Appl. Math. Mech. -Engl. Ed.

, 44(10), 1821–1840 (2023)

APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS (ENGLISH EDITION)

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-023-3043-7

Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally

graded magneto-electro-elastic nanoshells via
nonlocal strain gradient theory∗

Xinte WANG1 , Juan LIU1,† , Biao HU2 , Bo ZHANG1 , Huoming SHEN1

1. School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chengdu 610031, China;
2. School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science,
Bijie 551700, Guizhou Province, China
(Received Jun. 26, 2023 / Revised Aug. 29, 2023)

Abstract This study examines the wave propagation characteristics for a bi-directional
functional grading of barium titanate (BaTiO3 ) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2 O4 ) porous
nanoshells, the porosity distribution of which is simulated by the honeycomb-shaped
symmetrical and asymmetrical distribution functions. The nonlocal strain gradient the-
ory (NSGT) and first-order shear deformation theory are used to determine the size
effect and shear deformation, respectively. Nonlocal governing equations are derived for
the nanoshells by Hamilton’s principle. The resulting dimensionless differential equations
are solved by means of an analytical solution of the combined exponential function after
dimensionless treatment. Finally, extensive parametric surveys are conducted to investi-
gate the influence of diverse parameters, such as dimensionless scale parameters, radius-
to-thickness ratios, bi-directional functionally graded (FG) indices, porosity coefficients,
and dimensionless electromagnetic potentials on the wave propagation characteristics.
Based on the analysis results, the effect of the dimensionless scale parameters on the
dispersion relationship is found to be related to the ratio of the scale parameters. The
wave propagation characteristics of nanoshells in the presence of a magnetoelectric field
depend on the bi-directional FG indices.
Key words bi-directional functionally graded (FG), wave propagation, dimensionless,
magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) nanoshell, nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT), poros-
ity
Chinese Library Classification O342
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 74K10

∗ Citation: WANG, X. T., LIU, J., HU, B., ZHANG, B., and SHEN, H. M. Wave propagation re-
sponses of porous bi-directional functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic nanoshells via nonlocal
strain gradient theory. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition), 44(10), 1821–1840
(2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-023-3043-7
† Corresponding author, E-mail: lj187@swjtu.edu.cn
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China
(Nos. 2022NSFSC2003, 23NSFSC0849, and 2023NSFSC1300)
c
°Shanghai University 2023
1822 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

1 Introduction

Magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) materials are a type of smart composite materials exhibiting

strong electro-magnetic coupling effects unlike single piezomagnetic and piezoelectric materials[1] .
In recent years, owing to the high demand for nanotechnology applications, research on the mi-
cropolarization of MEE materials has accelerated. The mechanical characteristics of recently de-
veloped small-scale MEE materials can be altered by applying electrical or magnetic potentials,
enabling an effective integration of multiple functions in smart structures commonly employed
in wearable technologies, mini robotic applications, and magnetic field detectors[2–4] . Regarding
research on nanomaterials, due to the difficulty in performing nanoscale experiments, theoreti-
cal modeling analysis and computer simulations at small scales are essential[5] . As the feature
size of components reaches the nanoscale, the long-range forces between the atoms increase
significantly, and the scale effect becomes non-negligible. Therefore, micromechanics theories
have been proposed to obtain the influence of size effects, such as the coupled stress[6] , nonlocal
polar elasticity[7] , nonlocal differential elasticity[8] , strain gradient elasticity[9] , modified cou-
pled stress theory[10] , surface elasticity[11] , doublet mechanics[12] , and nonlocal strain gradient
theory (NSGT)[13] . The size-dependent static and dynamic responses of nanostructures have
been extensively reviewed, and the results have shown that Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory
(NET) is often used to explain the effects of the small size of structures. However, Kuang et
al.[14] investigated the nonlinear vibrations in double-walled carbon nanotubes conveying fluid
and showed that the NET cannot predict the possible stiffness-hardening effect of this material.
In micro- and nano-indentation experiments conducted on different metallic materials, a signif-
icant increase in the material strength has been observed at the microscale compared with that
at the conventional scale, and this cannot be explained by the nonlocal theory[15] . In fact, the
NET considers only one decreasing effect while ignoring the other increasing effect. Later, Lim
et al. proposed the NSGT to overcome the above drawbacks. This theory considers both the
nonlocal elastic and strain gradient stress fields. Since then, many researchers have applied the
NSGT to study the scale-dependent mechanical behavior of nanostructures. For example, Li et
al.[16] studied wave propagation in viscoelastic single-walled carbon nanotubes under a magnetic
field based on the NSGT. The dispersion relationship between the phase velocity and the wave
number of the wave propagating in the nanotubes was obtained by using different nonclassical
theories and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results showed that the phase velocities
obtained by using different elasticity theories may be similar at small wave numbers and that
the difference between the results obtained from the different elasticity theories can only be
reflected at higher wave numbers. More importantly, compared with other elasticity theories,
the dispersion characteristics obtained from the NSGT framework were closer to the MD re-
sults. Based on the hypotheses of interpolatory correlation, homogenization, and superposition,
Jiang et al.[17] proposed a physically-based NSGT of polymer networks, where the kernel func-
tions and intrinsic length scales have unambiguous physical meanings. The theory is beneficial
to clarifying the relationship between the microstructure-dependent intrinsic lengths and the
properties of crosslinked polymer network structures. A nonlocal strain gradient beam model
incorporating the thickness effect was developed by Li et al.[18] for the size-dependent buckling
analysis of nanobeams. The size-dependent effect of thickness was found to be significant, and
a size-dependent model without the thickness effect may produce misleading results. Xiao et
al.[19] investigated the propagation characteristics of in-plane waves in viscoelastic monolayer
graphene. The phase velocities obtained from the classical elasticity theory and strain gradient
theory were found to be greater than that obtained from the NSGT, whereas the phase velocity
obtained from the NET was lower than that obtained from the NSGT. A comparison between
the results of different nonclassical theories with the experimental data showed that the NSGT
results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Hence, selecting the right theory
is crucial for analyzing the dispersion properties of wave propagation in nanostructures.
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1823

