Da capo (often abbreviated as D.C.) is an Italian term that means “from the beginning.

” It is
used in sheet music to instruct performers to repeat a piece of music from the very beginning

 The term is a directive to repeat the previous part of music, often used to save space, and thus is an easier way of
saying to repeat the music from the beginning.

Variations
 Da Capo al Fine (often abbreviated as D.C. al Fine): Repeat from beginning to the end, or up to the
word Fine (should that appear at the end of the passage)—the word Fine itself signifying the end.

A similar example showing D.C. al

Coda. Playⓘ The notes are played as: G A B B C, G A, low-C

 Da Capo al Coda (often abbreviated as D.C. al Coda): Repeat from beginning to an indicated place and then play the
tail part (the "Coda"). It directs the musician to go back and repeat the music from the beginning ("Capo"), and to
continue playing until one reaches the first coda symbol. Upon reaching the first coda symbol, skip to the second coda
symbol and continue playing until the end. The portion of the piece from the second coda to the end is often referred
to as the "coda" of the piece, or quite literally as "the tail". This may also be instructed by simply using the words al
Coda after which the musician is to skip to the written word Coda.
 Da Capo al Segno (often abbreviated as D.C. al Segno): It means "From the beginning to the sign (𝄋)".
DS. al Fine: An instruction to repeat from the sign (D.S.) to the end (Fine).
DC. al Fine: An instruction to repeat from the beginning (Da Capo) to the end (Fine).
Coda: A concluding section of a piece of music.
Dal Segno: An instruction to repeat from the sign (Segno).
Grand Staff: A musical staff consisting of two staves, one treble clef and one bass clef, used for
keyboard music.
Rondo: A musical form in which a recurring theme alternates with contrasting sections.
1st and 2nd Ending: Used to indicate that a section of music should be repeated with different
endings.

Strophic refers to a song structure in which all verses or stanzas of the text are sung to the same
melody 1.

Unitary form is a musical form in which a single melody is repeated throughout the entire piece,
with little or no variation 1

Crescendo is an Italian term that means “growing” and is used in sheet music to indicate a
gradual increase in volume or intensity 1.

Decrescendo (also known as diminuendo) is an Italian term that means “decreasing” and is used
in sheet music to indicate a gradual decrease in volume or intensity 1.

Dynamics refers to the volume of sound in music. It is indicated by various symbols and terms,
such as p (piano) for soft, f (forte) for loud, and mf (mezzo-forte) for moderately loud 1

Descant refers to a high-pitched melody that is sung or played above the main melody of a song
or piece of music
 Heterophonic refers to a type of texture in which two or more performers play or sing variations
of the same melody at the same time 1.

Polyphonic refers to a type of texture in which two or more independent melodies are played or
sung at the same time 1

Homophonic refers to a type of texture in which all performers play or sing the same melody at
the same time, but with different harmonies or accompaniments 1.

Monophonic refers to a type of texture in which there is only one melody being played or sung
at any given time 1.

Music Texture: It refers to the density and interaction between different voices in a musical
work. There are four main categories of musical texture: monophony, heterophony, homophony,
and polyphony 1.In music, texture refers to the way different musical elements are combined to
create the overall sound of a piece. There are four main types of musical texture: monophonic,
homophonic, polyphonic, and heterophonic 1.

 Monophonic texture: This is the simplest type of texture, where there is only one melody line
without any harmony or accompaniment. An example of a monophonic song is “Syrinx” by
Debussy 1.
 Homophonic texture: This is the most common type of texture in Western music, where there is a
melody line accompanied by chords or other harmonies. An example of a homophonic song is
“Yesterday” by The Beatles 1.
 Polyphonic texture: This type of texture features two or more independent melody lines played
simultaneously. An example of a polyphonic song is “Row, Row, Row Your Boat” 1.
 Heterophonic texture: This type of texture features two or more performers playing the same
melody with slight variations. An example of a heterophonic song is “Amazing Grace

Ensemble Instruments: These are musical instruments that are played by multiple musicians at
the same time. Examples of ensemble instruments include orchestras, bands, and choirs 1

Voice Ranges: Voice range refers to the range of notes that a particular voice type can sing.
The four main voice types are soprano, alto, tenor, and bass 1.

Timbre: It is the quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
Timbre is determined by the harmonic content of a sound and is often described as tone color
2
.

