International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78

https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-023-00262-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Key Technologies of Financial Digital Industry Innovation and Green

Development Driven by Information Technology
Yueru Li1

Received: 20 February 2023 / Accepted: 28 April 2023

© The Author(s) 2023

Abstract
With the development and application of Internet technology, the world has entered a new era of the Internet economy. Infor-
mation resources worldwide are no longer limited by time or space, which significantly improves the operational efficiency
of production and commerce. As an essential part of the digital economy, digital finance is developing rapidly. Compared
with traditional finance, Internet finance and digital finance have the advantages of low informational and transactional
costs, and efficient services, which bring more benefits to consumers and investors. In the traditional small and fragmented
long-tail market, the availability of finance has been effectively improved through technology-driven development. However,
the sound development of the financial digital industry is inseparable from the self-generated sense of innovation and the
exploration of green and sustainable development within the industry. This paper shows the evolution of the innovation and
development of the financial digital industry driven by information technology in recent years, summarizes and discusses
the key technologies emerging in it, and analyzes its limitations and shortcomings. This work will provide some references
for the green development of the current industry.

Keywords Digital economy, · Consumers · Information technology · Green development

1 Introduction 1.1 Research Motivation

The information technology revolution, which started in the
middle of the twentieth century, promoted the rapid adjust-
ment and upgrading of industrial structures in various coun-
tries, and not only the information industry emerged as a
new leading industrial group, but also led to the transforma-
tion of electronic technology and industrial integration of
traditional industries [1]. At the beginning of the twenty-first
century, a “new economy” based on the information revo-
lution and global market, with continuous adjustment and
optimization of industrial structure, namely the information
economy [2], has emerged globally. Information technol-
ogy has and will completely change the global production,
circulation, and consumption methods.
* Yueru Li
yueru.li@uqconnect.edu.au
1
Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, University
of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
In recent years, the use of information technology to cre-
ate new products, services, or operational models has
become an important means of industrial innovation for
many enterprises, and governments at all levels also see it
as an important way to foster and develop new industries
[3]. Information technology-driven new industries have
assumed the new period of social production division of
labor functions, representing the new market requirements
for the overall output of the economic system and the new
direction of industrial structure transformation relative to the
region. However, since they are currently in the formation
stage of their own life cycle, it remains to be seen whether
these industrial innovations will eventually succeed and thus
trigger the entire industrial transformation under specific
industrial structure and internal and external conditions, and
successfully promote the rapid development and industrial
upgrading of the entire industry.
At present, China is in a critical period of strategic
adjustment of economic structure, and facing the economic
downturn and labor force employment tension brought by
the financial crisis, vigorously cultivating and promoting the

