Chapter 2 - General Design

P = internal pressure, Ellipsoidal or
= inside/outside dil.llnetf'r in. tonspherical Tangent

S = allowable or calculated stress, head line (TL,)
-Hr---
E
L = croV'.1l radius, in.
inside/outside
K, M =coelTicients
D
R, Shell
reouin,d of
r knuckle ilL
Cone
I, Formulas are valid

:3,000
b. slwlls where 0.5 R, Of P 0 ..38,5 S K 0,
For thick!':'r shells se!':' Referencf' 1, Para. 1-2.

Figure 2·1. General configuration and dimensional data for vessel
c. shells and heads where shells and heads,
O.3.'5fi Ri or P 0,66.5 SE. For thicker see
HefPrence L Para. 1-.3,
3, Formulas for
All heads
mum speci.tk,d
shall he r1P;;hf]H~fI at ambient tern-
of the allowable
15
....
0'1
Table 2·1
General Vessel Formulas
Thickness, t Pressure, P Stress, S
Part Stress Formula 1.0. 0.0. 1.0. 0.0. 1.0. 0.0.

Shell
Longitudinal
[1, Section UG-27(c)(2)]
Circumferential
[1. Section UG-27(c)(1); fJ.p =
Section H(a)(1)]
Heads
Hemi sphere
PRi 2SEt 2SEt
[1, Section 1-1 (a)(2); rlx = (1.p
Section UG-27(d)]
2SEf
Ellipsoidal See See
2SEt 2SEt
[1. Section 1-4(C)] Procedure 2-2 Procedure 2-2
2:1 S.E.
2SEt 2SE!
[1, Section UG-32(d)]
100".4,-6% T orispherical
SEt SEt
[1, Section UG-32(e)]
Torispherical Ur <: 16.66

2SEt 2SEt
[1. Section 1·4(d)]
Cone
Longitudinal
4SEtcos ex 4SEtcos ex
- l'.OIGmi ex
Circumferential
2SEtcos ex
(1, Section
Section U\.:lI-;j~IOII +
General 17
1.219
1.156
'J-+--J---l--l-1 .094
1,031
-+--+---+-.I'I---!---1- 0,969
0,906
0.844
III
ell
.c:
u 0.719
..5
Ii
III
ell
C 0,656
.lII:
u
:E
l-
ii 0,594
III
III
~
0.531
OA69
OA06
0,344
0.219
24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168
Vessel Diameter, Inches
Figure 2·18. Required shell thickness of cylindrical shell.

18 Pressure Vessel Manual
1----1--+--'--+ Material: SA-516-70

6 Temperature: 500°F
1--+--+--+--+ Allowable Stress: 20,000 psi
f--+--t--+ Joint Efficiency: 100
5
0)
CI)
.c
u
.5
.;
0)
CI)
c:
".
U
:2
I- 4
11
0)
II)
2 1--+_-1--,1',_
o o co
'" '"en N
'"
Vessel Diameter, Inches
Figure 2-1a. (Continued)
General 19
m'ltenlll str'elll2:tlll, Failures call
A = factor "A," strain, from AS~1E Section Part nr,PO'''lr'P can ill pr!:'ssure ycssels a
dimensionless condithms and circumstances.
area of still teller Ras or
fi = f~lctor "13," allowable cOlnpll'(:5:;ivc from steam, all of
ASME Section It Part D, Slli1T"'i't their vessels for sOllie amount of external pn'ssurc,
o inside diameter of evllnder, less of the intended allow li)r steam clc'aninlZ
outside diameter the of the steam. Other vessels (Ire ill
outside of end of cone, in. vaeullm nature
outside diameter of small end of cone, in. to a vacuum pump. Vacuums
mOlduhllS of elm,ticity failure to vent a vessel
- ,.uu<u moment of inertia of stiffener, in, sized vents.
rp(1lI1ired moment of inertia of stitiener, can also created wht'H vessels
reo'111ired moment of inertia are withill Illultichambered
vessels. conditions can be Ill,my ti mes
for external than ailnc.spilelic pressure,
of in. \-Vhen vessels afe (leSl);!;netl fill' both internal and external
pnessune. it is common pr:lctice to first determine the shell
thicknf",,; r,p{JIl;l'pd for pressure the II
check for maximum allowable external
stittencrs, in. pressure.
of to made to
thickness to
reduce the "L" dimension, of
is then the determined to suit
the vessel COlO til~U ratilw
.'Jeither the shell thickness to remove stittenirliJ
nor tlllnnest shell with the nHLxilYlum number
of stiffeners is economical.
whcre between these two extr!:'mes, vnlf':1II\'. the utilization
cx= or with a of 2D for rli'.lo,,{,b",'< up to about
ill diallicter and a