Conventional composite materials, however, have inherent drawbacks, such as high disper-
sion of material properties, poor impact resistance, and tendency to generate interlaminar
stresses leading to delamination damage in structures[20] . To overcome the shortcomings of
conventional composite materials and to develop various types of multifunctional materials, the
concept of a functional gradient has been introduced in the field of composite structures. As
a new type of nonhomogeneous composite materials, functionally graded (FG) nanomaterials
not only have smooth and continuous gradation properties but can also change the volume
fraction of each component[21] . The combination of FG and MEE materials will bring many
benefits. For instance, an FGMEE structure can be significantly stronger owing to the lack of
stress concentration, and this structure can also transfer energy between mechanical, electrical,
and magnetic forms more efficiently[22–25] . However, due to the technical issues related to the
preparation technology, pores are inevitably formed while preparing FG nanostructures from
ceramic materials. In the manufacturing of FG structures using barium titanate (BaTiO3 )
and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2 O4 ), the proportion of pores generated can be up to 40%[26] . The
numerous nanopores affect the stiffness and quality of FG nanomaterials, which in turn affect
their mechanical properties. With the rapid development of manufacturing technology, the
pore size and density can now be adjusted in one or more directions for optimum mechanical
properties. Esen and Özmen[27] modeled and investigated the free and forced vibration and
buckling behavior of porous FGMEE nanoplates. The vibration and buckling response charac-
teristics of the nanoplates were found to depend on the material composition, externally applied
magnetoelectric field, and the value of the porosity.
Most current studies dealt with one-directional FGMEE composites[28–30] . In aerospace ap-
plications, the stress distribution and responses of the mechanical properties of many advanced
machine structures can be along two or even three directions[31] . Tang et al.[32] proposed a
theoretical model for a bi-directional FGMEE structure. FG components can be designed in
multiple directions to meet the high reliability and performance requirements of smart materials.
Bi-directional FG structures have physical properties that can be continuously tailored along
two different directions as a way to realize high designability and meet the performance require-
ments of smart materials. Considering the outstanding characteristics of this type of composite
material, several studies have been conducted on the static and dynamic properties of composite
materials constructed from bi-directional FG materials. For example, Tang et al.[33] established
a composite model of an Euler-Bernoulli beam made of a bi-directional FG structure to study its
nonlinear free vibration characteristics; the nonlinear dynamic response of the beam was found
to strongly depend on its material characteristics. Pydah and Batra[34] developed a shear de-
formation theory, including logarithmic functions, and applied it to analytically solve the static
deformation of bi-directional FG circular beams. In the framework of Eringen’s NET, Nejad
and Hadi[35] studied the static buckling of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams made of a bi-directional
FG structure with small-scale effects. With the application of the equivalence analysis and
first-order shear deformation theory, Chen et al.[36] analyzed the natural vibration response
of a fan-shaped cylindrical shell with bi-directional FG characteristics and elastic constrained
edges. Evidently, the above studies have shown that bi-directional FG composite structures
have outstanding multiphysical coupling properties and favorable designability[37] . Several en-
gineering devices made of bi-directional FG materials, such as beams, plates, shells, and other
micro- and nano-structures, have been conceptualized by scientists and technicians, and perfor-
mance studies have been conducted through various methods and theories. Particularly in the
field of vibration mechanics, several innovative properties have been suggested[38–42] . However,
few studies have investigated the wave propagation properties of such structures.
Waves propagate with a high frequency at the terahertz level, making them sufficiently
powerful to be used in a wide range of applications, such as in miniature actuators and sen-
sors. Hence, it is crucial to understand the mechanical behavior of structures in which waves
propagate. For instance, in the NSGT framework, Ebrahimi and Dabbagh[43] investigated the
1824 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

dispersion properties of flexural waves in FGMEE nanoplates, and their intelligent properties
were found to be more pronounced at lower wave numbers. Liu et al.[44] investigated the
propagation response of Lamb-type waves in FG piezoelectric plates based on the modified
coupled stress theory. The obtained findings can serve as a reference in the design and dynamic
response evaluation of small-scale composite structures. Faghidian et al.[45] analytically exam-
ined the dispersion properties of flexural waves in FG porous nanobeams based on the theory
of higher-order nonlocal gradient elasticity. Li et al.[46] investigated the flexural wave propa-
gation properties of structures modeling an NSGT-based FG beam. The functional gradient
index of the structure strongly influenced the acoustic and optical dispersion relationships of
the nanoscale FG beams. Liu et al.[47] studied and analyzed the reflection behavior of elas-
tic waves in small-scale FG piezoelectric structures. They demonstrated that some resonances
could be avoided by designing and adjusting the gradient shape of the structure. These studies
on the wave propagation properties of FG structures provide a reference for the design and
fabrication of small-scale microelectromechanical engineering structures. However, studies on
the wave propagation properties of small-scale FGMEE shell structures are relatively limited.
In this study, the wave propagation characteristics of a porous bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell
are analyzed based on the NSGT. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Sec-
tion 2 provides the theoretical formulation, including the material model, NSGT, and first-order
shear deformation theory. Analytical solutions to the dimensionless frequency are described in
Section 3. Section 4 investigates the effects of parameters, such as the dimensionless scale pa-
rameters, porosity, bi-directional FG indices, and dimensionless electromagnetic potential, on
the wave propagation characteristics. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

2 Theory and formulation

2.1 Effective material properties

A porous and cylindrical bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell model composed of BaTiO3 and
CoFe2 O4 is considered as illustrated in Fig. 1. The thickness, mid-surface radius, and length
of the FGMEE nanoshell are denoted by h, R, and L, respectively. Unlike a conventional
FG nanoshell, the material characteristics of a bi-directional FG nanoshell vary smoothly not
only in the thickness direction (z-direction) but also in the axial direction (x-direction). The
nanoshell is affected by the external electric potential V0 as well as the magnetic potential B0 .
The displacements of the points in the middle plane of the cylindrical nanoshell in the x-, θ-,
and z-directions can be represented by U (x, θ, z, t), V (x, θ, z, t), and W (x, θ, z, t), respectively.