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 78 Page 2 of 11 International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems
development of new industries have become an important
way to realize the transformation of traditional industries,
improve international competitiveness, expand domestic
demand, and promote labor force employment [4]. In a
sense, the speed and scale of the development of new indus-
tries will fundamentally determine the overall quality and
dynamics of China's future economic development. The for-
mation of emerging industries must have a certain potential
market, effective driving mechanism, and suitable environ-
mental conditions and the necessary foundation of relevant
resource factors. Empirical analysis shows that, on the basis
of existing industry, the use of information technology to
create new products, services or operational models, for
the formation of new industries and the rapid development
of scale has an important role in promoting [5]. Therefore,
the integration of informatization and industrialization has
become one of the important ways to cultivate and develop
new industries, and the cultivation and development of new
industries has become an important goal of the integration
of informatization and industrialization.
1.2 Research Objectives
The focus of building a modern socialist country is to
develop the economy, and the focus of developing the econ-
omy is the real economy. Finance is the core of modern
economy and is crucial to the development of real economy.
In the context of diversification of financial institutions and
financial products, industrial finance as a financial model
to serve the industrial economy has an increasing impact
on the development of the real economy. In the financing
structure of key industries in China, the proportion of financ-
ing from finance ranks first in all kinds of financing sources,
which fully proves that the development of key industries
in China is inseparable from the support of the financial
industry [6]. Making bigger industrial finance has a great
impact on the development of the financial industry and is
of great significance to promote the sustainable development
of the real economy. In the era of digital economy, “digital
technology + N” has become an effective remedy to solve the
contradictions of social and economic development by tech-
nical means, digital finance has become a major trend in the
development of the contemporary financial industry, indus-
trial finance as a mode of the financial industry, and “digital
technology + industrial finance” has also become a neces-
sary option [7]. As the object of industrial financial services
has certain specificity, it is of great practical significance to
discuss the development mode of digital industrial finance
and explore the new path of “digital technology + industrial
finance” to promote the construction of healthy finance and
develop high-quality industrial finance.
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1.3 Research Contributions
The contribution of this paper is shown as follows:
For small and scattered long-tail data, reinforcement
learning algorithms are used to train the decision-making
subjects in the simulation environment with techniques to
realize data-driven financial availability solutions.
The benign development of the financial digital industry
cannot be separated from the spontaneous sense of inno-
vation and the exploration of green and sustainable devel-
opment within the industry. This paper demonstrates the
evolution of IT-driven innovation and development of the
financial digital industry in recent years, summarizes and
discusses the key technologies that have emerged, and ana-
lyzes their limitations and shortcomings.
The experiments are trained differently in two datasets:
in the Ciao DVD dataset, five cross-validations are used,
multiple experiments are used, and the average of the results
of multiple experiments is taken.
1.4 Organization of the Paper
The remaining deployment section of this paper is shown
below: Sect. 2 describes related work; Sect. 3 describes the
methodology of this paper, a reinforcement learning frame-
work model using Monte Carlo methods; Sect. 4 describes
the experimental content and the conclusion is drawn in
Sect. 5.
2 Related Work
2.1 The Concept and Characteristics of Industrial
Finance
Industrial finance is a general term for financial services
provided with industry as the target. Based on industry,
industrial finance is a financial form that achieves mutual
integration between industry and finance through the ena-
bling effects of finance on industry, such as capital financing,
resource integration, and value appreciation. Therefore, the
concept of industrial finance has two understanding dimen-
sions: one is the service object dimension, such as science
and technology finance, cultural finance, transportation
finance, etc., i.e., the industrial finance mode with industry
as the support object; the second is the property rights of the
combination of industry and finance dimension.
As a mode of finance, industrial finance has attracted high
attention from all walks of life because of the importance of
its service objects and the special form of industrial finance
operation system. Minfeng [7] believes that the industrial
International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78 Page 3 of 11 78

finance model is conducive to the use of the group's advan-
tages and the application of financial resources to industry,
especially to small- and medium-sized enterprises in the
supply chain. Reig-Mullor et al. [8] believes that, from the
current situation, industrial finance is basically based on the
development mode of supply chain finance, so, in a certain
sense, industrial finance is equal to supply chain finance.
2.2 The Development Path of Industrial Finance
High-quality industrial finance is the only way to provide
high-quality services to the real economy, and the high rel-
evance of industrial finance to the real economy makes all
walks of life pay great attention to the development and trend
of industrial finance. Scholars have proposed various devel-
opment paths: first, we should strengthen industrial finance
by vigorously developing supply chain economy. According
to the research [9, 10], the establishment of the “double car-
bon” target has brought great changes to the existing supply
chain economy, and the original supply chain system has
been broken, while the modern industrial finance is based
on various business circles and material circles of the sup-
ply chain economy. Second, the service mode of industrial
finance is optimized to enhance the technological content
of industrial finance, so as to improve the service capacity
of industrial finance. Zhaobao and Minfeng and Butkus [11,
12] proposed that the current financial institutions should
comprehensively promote digital transformation, and boldly
introduce digital technology embedded in the various busi-
ness processes of industrial finance, so that technological
means become the operational gene of industrial finance.
Third, the main contradiction in the development of indus-
trial finance should be solved. Chahed and Santana et al. [13,
14] concluded that the current focus should be on the reform
and development of rural finance. In China's industrial
development, rural industrial development faces problems,
such as low investment and low access to financial services,
etc. Only when industrial development is coordinated and
balanced, the development of industrial finance will have a
better foundation.
2.3 Digital Technology and “Digital Technology + N”
According to [15], digital technology is a branch of sci-
ence and technology, which is the integration of the lat-
est information technology such as big data, block chain,
artificial intelligence, IoT, meta-universe, etc. Once such

