take more photos on one
camera card than you can with other formats.
2. TIFF (also known as TIF), file types ending in .tif
TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF
images create very large file sizes. TIFF images are
uncompressed and thus contain a lot of detailed
image data (which is why the files are so big)
TIFFs are also extremely flexible in terms of color
(they can be grayscale, or CMYK for print, or
RGB for web) and content (layers, image tags).
3. GIF, file types ending in .gif - GIF stands for
Graphic Interchange Format. This format
compresses images but, as different from JPEG,
the compression is lossless (no detail is lost in the
compression, but the file can’t be made as small as
a JPEG).
GIFs also have an extremely limited color range
suitable for the web but not for printing. This
format is never used for photography, because of
the limited number of colors. GIFs can also be used
for animations.
4. PNG, file types ending in .png - PNG stands for
Portable Network Graphics. It was created as an
open format to replace GIF, because the patent for
GIF was owned by one company and nobody else
wanted to pay licensing fees. It also allows for a full
range of color and better compression. It’s used
almost exclusively for web images, never for print
images.
For photographs, PNG is not as good as JPEG,
because it creates a larger file. But for images with
some text, or line art, it’s better, because the images
look less “bitmappy.
5. BMP. Short for "Bitmap." - It can be pronounced
as "bump," "B-M-P," or simply a "bitmap image."
The BMP format is a commonly used raster graphic
format for saving image files. It was introduced on
the Windows platform, but is now recognized by
many programs on both Macs and PCs.
FORMALLY AND INFORMALLY PRODUCED
VISUAL MEDIA
Visual media produced by formal organizations such as
schools, government, and established media/publishing
outfits are considered formally produced. Other visual media
are considered informally produced
PURPOSE OF VISUAL INFORMATION
The primary purpose of visual information is to gain
attention, create meaning, and facilitate retention.
VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
The building blocks or basic units in the construction of a
visual image. Design Elements are:
A. Line - describes a shape or outline. It can create
texture and can be thick or thin. Lines may be actual,
implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour
lines. Visual Design Elements
B. Shape - usually a geometric area that stands out
from the space next to or around it, or because of
differences in value, color, or texture. Shape may
also be organic.
C. Value - the degree of light and dark in a design. It is
the contrast between black and white and all the
tones in between. Value can be used with color as
well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme
changes between values.
D. Texture - the way a surface feels or is perceived to
feel. Texture can be added to attract or repel interest
to a visual element. Visual texture is the illusion of
the surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling
of smoothness or roughness in objects.
E. Color - determined by its hue (name of color),
intensity (purity of the hue), and value (lightness or
darkness of hue). Color and color combination can
play a large role in the design. Color may be used for
emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers.
Color maybe warm, cool, or neutral.
It plays a major role in our visual perception, as it
influences our reactions about the world around us.
It is therefore important to create color palettes that
evoke the appropriate audience reactions. Color has
three properties.
F. Form - a figure having volume and thickness. An
illusion of a 3-dimensional object can be implied
with the use of light and shading. Form can be
viewed from many angles.
Design Principles and Elements
The elements and principles of design are the building blocks
used to create a work of art. The elements of design can be
thought of as the things that make up a painting, drawing,
design etc. Good or bad - all paintings will contain most of if
not all, the seven elements of design.

Design Principles and Elements The Principles of design can

be thought of as what we do to the elements of design. How
we apply the Principles of design determines how successful
we are in creating a work of art.

Visual Design Principles are:

1. Consistency of margins, typeface, typestyle, and

colors is necessary, especially in slide presentations
or documents that are more than one page.

2. Center of interest - an area that first attracts

attention in a composition. This area is more
important when compared to the other objects or
elements in a composition. This can be by contrast
of values, more colors, and placement in the format.

3. Balance - a feeling of visual equality in shape,

form, value, color, etc. Balance can be symmetrical
and evenly balanced, or asymmetrical and unevenly
balanced. Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes,
forms, etc. can be used in creating balance in a
composition.

4. Harmony - brings together a composition with

similar units. If for example your composition was
using wavy lines and organic shapes, you would
stay with those types of lines and not put in just one
geometric shape.
5. Contrast - offers some change in value creating a
visual discord in a composition. Contrast shows the
difference between shapes and can be used as a
background to bring objects out and forward in a
design. It can also be used to create an area of
emphasis.

6. Directional Movement - a visual flow through the

composition. It can be the suggestion of motion in a
design as you move from object to object by way of
placement and position. Directional movement can be
created with a value pattern. It is with the placement of
dark and light areas that you can move your attention
through the format.

7. Rhythm - a movement in which some elements recur

regularly. Like a dance, it will have a flow of objects
that will seem to be like the beat of music.

8. Perspective - created through the arrangement of

objects in twodimensional space to look like they
appear in real life. Perspective is a learned meaning
of the relationship between different objects seen in
space.