z, W
θ, V
O x,U
h
R
V0, B0
BaTiO3
BaTiO3 CoFe2O4
L

Fig. 1 Geometry of the problem involving a porous and cylindrical bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell
model (color online)

Figure 2 shows two porosity distributions along the thickness direction of the FGMEE
nanoshell. For a bi-directional FG nanoshell with pores, the modified rule of mixture can be
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1825

represented as[48]

E(x, z) = f (α, z)(Eb Vb + Ec Vc ), (1)

where E indicates the material parameters (such as the elastic and piezoelectric moduli), and
V represents the volume fraction of the component material. The subscripts “b” and “c”
indicate the BaTiO3 and CoFe2 O4 phases, respectively. According to the power law distribution,
the volume fractions of BaTiO3 and CoFe2 O4 that constitute the FGMEE nanoshells can be
expressed as[49]
³ x ´Nx ³ 2z + h ´Nz
Vb = 1 − Vc , Vc = , (2)
L 2h

where the non-negative variables Nx and Nz are the FG indices in the axial (x-direction) and
thickness directions (z-direction), respectively. f (α, z) is an arbitrary function of the porosity
distribution controlled by the porosity coefficient α and the distribution form function χ(z). The
distribution function and the coefficients corresponding to the two different types of porosity
distributions are explicitly formulated as[48]

f (α, z) = 1 − αχ(z), (3)

(
cos(πz/h), symmetric distribution (PD-S),
χ(z) = (4)
cos(πz/2h + π/4), asymmetric distribution (PD-A).

z z
h/2 ES h/2 EA

x x
−h/2 −h/2
PD-S PD-A
(a) (b)

Fig. 2 Models of the (a) symmetric and (b) asymmetric distributions of the porosity (color online)

For a porous bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell, by combining Eqs. (1)–(4), the material prop-
erties can be expressed as
³ ³ x ´Nx ³ 2z + h ´Nz ´
E(x, z) = Eb + (Ec − Eb ) (1 − αχ(z)). (5)
L 2h

e θ, z, t)
According to Maxwell’s equations, the distributions of the external electric potential φ(x,
e θ, z, t) of the nanoshell can be expressed as[50]
and magnetic potential ϕ(x,

e θ, z, t) = − cos(βz)φ(x, θ, t) + 2zV0 ,
φ(x, (6)
h
2zB0
ϕ(x,
e θ, z, t) = − cos(βz)ϕ(x, θ, t) + , (7)
h

where β = π/h is a linear constant, and φ(x, θ, t) and ϕ(x, θ, t) represent the changes in the
electric and magnetic potentials in the middle layer, respectively.
1826 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

2.2 Displacement field equations

According to the first-order shear deformation shell equation, the displacement component
at any point in the nanoshell can be expressed as[51]
     
u(x, θ, z, t) U (x, θ, t) ψx (x, θ, t)
 v(x, θ, z, t)  =  V (x, θ, t)  + z ψθ (x, θ, t) , (8)
w(x, θ, z, t) W (x, θ, t) 0
where u, v, w, ψx , and ψθ denote the axial, circumferential, and transverse displacement com-
ponents, and the rotation components in the axial and circumferential axes, respectively.
The strains obtained from Eq. (8) are
∂U ∂ψx
εxx = +z , (9)
∂x ∂x
1 ³ ∂V ´ z ∂ψ
θ
εθθ = +W + , (10)
R ∂θ R ∂θ
∂V 1 ∂U ³ 1 ∂ψ ∂ψθ ´
x
γxθ = + +z + , (11)
∂x R ∂θ R ∂θ ∂x
∂W
γxz = ψx + , (12)
∂x
1 ∂W V
γθz = ψθ + − . (13)
R ∂θ R
According to Eqs. (6) and (7), the electric field components in each direction Ei and the
magnetic field Hi can be obtained as[50]
∂φ
Ex = cos(βz) , (14)
∂x
cos(βz) ∂φ
Eθ = , (15)
R + z ∂θ
2V0
Ez = −β sin(βz)φ − , (16)
h
∂ϕ
Hx = cos(βz) , (17)
∂x
cos(βz) ∂ϕ
Hθ = , (18)
R + z ∂θ
2B0
Hz = −β sin(βz)ϕ − . (19)
h
2.3 Constitutive equations in the framework of NSGT
According to the NSGT, which integrates the nonlocal elastic stress field with the strain-
gradient stress field, we have[13]
(2)
(1) ∂σij
σij = σij − , (20)
∂x
(1) (2)
where the nonlocal stress σij and the strain gradient stress σij for MEE solids can be expressed
as follows[43] :
Z L
(1)
σij = α0 (|x − x0 |, e0 a)(cijkl ε0kl (x0 ) − ekij Ek (x0 ) − qkij Hk (x0 ))dx0 , (21)
0
Z L
(2) 2
σij =l α1 (|x − x0 |, e1 a)(cijkl ε0kl,x (x0 ) − ekij Ek (x0 ) − qkij Hk (x0 ))dx0 , (22)
0
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1827

where the nonlocal nature of the stress field is introduced by using nonlocal parameters e0 a and
e1 a, while the strain-gradient effect is incorporated through the material length scale parameter
l.
By substituting Eqs. (21) and (22) into Eq. (20) and assuming e0 = e1 , the general differential
form in the framework of the NSGT can be expressed as

σij − (e0 a)2 ∇2 σij = (1 − l2 ∇2 )(cijkl εkl − ekij Ek − qkij Hk ), (23)

where ∇2 is the Laplace operator. In the NSGT framework, the constitutive relationship for
small-scale MEE structures under electromagnetic fields can be expressed as[52]

(1 − µ∇2 )σij = (1 − η∇2 )(cijkl εkl − ekij Ek − qkij Hk ), (24)