Fig. 1  Technology roadmap

Questions Research background and
raised significance

Review of research status

in related fields

Theoretical hypothesis of digital

finance and enterprise innovation

Theoretical Theoretical Research

basis analysis hypothesis

Empirical analysis based on

Chinese enterprise level data
Development of digital

Enterprise innovation

Total digital Innovation

finance index Promote investment
Finance

Digital finance sub Effect Innovation output

index

Mechanism of action

Regional
Enterprise nature Enterprise scale development
Empirical differences
Research

Analysis Conclusions and

conclusion suggestions

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 78 Page 4 of 11 International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems
technology is used in the financial industry and served
by the financial industry, it is collectively called finan-
cial technology. Digital technology has wide applicabil-
ity and permeability, and many socio-economic problems
can be solved by digital technology. At the same time,
the digital economy as a trend, the impact on the market
economic subjects is fundamental and decisive, digital
finance and financial innovation (see Fig. 1), and there-
fore, all economic subjects must accept the baptism of
digital technology, and constantly improve the level of
digital applications.
The theoretical community generally believes that
“digital technology + N” as the application model of digi-
tal economy has become the basic formula of digitaliza-
tion, “digital technology + finance” that is, the concept of
digital finance has become the unified paradigm of the
financial industry, industrial finance belongs to the spe-
cific concept of finance, according to the aforementioned
expression habits, “digital technology + finance” is the
concept of the financial industry [16, 17]. Obviously, the
reference to “industrial digital finance” is questionable, but
it expresses the meaning of digital technology application
in industrial finance. Goodell and Zetzsche et al. [18, 19]
emphasize the role of digital technology in the develop-
ment of industrial finance, and recognize the importance,
necessity and practical feasibility of the comprehensive
integration of digital technology with the real economy.
Khalil et al. and Sharma et al. [20, 21] take blockchain
technology as an example and proposes that the use of
blockchain technology can effectively solve the problem
of information sharing and decentralization of each subject
in the industrial finance chain, and effectively realize the
transformation from subject credit to transaction credit,
while smart contracts can also bind the compliance and
trustworthiness of each subject in the supply chain. Lee
et al. [22] believe that the digital transformation of indus-
trial finance will guide the extension of the digital econ-
omy from the consumer Internet to the industrial Internet,
which is conducive to cultivating new dynamic energy for
the development of the digital economy, optimizing indus-
trial financial services as well as the structure of the real
industry, etc.
From the existing research results, the academic commu-
nity has fully recognized the great significance of the current
vigorous development of industrial finance, and the practice
is also exploring the ideas of developing and growing indus-
trial finance, especially the application of digital technology
in industrial finance has been explored. The shortcoming
of the research is that the research on the theoretical logic
and operation mode of digital industrial finance is still not
systematic enough, and the operability needs to be strength-
ened. The innovation of this paper is that according to the
historical logic of industrial finance development, based on
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(2023) 16:78
the reality that industrial finance development is at the stage
of supply chain ecosystem development, from the perspec-
tive of financial supply-side structural reform, it proposes to
create a digital industrial finance model of platform, ecol-
ogy, and content, which focuses on solving the pain points
of industrial finance development and has strong operability,
which is conducive to comprehensively improving the qual-
ity of industrial finance through the technical segment.
3 Method
In this paper, a reinforcement learning framework model
using Monte Carlo methods is proposed for constructing
the simulation environment described above [23], and the
proposed model is a tuned improvement of the framework
for this problem based on this approach. The reinforcement
learning algorithm is used to train the decision-making
agents in the simulation environment, so that the banks
operated by the agents can make rational decisions and
obtain higher overall bank returns when faced with different
financial risk events compared to the rival banks operated
by human experts. In the simulation environment, the basic
information of the environment faced by each round of oper-
ators includes detailed asset and liability information of their
own banks, public asset and liability information of the rival
banks (operated by human experts), and the financial risks in
the current environment. Trends in macroeconomic condi-