Minor Triad: It is a chord consisting of three notes: the root note, a minor third above the root,
and a perfect fifth above the root. For example, in the key of C minor, the C minor triad would
consist of C, E-flat, and G 1.

Major Triad: It is a chord consisting of three notes: the root note, a major third above the root,
and a perfect fifth above the root. For example, in the key of C major, the C major triad would
consist of C, E, and G 1.

Melodic Triads: These are groups of three notes that form a melody. They can be either
consonant or dissonant depending on their harmonic relationship with each other 1.
 Dissonance: It is an unpleasant or harsh sound caused by two or more notes played together
that do not form a harmonious relationship 1.

Consonance: It is a pleasant or agreeable sound caused by two or more notes played together
that form a harmonious relationship 1.

 Tempo: The speed at which a piece of music is played.Grave: Slow and Solemn
 Lento/Largo: Very Slow
 Adagio: Slow
 Andante: Walking Pace
 Moderato: Quite Quickly
 Allegro: Fast
 Presto: Very Fast

Time signature: A symbol that indicates the number of beats in a measure and the type of note
that receives one beat.For example, in a 4/4 time signature, there are four beats per measure, and
a quarter note receives one beat. In a 3/4 time signature, there are three beats per measure, and a
quarter note receives one beat 1.

 Time signatures are important because they help musicians read and play music
accurately. They tell us how to count and group notes and which beats to emphasize 1.

Rests and notes: Rests are periods of silence in music, while notes are the sounds produced by
instruments or voices.There are different types of notes, including whole notes, half notes, quarter
notes, eighth notes, and sixteenth notes. Each note value has an equivalent rest value 2. For
example, a whole note (semibreve) is equal in duration to a whole rest, while a half note
(minim) is equal in duration to a half rest 2.

Rests are intervals of silence in pieces of music, marked by symbols indicating the length of the
silence. Each rest symbol and name corresponds with a particular note value, indicating how long
the silence should last 23. Some common types of rests include:

 Whole rest (semibreve rest): This symbol represents a musical pause that is the length of a whole
measure or whole note 2.
 Half rest (minim rest): This symbol covers half of an entire measure or half note 2.
 Quarter rest (crotchet rest): This symbol covers one quarter of an entire measure or quarter
note 2.
 Eighth rest (quaver rest): This symbol covers one eighth of an entire measure or eighth note 2.
 Sixteenth rest (semiquaver rest): This symbol covers one sixteenth of an entire measure or
sixteenth note 2.

Ostinato:Ostinato is a musical term that refers to a repeating pattern of notes, rhythms, or chords.
Many songs use ostinato to create a sense of forward movement or energy. Here are some well-
known songs that make use of ostinato:
  “Ice, Ice Baby” by Vanilla Ice: The main ostinato in this song is the bassline, which repeats
throughout the track 1.
 “Billie Jean” by Michael Jackson: The main ostinato in this song is the bassline, which is iconic
in its own right 1.

Meter: The organization of beats into regular groups.In music, meter refers to the recurring
pattern of stresses or accents that provide the pulse or beat of the music. It is notated at the
beginning of a composition with a time signature, which is always notated with two numbers,
one on top of the other, much like a fraction in math 1.There are different types of meters in
music, including simple meter and compound meter. Simple meter is when the division of the
basic beat is over two, while compound meter is when the division of the basic beat is over three
2
. Some familiar examples of meters are 6/8, 9/8, and 12/8 2.

Here are some examples of songs that use different meters:

 “Stars and Stripes” by John Philip Sousa: This song uses duple meter (2 beats per
measure) 3.
 “Blue Danube Waltz” by Johann Strauss II: This song uses triple meter (3 beats per
measure) 3.
 “Love of My Life” by Queen: This song uses quadruple meter (4 beats per measure)

Rhythm: The pattern of sounds and silences in music.

In music, rhythm refers to the pattern of sounds and silences that occur over time. It is the element
of music that creates a sense of movement and forward momentum and is often described as the
“heartbeat” or “pulse” of a piece of music 1. Rhythm can be defined as the pattern of regularly
recurring beats, including both accented and unaccented beats, and how they are grouped
together 1.

Here are some examples of songs that use different rhythms:

 “Take Five” by Dave Brubeck: This song uses an unusual 5/4 time signature, which gives it a unique
feel 1.
 “Money” by Pink Floyd: This song uses an unusual 7/4 time signature, which gives it a distinctive
groove 1.