2 2
(1 − µ∇ )Di = (1 − η∇ )(eikl εkl + sik Ek + dik Hk ), (25)
2 2
(1 − µ∇ )Bi = (1 − η∇ )(qikl εkl + dik Ek + µik Hk ), (26)

where µ = (e0 a)2 and η = l2 . The correlation coefficients are shown in Appendix A.
2.4 Dimensionless nonlocal equations of motion
To obtain the governing equation, Hamilton’s principle is used as[53]
Z t
δ(ΠS − ΠK + ΠF )dt = 0, (27)
0

where ΠS , ΠK , and ΠF are the strain energy, kinetic energy, and work done by external forces,
respectively.
The strain energy can be expressed as
Z
1 (1) (2)
ΠS = (σ εij + σij ∇εij − Dk Ek − Bn Hn )dV
2 V ij
Z Z
1 2π 1
= (Nij ε0ij + Mij ε1ij )dθ − (Dk Ek + Bn Hn )dV, (28)
2 0 2 V
where Nij and Mij respectively denote the axial force and bending moment, expressed as
Z L Z h/2 Z L Z h/2
(1) (2) (1) (2)
Nij = (σij − ∇σij )dzdx, Mij = z(σij − ∇σij )dzdx. (29)
0 −h/2 0 −h/2

The kinetic energy is given by

Z ³³ ´2 ³ ´2 ³
1 ∂u ∂v ∂w ´2 ´
ΠK = ρ + + dV
2 V ∂t ∂t ∂t
Z
1 2π ³ ´
= I0 ((U̇ )2 + (V̇ )2 + (Ẇ )2 ) + 2I1 (U̇ ψ̇x + V̇ ψ̇θ ) + I2 ((ψ̇x )2 + (ψ̇θ )2 ) dθ, (30)
2 0

where Ii (i = 0, 1, 2) can be written as

Z L Z h/2
(I0 (x, z), I1 (x, z), I2 (x, z)) = ρ(x, z)(1, z, z 2 )dzdx. (31)
0 −h/2

The work done under the variation in the electromagnetic field can be defined as
Z ³ ∂W ´2 (N + N ) ³ ∂W ´2
1 2π Eθ Bθ
ΠF = (NEx + NBx ) + dθ. (32)
2 0 ∂x R2 ∂θ
1828 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

The electrical and magnetic forces due to the change in the uniform electromagnetic fields can
be expressed as
Z L Z h/2
2V0
(NEx , NEθ ) = (e
e31 , ee32 ) dzdx, (33)
0 −h/2 h
Z L Z h/2
2B0
(NBx , NBθ ) = (e
q31 , qe32 ) dzdx. (34)
0 −h/2 h

By substituting Eqs. (28)–(34) into Hamilton’s principle Eq. (27), the governing equation for
the FGMEE nanoshell can be obtained as

∂Nx 1 ∂Nxθ ∂2U ∂ 2 ψx

+ = I0 2 + I1 , (35)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t2
1 ∂Nθ ∂Nxθ Nθz ∂2V ∂ 2 ψθ
+ + = I0 2 + I1 2 , (36)
R ∂θ ∂x R ∂t ∂t
∂Nxz 1 ∂Nθz Nθ ∂2W (NEθ + NBθ ) ∂ 2 W ∂2W
+ − − (NEx + NBx ) 2
− 2 2
= I0 2 , (37)
∂x R ∂θ R ∂x R ∂θ ∂t
2 2
∂Mx 1 ∂Mxθ ∂ U ∂ ψx
+ − Nxz = I1 2 + I2 , (38)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t2
∂Mxθ 1 ∂Mθ ∂2V ∂ 2 ψθ
+ − Nθz = I1 2 + I2 2 , (39)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t
Z L Z h/2 ³ ´
∂Dx cos(βz) ∂Dθ
cos(βz) + + Dz β sin(βz) dzdx = 0, (40)
0 −h/2 ∂x R + z ∂θ
Z L Z h/2 ³ ´
∂Bx cos(βz) ∂Bθ
cos(βz) + + Bz β sin(βz) dzdx = 0. (41)
0 −h/2 ∂x R + z ∂θ

The equation for the relationship between the moment and the force can be obtained from
Eqs. (24)–(26)[54] . The related coefficients are listed in Appendix B. The nonlocal motion equa-
tions can be derived by substituting the moments and forces into the governing equations
Eqs. (35)–(41). The dimensionless parameters are introduced in Appendix C[55] . The nonlocal
motion equations can be rewritten in terms of the dimensionless physical quantities,