tions and events. This environmental information is all the
information that the agent refers to when making decisions.
Deep learning is a machine learning method, which can
be roughly divided into three steps to achieve: first, establish
Input Layer Hidden Layers Output Layer
Lower Layer Upper layer
I W W
I W W O
I W W O
I W W
I b b
Fig. 2  Multilayer perceptron
International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78
the network architecture, then determine the goal of network
learning, and finally, give the network learning algorithm
and learn [24]. In the following, we will introduce deep
learning through these three steps. The neural network is
composed of a multilayer perceptron (multilayer perceptron,
MLP for short) [25] (see Fig. 2).
The main feature of the multilayer perceptron is that it has
multiple neuron layers. It is mainly used to receive the input
training set, and multiple hidden layers in the middle of the
multilayer perceptron belong to the middle layer. The middle
layer mainly operates on the data received by the input layer,
and the output layer mainly outputs the operation results. To
understand the multilayer perceptron more clearly, the struc-
ture of a perceptron in Fig. 2 is expanded as shown in Fig. 3.
In Fig. 3, a perceptron consists of a weight w , a bias a ,
and an input b. The perceptors are connected by connecting
the output of the perceptron. The value obtained by the lin-
ear operation of the parameters w and b is represented by Z .
In Fig. 3, the square brackets indicate the number of layers
of the perceptron where the number is located, and the sub-
script i is the value of the i perceptron in a certain layer of
perceptors. Assuming that the l − 1th layer has n outputs, the
vector representation of the i rd Zi[l] value of the lth layer is
[l] [l−1]
⎡ wi,1 ⎤ ⎡ ai,1 ⎤
Zi[l] = ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ + b[l]
⎢ [l] ⎥ ⎢ [l−1] ⎥ i
⎣ wi,n ⎦ ⎣ ai,n ⎦
⎡ Z1 ⎤ ⎡ w1,1 ⋯ w1,p ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤ ⎡ b1 ⎤
[l+1] [l+1] [l+1] [l] [l+1]
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
Z [l+1] ⋮ ⎥.
⎢ [l+1] ⎥ ⎢⎢ [l+1]
= ⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥⋅ ⋮ +
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ process of backpropagation, the result of the gradient mul-
⎣ Zq ⎦ ⎣ wq,1 ⋯ wq,p ⎥⎦ ⎣ ap ⎦ ⎣ bq ⎦
[l+1] [l] [l+1]
(2)
For the Z |l+1| value of the perceptron of the l + 1 layer, it
can be expressed in the form of a matrix
Fig. 3  A single perceptron
Page 5 of 11 78
⎡ Z1 ⎤ ⎡ w1,1 ⋯ w1,p ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤ ⎡ b1 ⎤
[l+1] [l+1] [l+1] [l] [l+1]
⎢ ⎥
Z �l+1� = ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ = ⎢ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ + ⎢ ⋮ ⎥.
⎢ [l+1] ⎥ ⎢ [l+1]
⎣ Zq ⎦ ⎣ wq,1 ⋯ w[l+1] ⎥ ⎢ all] ⎥ ⎢⎣ b[l+1] ⎥
q,p ⎦ ⎣ p ⎦ q ⎦
(3)
If Z |l+1| is directly input into the next perceptron, the
operation between the perceptrons adopts linear opera-
tion, which makes the approximation ability of the neural
network has certain limitations. To improve the defects of
linear operation and improve the learning ability and gen-
eralization ability of neural network, and Zi[l] is passed and
then input to the next layer of perceptron. Common activa-
tion functions are: sigmoid, tanh, ReLU, etc. The activation
function can be divided into saturated activation function
and non-saturated activation function by judging whether
its derivative is close to 0. Saturated activation functions
include sigmoid and tanh, while a series of functions such
as ReLU are unsaturated. Disappearance and speed up the
convergence. The following are some commonly used acti-
vation functions: the sigmoid function is shown in Eq. (4):
f (x) =
1
. (4)
1 + e−x
Its definition domain is the whole real domain, and its
value domain is [0, 1]. The advantage of using the sigmoid
(1)
function as the activation function is that the output of the
neuron is between 0 and 1, monotonically continuous, can
be used in the output layer, and the derivation is relatively
easy. The disadvantage is that the derivative value of the
activation function is small due to function saturation. In the
tiplication will approach 0, resulting in no gradient signal
being transmitted back to the gradient of the previous layer
through neurons updating. As a result, the parameters such
as weights are hardly updated, which leads to the problem of
gradient disappearance, which causes the training model not
to converge, and the optimization efficiency to be very low.
The tanh function is shown in Eq. (5), and the tanh function
can be transformed from the sigmoid function. However,
its disadvantage is the same as that of the sigmoid function,
and the problem of gradient disappearance still exists. Due
to the use of exponential calculation, it will consume a lot
of resources for exponential calculation
ex − e−x
tan h(x) = . (5)
ex + e−x
The linear rectification function (ReLU) is also called the
modified linear unit, and its function expression is as shown
in the following equation:
f (x) = max(0, x). (6)
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 78 Page 6 of 11 International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78