"0" for diameters than
nomical solution.
The of the themselves is also H trial and
error The Hrst trial will IX' ('lose the old
API-ASME is IIsed, The is as follows:
are
iteratiVe' pn)eE~dulre, is selt'cl:ed located ov('r circumferential

is checked to rl".Py·rniiI1P mav also douhle as insll-
the pn)CedmrE V:.l(·lIlIlHi stiltf~nt:~r·s. if ('ombiJl!"d with
nr('SSllJre may fail at well below

. of the is the combined
clear shell nozzles, If una- maximum

be to the of a
to the maximum value for
thickTless, Determine the number of stiffen-
cOiTelipoinding "L" dimension.
based on the fol-
cvlincler would be as follows for the various

Compute Factor "8" from the tolllowing eq11lation
utilizi.ng the area of the selected:
hemi-heads L +O.333D
:1 S.£. heads +O.1666D
100% 6% heads L +O.1l2D
Utilizi[nQ Factor "B" cOlnputed find the
and ratios cOITelipcmd.ing "A" Factor from material
Determine Factor "A" from ASME
.3, G: Geometric recltIilred moment of inertia from the
External or COITIT>re:ssi11e Loa(tinl~s lollowing eqlJation. Note that Factor "A" the one found
determine Factor "B.

6: If Factor «A" falls to the of the ma'terial then 14: the moment of inertia,!, with
utilize the to the allowable actual moment of ineltia of selected If
external pressure: the actual exceeds that which is the is
acc:epl:ab.!e but may not The oplimiiza!ion
process is an iterative process in which a new m€nnl)er
is and 11 13 are
until the size and actual size are aPlprO;xilillately
7: For values of "A" on the material line of the
apl')lic:able material the all,owablle external pressure
be cOinput€~d as follows:
pn;SSllIre is less 1. For conical sections where ex < 22,5 de,gre'es,

the external delcisi.on must be cone as a where
made on how to select a new thickness to L.
start the pf()ceduJre from the or (b) elect 2, If a vessel is for less the
to to reduce the "L" If external pressure condition is not
utilize,d, then with the on the the vessel
de!;igrled for external prcssure condition,
General 21
Portion !l' a cone
Case A Case B CaseC
Case D Case E
Figure 2-1 b. External pressure cones 22 1/2" < O! < 60°.
For Case B, = L
For Cases A, C, D, E:
L,. = 1 + Ds
t,. = t cos ()(

_-- ...
---- -
,----- , ---- - --
-...---
~ ..... ..... ...
} / ... }
-" -"
H IH H H
H H H -_ _..
IH
i\
H
\ /
H
/
\
H
/
H
H H H H
..,.--- .....
.. +- ,--- ....
--- ... ... ...
-' ---- " ... ... --'
Figure 2-1c. Combined shelVcone design for stiffened shells.
stifTener for end of as stiffener for small of cone as cylin(ier where:

where:
t,
-+
2
== 0.9 ==
2:1
Figure 2-1d. External pressure spheres and heads.
General 23
Factor A
Figure 2-1e. Geometric chart lor components under external or compressive loadings (for all materials). (Reprinted by permission from the ASME
Code. Section VIII. Div. 1.)
24 Pressure Vessel
2: Find Factor "B" from apIJlicabJle material chart.
1: Assume a thh~kn.ess and calculate Factor "A." B=