³ 2e e 2e e 2e e 2e e f 2
eη A
Γ e11 ∂ U + A66 ∂ U + A12 ∂ V + A66 ∂ V + A12 ∂ W + B e11 ∂ ψx
∂ex2 e2 ∂θ2
R e ∂e
R x∂θ Re ∂e x∂θ e ∂e
R x x2
∂e
Be66 ∂ 2 ψx e12 ∂ 2 ψθ
B Be66 ∂ 2 ψθ ∂ φe e ∂ ϕ e ´
+ + + + Fe31 + G31
Re2 ∂θ 2 e ∂e
R x∂θ e ∂e
R x∂θ ∂ex ∂e
x
³ ∂2U e 2
∂ ψx ´
e µ Ie0
=Γ + Ie1 , (42)
∂et2 ∂e t2
³ e e 2e 2e e 2e e e e f e e 2
e η (A12 + A66 ) ∂ U + A
Γ e66 ∂ V + A22 ∂ V − A44 Ve + (A22 + A44 ) ∂ W + (B12 + B66 ) ∂ ψx
Re ∂ex∂θ ∂ex2 e2 ∂θ
R 2 e2
R Re2 ∂θ e
R ∂e
x∂θ
2 e 2 e e e e e e ´
+B e66 ∂ ψθ + B22 ∂ ψθ + A44 ψθ + (F32 − E24 ) ∂ φ + (G32 − Q24 ) ∂ ϕ e
∂ex2 Re 2 ∂θ 2
Re e
R ∂θ Re ∂θ
³ ∂ 2 Ve ∂ 2
ψ ´
e µ Ie0 θ
=Γ + Ie1 , (43)
∂et2 ∂e t2
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1829
³ e e e e e 2f e 2f e ³ e ´
e η − A12 ∂ U − (A22 + A44 ) ∂ V + A
Γ e55 ∂ W + A44 ∂ W − A22 W f+ A e55 − B12 ∂ψx
Re ∂e x e2
R ∂θ ∂e x2 Re2 ∂θ2 e2
R Re ∂ex
³A e44 B ´
e22 ∂ψθ 2 e e 2 e e 2 2 e 32 eΘ ´
+ − −E e15 ∂ φ − E24 ∂ φ − F32 φe − Q e 15 ∂ ϕ e
−
1 e ∂ ϕ
Q 24
e G
− ϕ
e +
N
e
R e2 ∂θ
R x2
∂e e ∂θ2
R Re ∂ex2 Re ∂θ2 Re e
R
³ 2f e 2f 2f ´
eµ N
=Γ eX ∂ W + NΘ ∂ W + Ie0 ∂ W , (44)
∂e x 2
Re2 ∂θ 2
∂et2
³ 2e e 2e e e 2e ³e ´ f 2
eη B
Γ e11 ∂ U + B66 ∂ U + (B12 + B66 ) ∂ V + B12 − A e55 ∂ W + D e 11 ∂ ψx
∂x 2 2
R ∂θ 2 e
R ∂ex∂θ Re ∂e
x ∂ex2
De 66 ∂ 2 ψx e e
e55 ψx + (D12 + D66 ) ∂ ψθ + (E
2
e31 + E
e
e15 ) ∂ φ + (Q e 31 + Q e´
e 15 ) ∂ ϕ
+ − A
Re2 ∂θ2 e
R ∂ex∂θ ∂ex ∂x
³ 2e
∂ U 2
∂ ψx ´
e µ Ie1 e
=Γ h + Ie2 e
h2 , (45)
∂te2 ∂e t2
³e e 2e 2e e 2e e ³e e ´ f e e 2
e η B12 + B66 ∂ U + B
Γ e66 ∂ V + B22 ∂ V + A e44 V + B22 − A44 ∂ W + (D66 + D12 ) ∂ ψx
Re ∂ex∂θ ∂ex2 e2 ∂θ2
R e
R Re2 e
R ∂θ e
R ∂ex∂θ
2 e 2 ³ e ´ e ³ e ´ ´
+D e 66 ∂ ψθ + D22 ∂ ψθ − A e44 ψθ + E32 + E e24 ∂ φ + Q32 + Q e 24 ∂ ϕ e
∂ex 2
Re ∂θ
2 2
Re ∂θ Re ∂θ
³ ∂ 2 Ve 2
∂ ψθ ´
e µ Ie1
=Γ + Ie2 , (46)
∂et2 ∂et2
³ e e e e 2f e 2f e
e η Fe31 ∂ U + (F32 − E24 ) ∂ V + E
Γ e15 ∂ W + E24 ∂ W + F32 W f + (E e15 + E e31 ) ∂ψx
∂e x Re ∂θ ∂ex 2
Re ∂θ 2 e
R ∂e x
³E e32 ´ ∂ψ 2e 2e 2 2 ´
+ +E e24 θ
+X e11 ∂ φ + X e22 ∂ φ − X e33 φe + Ye11 ∂ ϕ e e ∂ ϕ e
+ Y22 2 − Ye33 ϕ e = 0, (47)
e
R ∂θ ∂ex 2 ∂θ 2 ∂ex 2 ∂θ
³ e e e e 2f e 2f e
eη G
Γ e 31 ∂ U + (G32 − Q24 ) ∂ V + Q e 15 ∂ W + Q24 ∂ W + G32 W f + (Q e 15 + Q e 31 ) ∂ψx
∂ex Re ∂θ ∂ex 2 e
R ∂θ 2 e
R ∂ex
³Q e 32 ´ 2 e 2 e 2 2 ´
+ +Q e 24 ∂ψθ + Ye11 ∂ φ + Ye22 ∂ φ − Ye33 φe + Te11 ∂ ϕ e e ∂ ϕ e
+ T22 2 − Te33 ϕ e = 0. (48)
e
R ∂θ ∂e
x 2 ∂θ 2 ∂ex 2 ∂θ

The superscript “∼” indicates the parameters subjected to the dimensionless treatment.

3 Solution methodology

To obtain the dimensionless frequency of the bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell, the wave
propagation analytic equations, Eqs. (42)–(48), can be solved by introducing the following dis-
placement functions[50] :
   
e (x, θ, t)
U Uem
e   
 V (x, θ, t)   Vem 
f  f 
 W (x, θ, t)   Wm 
   
ψx (x, θ, t) = ψxm  exp(i(e
ke ee
x + nθ − ω t)), (49)
   
ψθ (x, θ, t) ψθm 
   
e θ, t)   φem 
 φ(x,
ϕ(x,
e θ, t) ϕem

where U fm , ψxm , and ψθm denote the dimensionless displacement amplitudes; e

em , Vem , W k and
n denote the dimensionless wave numbers along the x- and θ-directions, respectively. The
1830 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

following equation is the expression for the relationship between the dimensionless frequency ω
e
and the frequency ω:
p
ωe = ωh I10 /A10 . (50)

The remaining coefficients are listed in Appendix C.

By substituting the displacement function Eq. (49) into Eqs. (42)–(48), the wave propagation
dimensionless characteristic equations for the FGMEE nanoshells can be calculated as
 
Uem
e 
 Vm 
f 
 Wm 
 
((L)7×7 + ω e 2 (H)7×7 ) ψxm  = (0).
e (K)7×7 − ω (51)
 
ψθm 
 
 φem 
ϕem

The dimensionless frequency ω

e is given by resolving the following eigenvalue equation:

|(L)7×7 + ω e 2 (H)7×7 | = 0.
e (K)7×7 − ω (52)

e can be derived as follows[46] :

The dimensionless phase velocity C

e=ω
C
e
. (53)
e
k
4 Numerical analysis results

In this section, the effect of various parameters on the wave propagation characteristics of
the bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell, shown in Fig. 1, is investigated and analyzed by solving
the eigenvalue equation, Eq. (52). Table 1 presents the material coefficients of the two materials
constituting the nanoshells[56] .