Fig. 4  Common activation

functions

Fig. 5  Schematic diagram of deep reinforcement learning

The ReLU function is a typical ramp function and is also

a piecewise function. The advantage of the ReLU function is
that the ReLU function, as a non-saturating function, avoids
the problem of gradient disappearance, and does not require
exponential calculation like the tanh function, which is more
efficient and converges faster. The disadvantage is that when
the model training learning rate is too large, most neurons
in the neural network are not activated, resulting in poor
model generalization ability, so a smaller learning rate needs
to be selected. The different activation function are shown
in Fig. 4.
Reinforcement learning, as a branch of machine learn-
ing, focuses on how an algorithmic agent (Agent) learns
actions (Actions) in different states (States) by interacting
with it in a specific environment framework, so that it can
obtain the most Cumulative return (Reward). The principle
of reinforcement learning is shown in Fig. 5.
Currently, the development of reinforcement learning has
entered the stage of integration with deep learning. As the
neural network approach in deep learning has been widely
used in computer vision in recent years with good results,
Fig. 6  Algorithm diagram
similar approaches have been introduced into the framework
of reinforcement learning. In China, the application of deep
reinforcement learning is currently largely limited to the
gaming domain. For example, Tencent’s deep reinforcement
learning agent—“Jeuiwu” for “Glory of Kings”—won a pro-
fessional player level test in 2019. But globally, there is no
precedent for using deep reinforcement learning techniques
to enable effective decision support for bank risk pricing.
Having a game-like simulation environment is fundamen-
tal to the application of reinforcement learning, especially
in conducting a customized simulation environment that
sets up a reasonable reward approach to solve real-world

