Addis Ababa University (AAU)

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building

Construction and City Development (EIABC)
Chair of Urban and Regional planning
Fourth Year BSc. In Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment

Name of members
1. Henery Alemayehu
2. Gebregziabher Anteneh
3. Selome Yohanes
4. Ismael Jelal
5. Jibril Idris
6. Fozia Mengistu
7. Gizachew Asefa
8. Bezawit Ketema
9. Rina Abdurahman
10. Filagot Hailu
11. Kasahun Tamiru

Submission date: 7/6/2023

 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

Contents
Problem Statement....................................................................................................................................2
Stakeholders Analysis................................................................................................................................4
Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management....................................................................................4
Stakeholders for management of solid wastes.........................................................................................6
Stakeholder Participation...........................................................................................................................6
Methods for engaging stakeholders...........................................................................................................7
Stakeholders Engagement Strategy............................................................................................................8
Proposed Waste Recovery Strategies.......................................................................................................9
Recycle.......................................................................................................................................................9
Composting................................................................................................................................................9
Site Selection for an alternative Landfill.................................................................................................10
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................10

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEM AND SOLUTION, KOSHE

LANDFILL
Problem Statement
Addis Ababa, the capital and the largest dominant political and economic city of Ethiopia, grows
in haphazard nature resulting problems in managing solid waste that is generated from
households, commercial and industrial sources. Since its establishment, Addis Ababa has been
the center of most of the country's political, commercial and industrial activities. Its growth has
been of a haphazard nature because of which Addis Ababa is facing problems in managing solid
waste that is generated from households, commercial and industrial sources. Of the daily solid
waste generated in Addis Ababa, about 65% is collected, 5% recycled and 5% composted. The
remaining 25 - 30% is simply dumped into open sites, drainage channels, rivers and valleys as
well as on the streets. These wastes have been polluting and reducing the quality of the
environment of the city.

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

The only open dump landfill commonly known as koshe has been giving service for the whole of
the city of Addis Ababa since 1964. It covers 36 hectares of land.

The accumulated waste from koshe would have impact on the surrounding human and physical
environment since it had not been properly designed. In the years to come, the issue of waste
disposal will become more complex due to the high rate of growth of the city's population.
1. It was a health hazard due to its creeping into populated areas, limiting living space
where rapid expansion was a constant.
2. The landfill polluted nearby rivers, as well as the air with methane gasses from rot and
decay
3. Population growth of Addis ababa become beyond the limits of the koshe landfill
4. Emissions from it pose a threat to the health of those who live and work around landfills.
5. Threat of mass rubbish slide
6. Potential impact of polluting ground water
7. Brought environmental problems
8. Odor of the dumped dirt causes serious nasal problems
9. Impacts functionality.
10. Can cause fires or explosions
11. reduce the value of the surrounding areas
12. The dump was more than an eyesore and leachate can pollute the rivers nearby
13. Has hazards such as odor, smoke, noise, bugs, and water supply contamination.
14. Poor management of waste
15. Poor stakeholder’s participation to combat the problem
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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

16. It clogs drainage system of streets and results in street flooding during rainy seasons
17. Lack of know-how as to landfill operation and management
18. Public Awareness and Participation
19. Had not been properly designed and had no fence.
20. Hazardous and industrial wastes have been disposed indiscriminately

Stakeholders Analysis
The environmental problems of cities can be addressed in large part by the interaction of several
actors/ stakeholders. National, state and local governments, research institutions and the
academic, the public, NGOs, the private sector and funding agencies will all have a role to play
to support priority actions.
Governmental organizations that are responsible for the management of the municipal solid
waste include:
 Environmental protection and Green development commission of
Addis Ababa (EGDPA)
 AA SWM Agency (AASWMA)
 SWM Office in sub-city governments
 SWM Office in district (woreda) governments
 Private company invested in MSW recycling: Ethiopian Environment Company
Target groups: Are residents near Koshe Landfill area in particular as well as decision-makers
and the population of Addis Ababa City.
Institutional Arrangement for Waste Management
In 1909, the government established municipality as a council of Addis Ababa to administer the
city and to remove the poor unsanitary conditions. In 1908, a simple form of environmental
health delivery unit under the Ministry of Interior and in 1948 the Ministry of Health with the
environmental health wing was established.