Table 1 MEE coefficients of material properties

Property BaTiO3 CoFe2 O4 Property BaTiO3 CoFe2 O4
c11 = c22 /GPa 166 286 q31 /(N · A−1 ·m−1 ) 0 580.3
c33 /GPa 162 286 q33 /(N · A−1 ·m−1 ) 0 699.7
c13 = c23 /GPa 78 269.5 q15 /(N · A−1 ·m−1 ) 0 550
c12 /GPa 77 173 s11 /(10−9 C · V−1 · m−1 ) 11.2 0.08
c44 = c55 /GPa 43 170.5 s33 /(10−9 C · V−1 · m−1 ) 12.6 0.093
c66 /GPa 44.5 170.5 µ11 /(10−6 N · s2 · C−2 ) 5 −590
e31 /(C · m−2 ) −4.4 0 µ33 /(10−6 N · s2 · C−2 ) 10 157
e33 /(C · m−2 ) 18.6 0 d11 = d22 = d33 0 0
e15 /(C · m−2 ) 11.6 0 ρ/(kg · m−3 ) 5 800 5 300

To confirm the correctness of the theoretical model, the material properties of the silicon and
aluminum FG nanoshells are substituted for those of the bi-directional FGMEE nanoshells. The
relationship between the phase velocity and the wave number for different nonlocal parameters
is obtained (see Fig. 3). The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified by
comparing the present results with the results obtained by He et al.[57] .
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1831

×103
5
He’s results Present results
µ = 0 nm2 µ = 0 nm2
4
µ = 1 nm2 µ = 1 nm2

C/(m · s−1)
µ = 4 nm2 µ = 4 nm2
3

1
×108
1 5 9 13 17
k/m

Fig. 3 Comparison between the phase velocity and the wave number for different nonlocal parameters
(R = 10 nm, h = 1 nm, Nx = 0, and Nz = 1) (color online)

Figure 4(a) illustrates the effect of the dimensionless scale parameters on the wave propaga-
tion dispersion relationships of the FGMEE nanoshell. Evidently, the dimensionless frequency
is significantly influenced by ηe/e µ. When the dimensionless nonlocal parameter is dominant,
i.e., ηe/e
µ < 1, the dimensionless frequency ω e is less than the frequency at ηe/e
µ = 1, indicating
that the nonlocal elastic stress field can predict the stiffness-softening effect. Similarly, when
the length scale parameter is dominant, i.e., ηe/e µ > 1, ωe is higher than that when ηe/eµ = 1,
indicating that the strain-gradient stress field is a good indicator of the structural stiffness-
hardening effect. A similar conclusion can be drawn from the results shown in Fig. 4(b), where
the effect on the dimensionless phase velocity C e is presented. Figure 4(b) shows that Ce varies
e e
significantly if k is small, while it stabilizes when k increases to a certain degree, regardless of
ηe/e
µ.

80 1.8
µ(×10−3) η(×10−3) η/µ µ(×10−3) η(×10−3) η/µ
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
60 1 2 2 η/µ = 2 1.4 1 2 2
2 4 2 2 4 2
2 1 0.5 2 1 0.5
4 2 0.5 4 2 0.5
40 1.0
C
ω

η/µ = 2
η/µ = 0.5
20 0.6

η/µ = 0.5
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 1 10 100
k k
(a) (b)

Fig. 4 Dimensionless frequency and dimensionless phase velocity versus the dimensionless wave num-
e = 20, α = 0.2, Nx = 2, Nz = 5,
ber for different scale parameters of the FGMEE nanoshell (R
Ve0 = 0.1, and Be0 = 0.1) (color online)

Figure 5 shows the effect of the ratio of the scale parameters, ηe/eµ, on the dimensionless
frequency and dimensionless phase velocity for different dimensionless wave numbers of the
FGMEE nanoshell. Clearly, ω e and Ce increase with the increase in ηe/eµ, and the effect is more
evident at higher k. This is because an increase in e
e k intensifies the scale effect of small-scale
structures. When ηe/eµ is low, Ce decreases with the increase in e k. In comparison, when ηe/e µ
1832 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

e increases with the

increases to a certain degree, the opposite pattern is observed, that is, C
increase in e
k.

120 1.0
k = 20 k = 20
k = 40 k = 40
90 k = 60 0.8 k = 60
k = 80 k = 80
k = 100 k = 100
60 0.6

C
ω

30 0.4

0
0.2 1 5 0.2 1 5
η/µ η/µ
(a) (b)

Fig. 5 Dimensionless frequency and dimensionless phase velocity versus the ratio of the scale param-
eters for different dimensionless wave numbers of the FGMEE nanoshell (e µ = 0.001, R e = 20,
e e
α = 0.2, Nx = 2, Nz = 5, V0 = 0.1, and B0 = 0.1) (color online)

Figure 6 illustrates the dimensionless frequency and dimensionless phase velocity versus
the dimensionless wave number of the nanoshell for different dimensionless radius R, e that is,
radius-to-thickness ratio. Clearly, ω e e
e and C both decrease with the increase in R, and the
influence is more pronounced at lower R. e The influence of R e on the dimensionless frequency
and dimensionless phase velocity shift is also related to the dimensionless wave number. When
e
k varies from 1 to 10, ωe and C e However, for e
e are sensitive to changes in R. k > 50, ω
e and Ce of
the FGMEE nanoshell may not be affected by the changes in R. e

80 4

R = 10
60 R = 30 3
R = 50

40 2
ω

20 1

0 0
1 10 100
k

Fig. 6 Dimensionless frequency (left axis) and dimensionless phase velocity (right axis) versus the
dimensionless wave number for different dimensionless radios of the FGMEE nanoshell (e µ=
0.001, ηe = 0.002, α = 0.2, Nx = 2, Nz = 5, Ve0 = 0.1, and B
e0 = 0.1) (color online)

Figure 7 shows the influence of the FG index Nx in the axial direction and FG index Nz
in the thickness direction on the nanoshell dimensionless frequency and dimensionless phase
velocity of the bi-directional FGMEE structure with different dimensionless wave numbers.
An increase in both the FG indices leads to an increase in ω e This is because, for a
e and C.
bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell, the volume fraction of CoFe2 O4 increases with the increase
in both the FG indices, and the elastic modulus of CoFe2 O4 is greater than that of BaTiO3 .
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1833