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78
problems. In other words, to study the risk pricing strategies
of commercial banks, the existing risk pricing environment
and mechanism must first be simulated and constructed to
derive the expected returns of bank strategies in different
market environments [26–28]. A simulation environment is
constructed for commercial banks’ risk pricing. This envi-
ronment integrates real historical risk scenarios, risk model
simulations, bank regulatory indicators, and embedded for-
mulas to derive the changes in core business indicators of
commercial banks under different market conditions and
business strategies based on international common quanti-
tative models and regulatory rules, using common business
measures of banks under Basel and other norms, as shown
in Fig. 6.
Due to the numerous scenarios and variables in banking
business, it is impossible to rely on traditional regression
analysis to model them one by one, and it is also difficult
to obtain a large number of manually labeled samples for
supervised approaches. Therefore, the simulation environ-
ment is built and the model is trained based on deep rein-
forcement learning algorithms to obtain intelligent models
that can be applied to real banking scenarios and derive opti-
mal risk pricing strategies for banks under different market
conditions (e.g., systematic risk constraints), as shown in
Fig. 7.
In this paper, these parameterized environmental states are
denoted as st , where the subscript t is the environmental state
obtained when the simulation proceeds to the t round. The
decisions that banks operated by agents need to make are to
make corresponding adjustments to business decisions such
as pricing of different credit products according to the current
market conditions. In this paper, these adjustments are defined
Fig. 7  Schematic diagram of strategy neural network and evaluation
neural network
Page 7 of 11 78
as the decisions made by agents, represented by symbol at. The
subscript t is the decision made when the simulation reaches
the t round. From the perspective of the specific algorithm
implementation, a reinforcement learning problem can be
abstracted as the optimal decision-making method under the
environment framework obtained by the algorithm agent inter-
acting with the environment in discrete multi-round simula-
tion decision-making. In each round of risk event t , the agent
obtains the current environmental state information st from the
environment, makes decisions at according to the environmen-
tal information, and obtains the corresponding return rt of the
current round of risk events. In the simulation framework of
this paper, the decision-making return is the level of the bank’s
“return on equity” (ROE) under the normal operating state of
the bank. The higher its value, the better the decision-making
return. The optimal decision-making method that reinforce-
ment learning ultimately needs to obtain is that when a simu-
lation ends, the total return after multiple rounds of decision-
making is the highest, so the evaluation of the pros and cons
of any round of agent decision-making can be done through an
action-value function (Value-Based) Q to approximate
( ) ( )
Q𝜋 St , at = Eri ≥ t, si > t ∼ Env, ai > t ∼ 𝜋 Gt |tst , at .
(7)
In the algorithm framework of this paper, the action-value
function refers to: in the current round state, after taking a cer-
tain countermeasure, the expectation of the cumulative return
in all subsequent rounds of decision-making. When calculating
and updating such an action-value function neural network, it
is necessary to calculate the cumulative reward of each round
and all subsequent rounds of decision-making after completing
each round of simulation, as the target criterion for network
updating. To this end, the Temporal-Difference loss (TD loss)
function needs to be used to update the parameters of the net-
work. The loss function of the action-value function network
is as follows:
( )
L 𝜃 Q =Ert,St,St+1 ∼ Env, at, at + 1 ∼ 𝜋
[( ( )) ( )2 ] (8)
Q st , at |𝜃 Q − Rt − 𝛾Q st+1 , at+1 |𝜃 Q ,
where Rt is the single-round instant return obtained by the t
decision-making round, and the variable with subscript t + 1
refers to the state and action of the next round of decision-
making. The temporal difference method is a model-free
reinforcement learning algorithm. It combines the traditional
dynamic programming algorithm (Dynamic Programming)
of reinforcement learning and the algorithm characteristics
of Monte Carlo simulation (Monte Carlo Methods). The
idea of iterative calculation of median function in plan-
ning method is combined with the principle of Monte Carlo
method based on actual test sampling. Among model-free
reinforcement learning algorithms, the temporal difference
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 78 Page 8 of 11 International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78