O.l25t 3: Cornpute
A=---
OJXlOOl 0.001 0.1
Factor A
2·1,. Chart for determining sheilihickness of components under external pressure when constructed of carbon or low-alloy steels (specified
millimum yield strength 24,000psl to, but not Including, 30,OOOpsi). (Reprinted by permission from the ASME Code, Section VIII, Div. 1.)
ro
000001 00001 0.001 0.01 01
Factor A
2-1g. Chart for determining shell thickness of components under external pressure when constructed of carbon or low-alloy steels (specified
milljmum yield strength 30,000 psi and over except materials within this range where other specific charts are referenced) and type 405 and type 410
stainless steels. (Reprinted by permission Irom the ASME COde, Section VIII, Div. 1.)
General 25
A to left of materiallinc
1. As an the thickness for 2:1 S.E.
heads for external pressure may from the
formula for internal pressure where P 1.67 amI
A to of matelial line
E = 1.0,
Table 2-1 a
Maximum Length of Unstiffened Shells
Thickness (In.)
Diameter (In.) ~4
36 204
00
42 168 280
313
48 142 235 358
264 437
54 122 203 306 437
228 377 00
60 104 178 268 381
200 330 499 CJO
66 91 157 238 336 458
174 293 442 626
72 79 138 213 302 408 537
152 263 396 561
78 70 124 193 273 369 483 616
136 237 359 508 686
84 63 110 175 249 336 438 559
123 212 327 462 625 816
90 57 99 157 228 308 402 510 637
112 190 300 424 573 748
96 52 90 143 210 284 370 470 585 715
103 173 274 391 528 689 875
102 48 82 130 190 263 343 435 540 661 795
94 160 249 363 490 639 810 1,005
108 44 76 118 176 245 320 405 502 613 738 875
87 148 228 337 456 594 754 935
114 42 70 109 162 223 299 379 469 571 687 816
79 138 211 311 426 555 705 874 1,064 00
120 39 65 101 149 209 280 355 440 536 642 762 894
74 128 197 287 400 521 660 819 997 00
126 37 61 95 138 195 263 334 414 504 603 715 839 974
69 120 184 266 374 490 621 770 938 1,124 00
132 35 57 88 129 181 242 315 391 569 673 789 916 1,053
65 13 173 248 348 462 586 727 884 1,060 1,253
138 33 54 83 121 169 228 297 369 449 538 636 744 864 994
62 106 163 234 325 437 555 687 836 1,002 1,185
144 31 51 78 114 158 214 275 350 426 510 603 705 817 940 1,073
59 98 154 221 304 411 526 652 793 950 1,123 1.312
150 49 74 107 148 201 261 332 405 485 573 669 891 1,017 1,152
92 146 209 286 385 499 619 753 902 1,066 1.246 1,442
156 46 70 101 140 189 248 309 385 462 546 637 737 846 966 1,095
87 138 199 271 363 475 590 717 859 1,015 1,186 1,373
162 44 67 96 133 178 233 294 367 440 520 608 703 919 1,042
83 131 189 258 342 448 562 684 819 968 1,131 1.309
NOles.'
1, All \/alues are in in,
2, Values lor
3, \/alue is lor vacuum, value is hall \/acuum.
4. are lor carbon or low-alloy sleel (Fy> 30,000 psi) based on Figure 2-1g,
Table 2-1b
Moment of Inertia of Bar Stiffeners
Thk Max, Height, h, in.

t, In. ht, In.
1~ 2 5 6 8
1/4 2 0.020 0.070 0.167
0.250 0.375 0.5
2.5 0.026 0.088 0.208 0.407

0.313 0.469 0.625 0.781
% 3 0.031 0.105 0.25 0.488 0.844

0.375 0.563 0.75 0.938 1.125
3.5 0.123 0.292 0.570 0.984 1.563

1
1/2 4 0.141 0.333 0.651 1.125 1.786 2.667
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
4.5 0.375 0.732 1.266 2.00 3.00 4.271