Nx (Nz = 0) Nx (Nz = 0)
10−2 10−1 100 101 102 10−2 10−1 100 101 102
51 0.80
k = 40 k = 40
k = 50 k = 50
44 k = 60 0.75 k = 60

37 0.70
ω

C
30 0.65

23 0.60
10−2 10−1 100 101 102 10−2 10−1 100 101 102
Nz (Nx = 0) Nz (Nx = 0)
(a) (b)

Fig. 7 Dimensionless frequency and dimensionless phase velocity versus the axial FG index (upper
axis) and thickness FG index (lower axis) for different dimensionless wave numbers of the
FGMEE nanoshell (e e = 20, α = 0.2, Ve0 = 0.1, and B
µ = 0.001, ηe = 0.002, R e0 = 0.1) (color
online)

Therefore, an increase in both the FG indices increases the elastic modulus of the bi-directional
FG nanoshell. The effect of Nx and Nz is concentrated in the range of 0.1–10. This is because
when the FG index value is very low or high, the FG composite properties converge to the
properties of one of the materials. Moreover, when Nx = Nz , ω e corresponding to Nx will be
higher than that corresponding to Nz , and this phenomenon becomes prominent at higher e k.
Figure 8 shows the influence of the FG indices in the axial and thickness directions on
the wave propagation dimensionless frequency of the bi-directional FGMEE nanoshell. The
dimensionless frequency increases rapidly as the two FG indices increase simultaneously. The
two parameters have an additive effect on e k. Thus, when the two FG indices are low, if
one of the indices vary separately, as shown in Fig. 7(a), its effect on the wave propagation
characteristics is slight, whereas if both the indices vary simultaneously, their effect on the
wave propagation characteristics is evident. Therefore, the dimensionless frequency of the bi-
directional FG nanoshells can be tailored by changing the bi-directional FG indices.

39

37

35
ω

33

31
101
10−2
100
10−1
100 10−1 N z
Nx
101 10
−2

Fig. 8 Dimensionless frequency versus the FG indices in the axial and thickness directions of the
FGMEE nanoshell (e k = 50, µ e = 20, α = 0.2, Ve0 = 0.1, and B
e = 0.001, ηe = 0.002, R e0 = 0.1)
(color online)
1834 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

Figures 9(a)–9(c) show the influence of the bi-directional FG indices Nx and Nz on the
dimensionless frequency of the FGMEE nanoshell for different porosities (α) as well as poros-
ity distributions, PD-S and PD-A. At a fixed porosity, the frequency for a symmetrical pore
distribution, PD-S, is higher than that for an asymmetrical pore distribution, PD-A, and the
effect is more evident at larger porosities. The effects of PD-S and PD-A on the dimension-
less frequency are also associated with the bi-directional FG indices. For small values of Nx ,
the change in the distribution significantly affects ωe . However, the effect of the change in the
porosity distribution on the frequency shift first increases and then decreases with the increase
in Nz . Furthermore, ωe decreases with the increase in α for both types of porosity distributions.
This is due to the decrease in the structural stiffness of the nanoshell with increasing α. Ap-
parently, the porosity and pore distribution significantly affect the wave propagation frequency
of nanoshells, indicating that the dynamic behavior of porous bi-directional FG composites can
be further manipulated or tuned by pore design.

39 39 39

37 37 37

35 35 35
ω

ω
α = 0.1 α = 0.2 α = 0.3
PD-S PD-A PD-S PD-A PD-S PD-A
33 Nz = 0.1 33 Nz = 0.1 33 Nz = 0.1
Nz = 1 Nz = 1 Nz = 1
Nz = 10 Nz = 10 Nz = 10
31 31 31
10−2 10−1 100 101 10−2 10−1 100 101 10−2 10−1 100 101
Nx Nx Nx
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 9 Dimensionless frequency versus the FG indices in the axial and thickness directions for different
porosities and pore distributions of the FGMEE nanoshell (e k = 50, µe = 0.001, ηe = 0.002,
e = 20, Ve0 = 0.1, and B
R e0 = 0.1) (color online)

Tables 2 and 3 depict the effects of the external dimensionless electric potential Ve0 and
dimensionless magnetic potential Be0 on the dimensionless frequency of the FGMEE nanoshell
with different FG indices, respectively. Increasing the external positive Ve0 decreases the fre-
quency, whereas an increase in the negative Ve0 increases the frequency. This is attributed to
the compressive/tensile forces generated in the MEE nanoshell, which can lead to the weaken-

Table 2 Dimensionless frequency versus the FG indices in the axial and thickness directions for
different dimensionless electric potentials of the FGMEE nanoshell (e
k = 50, µ
e = 0.001,
e = 20, α = 0.2, and B
ηe = 0.002, R e0 = 0.1)

Nx Ny Ve0 = −0.2 Ve0 = −0.1 Ve0 = 0 Ve0 = 0.1 Ve0 = 0.2

0.01 34.17 34.17 33.56 31.34 28.94

0.01 0.5 34.47 34.47 34.47 32.93 31.26
10 35.92 35.92 35.92 35.92 35.92
0.01 34.90 34.90 34.60 32.99 31.30
0.5 0.5 35.11 35.11 35.11 34.16 33.00
10 36.14 36.14 36.14 36.14 36.14
0.01 36.33 36.33 36.33 36.20 35.95
10 0.5 36.38 36.38 36.38 36.38 36.21
10 36.55 36.55 36.55 36.55 36.55
 Wave propagation responses of porous bi-directional functionally graded MEE nanoshells 1835

Table 3 Dimensionless frequency versus the FG indices in the axial and thickness directions for
different dimensionless magnetic potentials of the FGMEE nanoshell (e
k = 50, µ
e = 0.001,
e = 20, α = 0.2, and Ve0 = 0.1)
ηe = 0.002, R

Nx Ny e0 = −0.2
B e0 = −0.1
B e0 = 0
B e0 = 0.1
B e0 = 0.2
B

0.01 31.23 31.27 31.30 31.34 31.37

0.01 0.5 31.77 32.16 32.55 32.93 33.30
10 33.90 34.70 35.49 35.92 35.92
0.01 31.88 32.26 32.62 32.99 33.35
0.5 0.5 32.48 33.05 33.61 34.16 34.70
10 34.00 34.82 35.63 36.14 36.14
0.01 33.86 34.66 35.43 36.20 36.33
10 0.5 33.97 34.79 35.60 36.38 36.38
10 34.21 35.06 35.90 36.55 36.55

ing/strengthening of the nanoshell in terms of its stiffness if a positive/negative Ve0 is applied.