Table 1  Definition of algorithm parameters dcga @k

ndcgn @k = . (11)
Parameter Value idcga

Actor hidden layer dimension 128
Critical hidden layer dimension 128
Actor learning rate 0.001
Critical learning rate 0.001
𝜏 0.001
𝜀 Le−6
𝜌 0.2
k 120
𝜂 0.2
method can achieve faster convergence than the Monte Carlo
method.
Based on the above principles, the improved deep deter-
ministic gradient descent method in this paper is an algorithm
structure similar to “actor-critic” (AC). This algorithm uses
two neural networks to approximate the policy network and
the evaluation network, respectively, and both neural networks
use the accumulation of multiple linear layers (Linear Layer)
and excitation functions (ReLU) as hidden layers; and to make
the input data of different dimensions have a similar degree of
importance in the network, in the input of the network A batch
normalization layer (Batch Norm) is also added to normalize
the data of different dimensions.
When conducting experiments on the Film Trust dataset,
80% for training and 20% for testing, repeat the experimental
results. In the experiments on the Ciao DVD dataset, we
use fivefold cross-validation to better calculate the dynamic
change of the trust value, and we preprocess the trust value
and map it to a continuous [0,1] interval, where 1 is used to
represent complete trust, and 0 is used to represent complete
distrust.
For a better and fairer algorithm comparison, we reviewed
the hyperparameter settings of the original papers of the
six comparison algorithms and adjusted them. Second, by
consulting the papers and related reference materials, we set
the discount factor of our algorithm γ = 0.8, and the settings
of the rest of parameters are shown in Table 1.
The experiments discuss the influence of different embed-
ding dimension d on the performance of algorithm. Then
conduct experiments on Film Trust and Ciao DVD data-
sets×. The effect of embedding dimension d as shown in
Fig. 8.
From the above graphs, we observe that the two algo-
rithms have the same trend on both datasets, and observe
that when d is small (for example, when d = 16), the algo-
rithm obtains poorer performance, because the embedding
dimension is small, the algorithm cannot adequately cap-
ture and represent the characteristic data of items and users.

4 Experiment
0.6

To evaluate the proposed algorithm, this paper uses Film 0.5

Trust and Ciao DVD datasets for experimental validation.
0.4
The Film Trust dataset scores taken in the experiment range
Ndcg@10

from 0.5 to 4, with 0.5 as an interval. The trust value in 0.3

Film Trust ranges from 1 to 10, but the public data sets are 0.2
mostly represented by binary types, that is, 1 means there
is a trust relationship, and 0 means no trust relationship. 0.1

We excluded 635 users from Film Trust who had no social 0

connections and 133 who had no rating record. In the Ciao 0 50 100 150 200
d
DVD dataset, movie ratings range from 1 to 5, and the rat-
ings are integers with 1 as an interval. The trust relationship 0.06
in this dataset is also represented by a binary type. It can be 0.05
seen from the above analysis that the number of available
0.04
users in the Film Trust dataset is much smaller than that in
Ndcg@10

the Ciao DVD dataset 0.03

0.02
n
precision@k =
k (9) 0.01

0.00
∑
i 0 50 100 150 200
2(i) − 1 d
dcg@k = (10)
i−1 log3(i+1)
Fig. 8  The effect of embedding dimension d on DDPG-TR

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems (2023) 16:78 Page 9 of 11 78

0.70

0.60

0.50
Ndcg@10

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
-5 5 15 25 35 Fig. 11  Performance comparison on Ciao DVD dataset
l
0.07
0.06
0.05
Ndcg@10

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
-5 5 15 25
l
Fig. 9  Influence of interaction length l on DDPG-TR algorithm
Fig. 10  Comparison on Film Trust dataset
And when we gradually increase the embedding dimension,
the performance indicators begin to gradually improve,
especially when d = 100, the ndcg@10 indicators on both
datasets reach the maximum value. Then, as d continues to
increase, the performance drops slightly and remains sta-
ble. The reason for this trend is that the model. Therefore,
when the recommendation accuracy reaches its peak, if
the embedding dimension d continues to be expanded, the
model capacity will not increase, and the performance of
the recommendation system will gradually remain stable.
He has actively interacted with before time step t. To verify
the impact of different interaction lengths on the recommen-
dation active l to be 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, respectively,
and conduct experiments on two datasets. The experimental
35
Fig. 12  Comparison on the Yelp dataset
results corresponding to the two algorithms are shown in
Fig. 9.
The two algorithms have the same trend on the Film Trust
and Ciao DVD data sets, that is, the algorithm index inter-
action length l. When l = 5, the algorithms of the two data
sets show a downward trend performance is at its maximum.
Satisfy historical items with l active interactions. Therefore,
when l increases, fewer users meet the conditions, the avail-
able data will become more sparse, and the performance of
the algorithm will gradually deteriorate, as shown in Fig. 10.
The former is about 10% of the latter, and the number of
corresponding experimental test sets also becomes larger.
Next, we fine-tune the hyperparameters in the experiment
when reproducing the comparison algorithm, and the train-
ing methods are different in the two datasets: in the Ciao
DVD dataset, fivefold cross-validation is used, multiple
experiments are used, and the average of the results of the
multiple experiments is taken value. The last point is that
the selected datasets do not have other attribute information
other than the trust and ratings obtain the latent embedding
vectors of other attributes of these, so it cannot provide high
accuracy rate, so that its effect on the Ciao DVD dataset is
also inferior to the WRMF algorithm. The performance of
different algorithms is shown in Fig. 11.
To sum up, through the above experiments and analy-
sis, our algorithm DDPG-TR performs better we refer to
the hyperparameter settings in the original text of the five
comparison algorithms. It is then fine-tuned to ensure fair
comparisons across experiments. See Fig. 12. To sum up,