1.125 1.406 1.688 1.969 2.25 2.53
% 5 0.814 1.41 2.23 3.33 4.75 6.510

1.563 1.875 2.188 2.50 2.813 3.125
11/ 5.5 1.55 2.46 3.67 5.22 7.16 9.53
113
2.063 2.406 2.75 3.094 3.438 3.78
3/
4 6 1.69 2.68 4.00 5.70 7.81 10.40 13.5
2.25 2.625 3.00 3.375 3.75 4.125 4.50
13/ 16 6.5 2.90 4.33 6.17 8.46 11.26 14.63 18.59

2.844 3.25 3.656 4.063 4.469 4.875 5.281
7/8 7 4.67 6.64 9.11 12.13 15.75 20.02 25.01

3.50 3.94 4.375 4.813 5.25 5.688 6.125
8 5.33 7.59 10.42 13.86 18.00 22.89 28.58 35.16 42.67

4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
Note: Upper value in table is the moment of inertia. Lower value is the area.
General 27
Table 2-1c
Moment of Inertia of Composite Stiffeners
iz= 12
Type H W t1 12 LA L:I C
3 3 0.375 0.5 2.63 0.87 2.50 2.B4

2 3 4 0.5 0.5 3.50 1.17 2.50 -3.BO
3 4 4 0.375 0.5 3.50 2.04 3.28 6.45
4 4 5 0.5 0.625 513 2.77 3.41 9.28
5 4.5 0.5 0.5 4.75 3.85 3.57 0.125
6 5 4 0.5 0.625 5.00 5.29 3.91 15.12
7 5.5 4 0.5 0.5 4.75 4.01 17.39
B 6 5 05 0.625 6.13 9.10 4.69 25.92
9 6 6 0.625 0.625 7.50 1.37 4.66 31.82
10 5.5 6 0.B75 0.875 10.01 12.47 4.42 37.98
6.5 6 0.75 9.38 17.37 4.99 48.14
7 6 0.625 0.75 8.88 18.07 5.46 51.60
8 6 0.75 12.00 32.50 6.25 93.25
14 8 6 14.00 43.16 5.93 112.47
p." A,c. A y AT AY'
2
3
C
Figure 2-1h. Case 1: Bar-type stiffening ring. Figure 2-1 i. Case T-type stiffening ring.
STIFFENING RING CHECK FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Ls Momen! ot inertia wlo shell
1------------1I---------~ B = 0.75
p It B52.500psi.
I-----------------+--------------~
A=2B/E
I-----------------+---------------~ Moment of inertia wI shell
E '"' modulus of
elasticity
From Ref. I, Section UG·29.
E eiticiEmcy, sec Procedure 2-1

API:lenclix C
allowable stress at ambient ternp4~ratur·e,
= allowable stress at
= allowable stress of maltel~ial at ambient tenlpe,ra-
Maximum Allowable Pressure The

= :lll()w:ablle stress of clad material at
MA WP for a vessel is the maximum perm.issible
the of the vessel in its normal opl~r3.tin.!!: positiolll at a
aJJ'Dwablle stress of base material at ambient ternpenl-
the
stamrled on the
aJI4Dwabie stress of base material at
nmnepi<llte. The MAWP is the maximum pressure allowable
ture,
in the "hot and corroded" condition. It is the least of the
c.a. = corrosion all'DW'allCe, in.
tsc thickness of shell, cOlrrodecl in. values calculated for the MA WP of
tsn = thickness of new, in. of the and for any in static
the = thickness of cOlrrode(l in. that may exist between the considered and the
thn = thickness of new, in. the vessel. This pressure is on calculations for
tb thickness of base of clad m31teriaL in. eIE~m(~nt of the vessel nominal thiclalesses
thickness of c1a,dding, corrosion basis for esl:ab,lishirlg
pressures of any devices prlotE~ctiing
in. vessel. The may be substituted the
new, in.
di2Im,~ter, is the maximum internal or
diameter, corroded. in. external pressure, any static head, with
the effect of any combination of in UG-22
which are to occur, exclusive of corrosion allowance
at the coincident The
MA WP for the vessel will be MAWP of
and psi the weakest
The MA WP may be determined for more than one de-
The allowable
General 29
stress value at ternp(~ratur'e would be used. vVhen more • new and