Accidentals: Symbols that alter the pitch of a note.In music, an accidental is a symbol that
modifies the pitch of a note. Accidentals are used when a note is not part of the key signature of
the piece of music. The three most common accidentals are the sharp ( ♯), flat ( ♭), and natural ( ♮)
signs

Harmonic interval: The distance between two notes played simultaneously.

Melodic interval: The distance between two notes played in succession.

 is what you get when you play two notes separately in time, one after the other.
 Pitch: The highness or lowness of a sound.Here are some examples of pitches:
 Bass: 40 Hz
 Tenor: 100 Hz
 Alto: 200 Hz
 Soprano: 300 Hz – 400 Hz
 Celesta: 2600 Hz
Measure in music: A segment of time defined by a given number of beats and time signature.

Intervals: The distance between two pitches, measured in half-steps or whole-steps.

Why music?: Music can be used for entertainment, emotional expression, communication, and
cultural preservation, among other things.

Flat: A symbol that lowers the pitch of a note by one half-step.a flat (♭) is a symbol used to
indicate that a note should be lowered by one semitone (half step) in pitch. Flats are used when a
note is not part of the key signature of the piece of music. For example, if a piece of music is in the
key of G Major, then all notes are natural notes, except for the F – in this key, you have to play an
F♯ whenever you see a note on the F line or space. If you want to play an F♮ instead, you would use
an F♭ symbol 1.

Here are some examples of songs that use flats:

 “Moon River” by Henry Mancini: This song uses flats in its key signature 2.
 “All of Me” by John Legend: This song uses flats in its key signature

Sharp: A symbol that raises the pitch of a note by one half-step.

a sharp (♯) is a symbol used to indicate that a note should be raised by one semitone (half step) in
pitch. It is the opposite of a flat (♭), which lowers the pitch of a note by one semitone 1.

Here are some examples of songs that use sharps:

 “Sweet Child O’ Mine” by Guns N’ Roses: This song uses the key of D Major, which has two sharps
in its key signature 2.
 “Viva La Vida” by Coldplay: This song uses the key of A-flat Major, which has four flats in its key
signature. However, it also features several accidentals, including sharps

Steady beat: A consistent pulse that underlies most music.

 Steady beat is the consistent pulse that underlies most music. Here are some examples of
songs with a steady beat:

1. “Electric Avenue” by Eddy Grant: This song features a very steady beat over which synths and
guitars gradually provide additional textural layers of interest 1.
2. “1999” by Prince: The song opens with a series of kicks. As the song builds, there is the occasional
drum fill, but for the most part, the beat is held down with a heavy emphasis on kick – snare – kick
– snare 1.

Stringed instruments: Instruments that produce sound by vibrating strings, such as guitars,
violins, and cellos. Musical instruments that produce sound by the vibration of stretched strings
when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. The strings may be made of various
materials such as vegetable fiber, metal, animal gut, silk, or artificial materials such as plastic or
nylon.

Brass instruments: Instruments that produce sound by buzzing into a

mouthpiece, such as trumpets, trombones, and tubas.

 musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a

tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments
are also called labrosones[1] or labrophones, from Latin and Greek elements meaning 'lip' and 'sound'.

Woodwind: A family of musical instruments that produce sound by blowing air through a reed or
across an opening. Examples include the clarinet, saxophone, and flute.

Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the greater

category of wind instruments. Common examples
include flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and saxophone. There aretwo main types of
woodwind instruments: flutes and reed instruments (otherwise called reed

Partner Song: A song in which two or more independent melodies are sung
simultaneously.
Partner songs are two or more different songs that can be sung together at the same time.
Here are some examples of partner songs:

1. “Ah Poor Bird” and “Hey Ho Nobody Home”

2. “All Night All Day” and “Swing Low”
3. “Dūno, dūno upė” and “Frère Jacques”
4. “Three Blind Mice” and “Three Blue Pigeons”
5. “Row Row Row” and “Farmer in the Dell”
6. “Good News” and “Ezekiel Saw the Wheel

Round Song: A song in which two or more groups sing the same melody, but start at different
times.
Here are some examples of round songs:

1. “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”

2. “Frère Jacques”
3. “Three Blind Mice”
4. “London’s Burning”
5. “Make New Friends”