Moreover, for small values of Nx and Nz , the variation in Ve0 has a significant effect on ωe . This
is due to the fact that a decrease in the FG indices increases the volume fraction of BaTiO3 ,
i.e., of the piezoelectric ceramic material, in the FG nanoshells. On the contrary, Table 3 shows
that a higher positive B e0 increases the frequency, while a negative Be0 reduces the frequency.
The sensitivity of ω e to Be0 increases with increasing FG indices. This is because with increasing
Nx and Nz , the volume fraction of CoFe2 O4 (magnetic ceramic material) increases.

5 Conclusions

The propagation of waves in porous bi-directional FGMEE nanoshells is analytically inves-

tigated in this study. Governing equations are established using Hamilton’s principle and the
first-order shear deformation theory. Within the NSGT framework, the dimensionless equa-
tions of motion are derived by introducing dimensionless parameters. This is then addressed
by combining the dimensionless displacement functions of wave propagation. The effects of
dimensionless scale parameters, radius-to-thickness ratio, porosity, bi-directional FG indices,
and dimensionless electromagnetic fields on wave propagation in the FGMEE nanoshells are
examined. The following conclusions can be drawn from the obtained numerical results.
(I) The ratio of the two scale parameters represents a more flexible parameter that can both
describe the rigidity softening and rigidity enhancing effects at small scales.
(II) Thin-walled nanostructures may be used in many practical applications owing to their
low weight and good mechanical properties. The radius-to-thickness ratio is an effective control
parameter for the wave propagation dimensionless frequency of nanostructures, particular at
low wavenumbers.
(III) Compared with unidirectional FG materials, bi-directional FG structures can be more
efficiently tailored to the dimensionless frequency of the nanoshells by varying the bi-directional
FG indices.
(IV) The symmetric porosity distribution has a higher dimensionless frequency than the
asymmetric porosity distribution, and the degree of its effect significantly depends on the bi-
directional FG indices.
(V) The effect of the dimensionless electric potential on the dimensionless frequency is more
pronounced for low FG index values than for high FG index values, whereas the effect of the
dimensionless magnetic potential on the frequency is pronounced for high FG index values.

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

1836 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

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Appendix A

c213 c213 c223

e
c11 = c11 − , e
c12 = c12 − , e
c22 = c22 − , e
c44 = c44 , e
c55 = c55 , e
c66 = c66 , (A1)
c33 c33 c33
c13 e33 c23 e33
ee31 = e31 − , ee32 = e32 − , ee24 = e24 , ee15 = e15 , (A2)
c33 c33
c13 q33 c23 q33
qe31 = q31 − , qe32 = q32 − , qe24 = q24 , qe15 = q15 , (A3)
c33 c33

e233
se11 = s11 , se22 = s11 , se33 = s33 + , (A4)
c33
q33 e33
de11 = d11 , de22 = d11 , de33 = d33 + , (A5)
c33
2
q33
µ
e11 = µ11 , µ
e22 = µ11 , µ
e33 = µ33 + . (A6)
c33

Appendix B

Z
(Aij , Bij , Dij ) = (1, z, z 2 )e
cij (x, z)dA, (B1)
A
Z Z
Fij = eeij (x, z)β sin(βz)dA, Gij = qeij (x, z)β sin(βz)dA, (B2)
A A
Z
(E31 , E32 , G31 , G32 ) = (e
e31 , ee32 , qe31 , qe32 )βz sin(βz)dA, (B3)
A
Z Z
cos(βz)
(E15 , G15 ) = (e
e15 , qe15 ) cos(βz)dA, (E24 , G24 ) = (e
e24 , qe24 ) dA, (B4)
A A R+z
Z
(X11 , Y11 , T11 ) = s11 , de11 , µ
(e e11 ) cos2 (βz)dA, (B5)
A
Z ³ cos(βz) ´2
(X22 , Y22 , T22 ) = s22 , de22 , µ
(e e22 ) dA, (B6)
A R+z
Z
(X33 , Y33 , T33 ) = s33 , de33 , µ
(e e33 )(β sin(βz))2 dA. (B7)
A
1840 Xinte WANG, Juan LIU, Biao HU, Bo ZHANG, and Huoming SHEN

Appendix C

r
e = U,
U
V
Ve = , f= W,
W e = R,
R µ
e=
µ
, ηe =
η
, e
k = kh, e
t=
t A10
, (C1)
h h h h h2 h2 h I10
A10 = 2πC11−1 Rh, I10 = 2πρ1 Rh, (C2)

eij = Aij , B
A eij = Bij , D e ij = Dij , Ie0 =
I0
, Ie1 =
I1
, Ie2 =
I2
, (C3)
A10 A10 h A10 h2 I10 I10 h I10 h2
r Z
A10 e= φ , eX = NEx + NBx ,
φ10 = , X330 = s33 (β sin(βz))2 dA, φ N (C4)
X330 A φ10 A10
r Z
A10 ϕ eΘ = NEθ + NBθ ,
ϕ10 = , T330 = µ33 (β sin(βz))2 dA, ϕ
e= , N (C5)
T330 A ϕ10 A10
Fij φ10 eij = Eij φ10 , e ij = Gij ϕ10 , e ij = Qij ϕ10 ,
Feij = , E G Q (C6)
A10 A10 h A10 A10 h
2 2 2
e11 = X11 φ10 ,
X e22 = X22 φ10 ,
X e33 = X33 φ10 ,
X (C7)
A10 h2 A10 A10
Y11 φ10 ϕ10 Y22 φ10 ϕ10 Y33 φ10 ϕ10
Ye11 = , Ye22 = , Ye33 = , (C8)
A10 h2 A10 A10
T11 ϕ210 T22 ϕ210 T33 ϕ210
Te11 = , Te22 = , Te33 = . (C9)
A10 h2 A10 A10