13
 78 Page 10 of 11 International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems
our experiments are real and effective, and are better than
the comparison algorithms. The experimental results of the
Yelp dataset.
This paper outputs the final decision-making mode
of the agent simulation bank. Under the tested financial
scenario, the ratio of the agent strategy and the human
expert strategy is shown in Fig. 3; the ratio of the agent
strategy result to the human expert strategy result is shown
in Fig. 4. From the financial perspective, analyze the strat-
egy development process of the agent as follows. In the
risk scenario, the core of the management strategy is to
ensure sufficient liquidity and reasonable adjustment of
asset allocation, that is, an asset pricing scheme. As shown
in Fig. 3, the initial 0–10,000 training sessions are mainly
about the influence of each factor on the cumulative
return (ROE) and the relationship between each indicator.
Between 1 and 20,000 times, the agent's strategy gradually
approaches the preset human expert strategy and gradu-
ally converges. In the last 5000 times (i.e., 20,000–25,000
times), the agent finally optimizes its strategy and obtains
a better strategy than the human expert. From the final
result, this set of strategies has achieved higher Nim and
roe on the basis of ensuring that the three business indica-
tors (NPL, LCR, and total capital ratio) are equal to the
return of human expert strategies. Therefore, the pricing
strategy obtained by the model through training is superior
to that of its human expert competitors in terms of at least
five core business indicators. In conclusion, as the number
of training rounds increases, the risk management pricing
strategy of agents gradually approaches the management
strategy of financial experts and the financial risk manage-
ment experience in history; with the further increase of the
training amount, the agent tries to gradually converge to
a more mature pricing strategy, so that the output return
gradually approaches and eventually exceeds the human
expert strategy.
5 Conclusion
The development of digital finance improves investment in
corporate innovation activities, and also pays attention to the
actual output of corporate innovation. Digital finance and
modern information technology coexist with each other and
have the characteristics of rapid change and wide influence.
This paper investigates the development of the financial
digital industry from multiple dimensions, summarizes the
innovation and development achievements of the industry,
and helps to scientifically and comprehensively grasp and
perceive the latest development process and future trends
of China’s financial digital industry. At the same time, this
paper conducts a discussion on the direction of green and
13
(2023) 16:78
healthy development of the industry, which is an important
but currently ignored direction by most researchers.
In the future, we should start with the integration of green
design, application of new technologies, lean management,
and digital and intelligent transformation, and gradually
promote the green and healthy development of the entire
industry cycle.
Acknowledgements The author would like to show sincere thanks to
those techniques who have contributed to this research.
Author Contributions Not applicable.
Funding There is no specific funding to support this research.
Availability of Data and Materials The experimental data used to sup-
port the findings of this study are available from the corresponding
author upon request.
Declarations
Conflict of Interest The authors declared that they have no conflicts of
interest regarding this work.
Consent for Publication The author reviewed the results, approved the
final version of the manuscript, and agreed to publish it.
Ethical Approval Not applicable.
Consent to Participate Not applicable.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-
bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta-
tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are
included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in
the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a
copy of this licence, visit http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/.
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