In 1943 Sanitation rules, with regard to wells, food, vaccination and refuse which prohibits the
burning of disposal of refuse in any public streets or public place, removal of night soil from
buildings, removal of dead animals within twenty-four hours, and disposal of any corpse or
carcass in any street, public place or water source were proclaimed. As article 44 of the Ethiopian
Federal Republic Constitution states "all Ethiopians are entitled to a clean and healthy
environment", one of factors that pollute the environment, solid waste, should be appropriately
managed.
Solid waste management was the task of Sanitation Division of the Department of
Environmental Health and Social Services under the municipality till 1994. The authority for
solid waste management was given to Addis Ababa Health Bureau, which was organized as

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

Sanitation Division at first then as Environmental Sanitation Department. The municipal solid
waste service is transferred to the newly established Sanitation, Beautification and Parks
Development Agency with a decentralized power to sub-city level having solid waste division in
the 10 sub-cities. The municipality collects all the solid wastes from the 10 sub-cities and
disposes it at a single open dump landfill of the city - koshe.
Stakeholders are people and organizations having an interest in good waste management, and
participating in activities that make that possible. They include enterprises, organizations,
households and all others who are engaged in some waste management activity.
No. Stakeholders Role/concern
Public Practice source reduction and source segregation,
1 Cooperate with civic bodies in identification of sites for
waste management facilities and their operation, Pay for
waste management
Municipalitie Keep waste management in priority, Provide infrastructural inputs and
2 s services.
Have a definite organizational setup with trained staff, implement
legislation and punish violators, Compliment
public/private participation, Enlist informal sector
participation, Maintain an up-to-date database
City planners Keep waste management in mind while developing city
3 plans, Demarcate space for waste management facilities with ideal
buffer zones
NGOS/social Take lead in forming ward committees and community Participation.
4 workers Network with the other similar minded organizations in the area and
integrate the efforts rather than duplicating most of the jobs. Use
existing contacts with the municipality and other influential bodies to
ensure maximum support.
Teachers/ Influence minds on the culture of solid waste management Inculcate a
5 academia strict discipline in the children’s mind with regard to solid waste,
Carry out relevant research and
development
Vendors/shop Ensure that the waste/litter is properly put in a nearby garbage bin,
6 owners ensure to keep small garbage bin outside the shop, ensure that your
customers do not throw the garbage just outside the shops

Hospitals Follow the requirements of bio-medical rules Lead the ‘Clean City’
7 campaign and work in unison towards the interest of a ‘Clean’ city.

Politicians Policy guidance with long term view in allocating resources

8

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

Corporations Ensure that all employees understand the gravity of the situation and
9 not only take serious actions on the cleanliness front within the
office/factory but they also spread the message across the city Provide
dustbins outside the office/company.

Stakeholders for management of solid wastes

The environmental problems of cities can be needs a large part of interaction of several actors/
stakeholders. One of the key actors are who has a connection and work in environmental
protection.
Key actors and their roles for environmental protection.
1, Environmental regulators- Setting environmental regulation, standards, and enforcement.
2, Planning agency- Integration of environment in developmental planning.
3, Politicians – Policy guidance with long term view in allocating resources.
4, Sector agencies- Cross-sectoral coordination and incorporation of environmental consideration
5, Public- Participation in decision making, implementation and monitoring.
6, NGOs – Mobilizing community participation, voicing local concern.
7, Private sector- Searching and implementing appropriate actions.
Environmental awareness, focus on real local priorities rather than sensationalisation.
8, Media- Environmental awareness, focus on real local priorities rather than sensationalisation.
9, Scientific community- Focus on needs of vulnerable population and communication to wider
audience including policy makers, planners and managers.
10, Financial institutions – Supporting environmentally sound activities.
Stakeholder Participation
The health dangers and environmental issues brought on by poor waste management are
typically known to the local authorities. both at once, Additionally, they search for novel
approaches to divide these traditional obligations with nearby communities, micro- and small
businesses (MSEs), big private businesses, and other stakeholders. In order to create a sufficient
system of waste services, the local government may increasingly try to list the assistance of these
players' personnel and financial resources.
To achieve sustainable waste management, the technical, environmental, financial, legal, and
social aspects of these components must be harmonized. Sustainable SWM depends on the
public, hence it is necessary to raise knowledge about waste reduction, segregation, and
recycling. The following step in waste management, rubbish collection, requires a lot of labor
and practically all of the funding for waste management in developing nations. In some
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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

