EEL2010: Signals and Systems

IIT Jodhpur

Institute Core, Semester II, 2022-2023

March 28, 2023

IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 1 / 11
Representation of LTI Systems using Differential Equations
Example
Consider the below RC circuit where vi (t) is the input voltage and vo (t) is the output voltage.
Find a relation between input and output voltages.

R
i(t)
+
+
vi (t) vo (t) C
−
−

dvo (t) 1 1
+ vo (t) = vi (t).
dt RC RC

A differential equation
Implicit Representation
Constant Coefficients
Linear.
IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 2 / 11
Representation of LTI Systems using Differential Equations

Example
Consider a moving car. Let f (t) be the applied force (input) and v(t) be the velocity (output).
Assume that the friction force is proportional to velocity that is ρv(t). Find a relationship
between the applied force and the vehicle velocity.
dv(t)
m = f (t) − ρv(t)
dt
dv(t) 1 ρ
= f (t) − v(t)
dt m m
dv(t)
+ av(t) = bf (t).
dt

A differential equation
Implicit Representation
Constant Coefficients
Linear
IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 3 / 11
Representation of LTI Systems using Differential Equations

Example
Consider the below RLC circuit where we wish to find i(t) due to an excitation by a current
source is (t).
L
i(t)

+
is (t) vc (t) C R
−
i(t)

dvc (t)
is (t) = C + i(t)
dt
di(t)
vc (t) = L + Ri(t)
dt
d2 i(t) di(t)
is (t) = LC + RC + i(t)
dt2 dt
d2 i(t) R di(t) 1 1
+ + i(t) = is (t).
dt2 L dt LC LC

IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 4 / 11
Representation of LTI Systems using Differential Equations

Linear constant-coefficient differential equation

A general N th-order linear constant-coefficient differential equation is given by
N M
X dk y(t) X dk x(t)
ak = b k
k=0
dtk k=0
dtk

Linear constant-coefficient difference equation

A general N th-order linear constant-coefficient difference equation is given by

N
X M
X
ak y[n − k] = bk x[n − k].
k=0 k=0

Homogeneous Solution of an Ordinary Differential Equation

The homogeneous solution yh (t) of an ODE is the solution of the following ODE:
N
X dk yh (t)
ak = 0.
k=0
dtk

IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 5 / 11
Example

dyh (t)
+ 2yh (t) = 0
dt
yh (t) = Aert
rt rt
Are + 2Ae = Aert (r + 2) = 0
r = −2
yh (t) = Ae−2t .

Example

d2 yh (t) dyh (t)

+3 + 2yh (t) = 0
dt2 dt
yh (t) = Aert
2
r + 3r + 2 = 0
r1 = −1
r2 = −2
yh (t) = Ae−t + Be−2t .

IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 6 / 11
Forced Response
Assume that y(t) = 0 for t ≤ t0 if x(t) = 0 for t ≤ t0 . The response of the system for t > t0
can be calculated with the auxiliary conditions:
dy(t0 ) d2 y(t0 ) dN −1 y(t0 )
y(t0 ) = = = ··· = = 0.
dt dt2 dtN −1
Under the condition of initial rest (zero-state), the system described in Eq (1) is causal and LTI.

Example
dy(t)
Consider a system with Differential Equation dt
+ 2y(t) = 0. Find the solution if the input
x(t) = Ke3t u(t).

y(t) = yh (t) + yp (t)

yh (t) = Aert
yh (t) = Ae−2t .
yp (t) = Y e3t
3t 3t
3Y e + 2Y e = Ke3t
K
3Y + 2Y = K⇒Y =
5
K 3t
yp (t) = e , t>0
5
K 3t
y(t) = Ae−2t + e , t > 0.
5
IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 7 / 11
Example

K 3t
y(t) = Ae−2t + e , t>0
5
y(0) = 0
K
0 = A+
5
K
A = −
5
K  3t
e − e−2t u(t)

y(t) =
5

IIT Jodhpur (Lecture 28) EEL2010: Signals and Systems March 28, 2023 8 / 11