Differentiation

(Part – 2)
(Technique of Differentiation)
Constant Rule:
If 𝑐 is a constant, then
𝑑
𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥

Example:
𝑑
1 = 0;
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝜋 = 0;
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
1000 = 0;
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑎 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

2
Power Rule:
𝑑 𝑛
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Example: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Given that, 𝑦 = 𝑥
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 1 −1
= 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 1 1 1
= 𝑥2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 12
𝑥
1 1−1 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 𝑥2 ∴ =
2 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒙

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Sum or Difference Rule:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢±𝑣 = 𝑢 ± 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝟏
Example 1: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝒙−
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
3 1
Given that, 𝑦 = 𝑥− 𝑑𝑦 1 −2 1 −3
𝑥
= 𝑥 3+ 𝑥 2
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides, 𝑑𝑥 3 2
1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 = +
= 3
𝑥− 3 3 2 32
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1 𝒅𝒚 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥3 − 𝑥 2 ∴ = 3 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 3 𝑥 2 2 𝑥 3
𝑑 𝑛
1 1−1 1 −1−1 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
= 𝑥3 − − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 2 4
 Sum or Difference Rule: (Cont...)
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
Example 2: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐 sin 𝒙 − log 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
1
Given that, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
2
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑢±𝑣 = 𝑢 ± 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑥
= 𝑒 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑐𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑥
𝑥
=𝑒 +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
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= 𝑒 + 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑑 1
2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝑥
1
∴ = 𝑒 + 2 cos 𝑥 −
𝒅𝒙 2𝑥 5
Product Rule:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣 +𝑣 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Example: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 tan−𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Given that, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑 1
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
2
𝑑 −1 −1
𝑑 2
=𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
2
1 −1 𝑑 2
=𝑥 2
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 . 2𝑥 ∴ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙
∴ = + 𝟐𝒙 tan
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 6
Quotient Rule:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝒅𝒚 𝟑𝒙
Example: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝑑 𝑑
𝒅𝒙 𝟓−tan 𝒙 𝑥 =1 𝑐 =0
3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Given that, 𝑦 =
5−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides, 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3 1 − 3𝑥 0 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2
5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
∴ =
𝑑 𝑑 𝒅𝒙 𝟓 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟐
5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑥 − 3𝑥 5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 7
Chain Rule:
If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢, (𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑢 ) and 𝑢 is a function of x, (𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 cos−𝟏 𝒙
Example: Find for the function 𝒚 = 𝒆
𝒅𝒙 𝑑 −1
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 −1
Given that, 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
Suppose 𝑢 = 2 cos −1 𝑥
So 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑢
By Chain Rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
−1
= ∙ = 𝑒 ∙2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 𝒅𝒚 −𝟐𝒆
= (𝑒 ) ∙ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑢 ∙2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8
 𝒅𝒚
Find for the functions 𝒙 = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and 𝒚 = 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒅𝒙

Given parametric equations, Again, 𝑦 = 𝑏sin 𝜃

𝑥 = 𝑎cos 𝜃 + 𝑏sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
and 𝑦 = 𝑏sin 𝜃 = 𝑏sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎cos 𝜃 + 𝑏sin 𝜃 =𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑 ∴ = 𝑏cos 𝜃
= 𝑎cos 𝜃 + 𝑏sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑 𝑑 By Chain Rule,
=𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 1
= ∙ = 𝑏cos 𝜃 ∙
= a(−sin 𝜃) + 𝑏cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑏cos 𝜃 −asin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
∴ = 𝑏cos 𝜃 −asin 𝜃 ∴ =
𝑑𝜃 𝒅𝒙 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 −𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
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Function as Power of another Function:
If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x, (𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥 ), then
𝑑 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑
𝑢 =𝑢 𝑣 𝑙𝑛 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
Example: Find for the function 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Given that, 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 =1 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣 +𝑣 𝑢
Taking derivative with respect to 𝑥 on both sides, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 ln 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑦 −1
⇒ 𝑥 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
+ 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 −1 + 𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 ln 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 ln 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10
Exercise

(a) Find the derivative of the following functions :

1. y = ex + 1 tan x
2. y = ax x 3 sin−1 x
sin x
3. y =
x
ex
4. y =
1+x
5. y = ln 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(b) Find of the parametric equations:
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 𝑡
x=𝑒 and y = 1 + 𝑡 2 5
.

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