instances, local communities are ready and able to invest in and run all of their local services
themselves. Effective social mediation is necessary for both service delivery and community
administration, and includes user group and NGO development, consumer education, health
education, hygiene promotion, and microfinance services. Social intermediation can be provided
by community-based organization (CBOs), NGOs, small-scale private providers or by local
government.
Possible roles played by such Community based organizations in waste management are
• As partners in the dialogue with the local authority.
• As clients of waste services from the local authority.
• As a platform for discussion and dissemination of new ideas.
• As a force to mobilize members for concerted action in waste management
• As a representative or advocate to motivate households
• As a supervisor and performance monitor for the effectiveness of waste services offered
by MSEs, the local authority and private sector.
Methods for engaging stakeholders
i. Setting Measurable Goals
It can be easy for stakeholders to lose interest and focus if the project’s goals are not clear. The
team’s vision for the final outcome of the project should be easily accessed and frequently
referenced. Additionally, management should set a series of achievable goals throughout the
duration of the project. Meeting these smaller milestones will help keep the team goal-oriented
and give everyone a regular sense of accomplishment. Reporting these small successes to
stakeholders is also a great way to keep them updated on the project’s progress.
Our goals are:
• Integrated Waste Management (IWM)
• Waste avoidance and minimization
• Segregation at source
• Solid waste preliminary treatment
Having clear and measurable goals is the main strategic method of keeping the engagement of
the stakeholders involved in the project.
ii. Maintaining a Functional Schedule
Staying on schedule affects every stakeholder differently. Stakeholders involved in the project
demand a simple and flexible schedule to be successful in achieving the intended goals and
objectives.
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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

iii. Encouragement and motivation

These is another method to actively engage stakeholders in the project. These can be done
through celebrating simple goals, gathering the community while the project is done and the
main motivation and encouragement comes from each stakeholder helping and appreciating one
another.
iv. Provide constant, clear communication
Because projects involve numerous stakeholders working together, communication is critical to
success. The resource manager must provide budget reports to the sponsor and the community
must feel their voice is well-represented within the design of the project.
Each of these goals can only be met if each stakeholder is capable of communicating efficiently
with the others. Maintaining honest, productive and open channels of communication will lead to
better relationships with all stakeholders.
Stakeholders Engagement Strategy
Survey
A Public Awareness Baseline Survey will be designed and developed. The survey will be posted
on the website and will be shared using links and social media outreach to provide accessible
opportunities for residents to provide feedback on a number of topics involving the Aiming for
Zero Waste plan. The survey will remain live through the first set of public meetings.
Social Media
Social media will be used to enhance project and campaign communications as a platform for
two-way communication and timely updates on a daily and weekly basis
Public Meetings
Public information meetings will be held on the at key milestones. These will include: • Current
State Assessment • Improvements to the Current System, and • Presentation of the final Master
Plan. Public Meetings will be open house format during which members of the public can visit
display board stations to discuss project elements with members of the project team.
Informational boards and handouts will be available for public review and consideration. These
materials will also be made available on the project website.
Empowerment
Empower the pubic in decision-making process for the better result and proposal.

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

Proposed Waste Recovery Strategies

The solid waste that reaches koshe is composed of different materials, both organic and
inorganic. The organic wastes can be changed into compost and used as fertilizer or briquette as
a source of heat and the recyclable inorganic wastes can be recycled. If different waste bins with
different colors for compos table, recyclable, reusable, hazardous and other types of wastes can
be made available throughout the city and different institutions and households make proper use
of the containers and a different secure sanitary landfill is constructed for the rest of the other
types of wastes and for the hazardous wastes, the problem of solid waste will be minimized
tremendously.
Recycle
The process of Separating, recovering, and reusing components of solid waste that may still have
economic value is called recycling. Complex recycling systems are unlikely to be appropriate but
the recycling of some waste items may be possible on occasions. Plastic bags, containers, tins
and glass will often be automatically recycled since they are likely to be scarce commodities in
many situations. In most developing country’s context there exists a strong tradition of recycling
leading to lower volumes of waste than in many more developed societies.
The recyclable materials that have direct commercial value and/or immediate reuse are usually
separated from waste at the origin, household level, and those that don't, reach the landfill.
Besides the waste that reaches the landfill most of the recyclable or recoverable materials are
collected and transported to small recyclers and some big industries by a network of dealers and
wholesalers throughout the city. These segregated recyclable items then could be sold to small
and large-scale recyclers. Recycling is advantageous in reducing waste that is disposed in the
open dump landfill, conserves disposal space and natural resources, reduces pollution, saves
foreign currency and can generate substantial revenue for the recycling factories.
Composting
Simple composting of vegetables and other organic waste can be applied in many situations.
Where people have their own gardens or vegetable plots, organic waste can be dug into the soil
to add humus and fibre. This makes the waste perfectly safe and also assists the growing process.
This should be encouraged wherever possible, particularly in the later stages of an emergency
program. Properly managed composting requires careful monitoring of decomposing waste to
control moisture and chemical levels and promote microbial activity. This is designed to produce
compost which is safe to handle and which acts as a good fertilizer. Such systems require
considerable knowledge and experience and are best managed centrally. In general, they are
unlikely to be appropriate in emergencies.
It is not wise to landfill all these organic wastes that should have been changed to useful
products. Had there been organized composters, these wastes could have been converted to
compost and used as fertilizer for urban agriculture, parks, gardens and vegetation found in the
city. Some of the advantages of composting are it can suppress plant disease and pests, reduce or

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 Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Stakeholder’s Participation in Urban Planning
Group Assignment: Urban Problem and proposed solutions

eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers, promote higher yield of agricultural crops, facilitate
reforestation, amends contaminated, compacted and marginal soils.
Site Selection for an alternative Landfill
It was noted that the koshe is full beyond its capacity. The sample analysis presented in the
previous Chapter suggests that the landfill tend to cause increasing amount of pollution of soil,
surface and groundwater in the immediate surrounding. Moreover, the poor management of the
landfill has also reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding. These findings suggest that the
existing open dump landfill should be relocated. There are four sites proposed on the master plan
of the city of Addis Ababa by the municipality which are Yeka Abado, Filidoro, Dertu Mojo and
Bole Arabsa.
By allocating other spaces for the waste dumping and filling we can rehabilitate the site. The
existing landfill can be converted to agricultural land, game park, grazing land, playing fields
(football, golf, etc) or can be a recreational site with appropriate rehabilitation.

Conclusion
Proper waste management is a matter of importance for protection of public health. An
unambiguous clarity about the objective(s) of an effort and participation of all key stakeholders
are absolutely essential towards sustainable solutions. Mere availability of technology/tools is no
guarantee that waste management would be undertaken in a proper manner. There is an urgent
need to give priority to environmental protection, to educate and empower the local communities
to monitor their own environment and to manage their wastes to the levels desirable to them.
The roles of households in garbage storage and collection, recycling, re-use and disposal are
critical, both as an expression of individual responsibility and as a form of concerted collective
action to be undertaken together with neighbors and community groups. It belongs to the roles of
CBOs to mobilize these households, to supervise performance by service providers, and to
coordinate waste management activities with other stakeholders including the local authority.
Additional stakeholders may be active in communities as waste generators, as waste service
users, as initiators of awareness raising campaigns, as trainers in specific skills, or as parties with
political interests.
The local authority has a range of roles in this respect, including policy-making to legitimize and
support the roles of communities and MSEs; support for and participation in information and
awareness raising campaigns; and providing reliable secondary collection and disposal facilities.
It is something of a challenge for the local authority to adjust its operational procedures to
reliable co-ordination with new partners. The challenge that now faces local authorities is to
create sustainable models of urban waste services. Although there are many working micro-
models, there is not yet a clear answer to the question ‘‘how should we manage our waste’’. In
particular, the elements of recycling and waste prevention, which rely most heavily on household
participation, are underdeveloped, and it is quite certain that community groups and existing and
new stakeholders in waste recycling need to be part of the process of finding answers.

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