than one set of conditions is spt:dlied
Shell:
vessel and user
lions will govern for the
Maximum Allowable Pressure ----01'----
is often used. It refers to the maximum pennjssibl.e pressure
based on the weakest and cold
CO[lctition, and all lO<l:dir1gs are not taken into consid- 2:1 S.E. Head:
eration.
Dc~si2l1 Pressure: The pressure used ill the of a
COinpOl1lcl1t for the most severe condition coinci-
dent pressure and ternp(~ratur'e e;I(:pe,ctE:d in normal opera-
tion. For this and test the maximum
differencc in pressure belWt:en the inside and outside of a •
or between any two ch:ambe:rs of a combination unit,
shall be thickness for static head or
or 1
other shall be additional to that for the
the tem- • Field test pressure,

that pressure.
= 1.:31'
there is ternpl~rature and a
vessel. The mini-
would the MDMT • clad vesseLs credit is
follotuirlie thicknesses
the clad 1nll'fp,";nl
trUly be substituted into the equa-
MDMT shall be the lowest telllpc,ra-
tun: eqleeted in service or the lowest allowable ternplt:ra.tUlre MAP and MA WP:
calculated for the individual ten1pc'rature for
pres-
Op1enltml2 Tempe.'ahlre: The tpnllnpr'OlhlfP
maintained in the metal of the

sidered {or the sp€~cified Opt~ration
1. Also check the of the

for MAWP and M.AP.
• corroded at 2. All nozzles should be reinforced for MA \VP.
:3. The MAP and M.AWP for other
Shell: cones, flat
etc., may be checked in the same manner
Pw = or ~"'-'---,:---'--
the formula for pressure found in Procedure 2-1
sul)stituting the terms into the eqILlation.s.
It is not necessary to take for the thick-
2;] S.K Head: ness. If it is elected not to take credit for the cladding
then base all calculations the full base
metal thickness. This assumes the is eUlllV,l-
Pw lent to a corrosioll and no credit is for
the of the clalcWing.
L
r in.
h in.
latitudinal radius of cnrvature, in.
meridional radius of curvature, in.
a", = stress,
ax meridional stress,
P internal pressure,
Figure 2-2. Direction 01 stresses in a vessel head.

cllilpsl)idal heads:
• At cQllatc.r:
R
R
h
• At center of head:
T.L.
• At X:
Figure 2-3. Dimensional data lor a vessel head.
1. Latitudinal stresses in the knuckle become COHl-

Rlh ratio excceds 1.42. These heads
\vill fail either elastic or
on the Rlt ratio. form.
2. Head fall into
Hemi-
and were
General 31
TORISPHERICAL HEADS
a, a
At Junction of Crown and Knuckle

1---
PL
0, = 2t a,; = :~ (3 - ~)
, In Crown
PL (71) =0";0:
a, = 21
In Knuckle
1------
PL
a, a.=PL(,_ ~)
"2i t 2r
AI Tangent Line
PR PR
11, = 21- rf,;,
t
ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS
cr, a
1---- -
At Any Point X
ax = (1,;, = (1 __RL)
2Rm
AI Center of Head
PR 2 a ..." = (1j(
a, = 2th
At Tangent Line
PR R2
a,
2t CJ¢, = PR
t (1
maximum difff~rential pressure Oil convex side of
A = factor A for external pressure K= radius Elctor Table

= sllt'ar area, in. 2 L = illside radius of nE~ml-llea(L ill.
B = allowable stress, = 0.9D for 2: 1 S.E.
F = load on Wt:'IUI,~I, = KD for ellipsoidal
T = crown radius of F & D ill.
E
Table 2-2
E I = modulus of at telTlp'er:'ltlJlre. Spherical Radius Factor, K
S = code allowable stress, psi
1"",lrr",>",>;" end lb
Pi = maximum differential prpssure on concave side of
head. Reprinted by permission from ASME Code Section VIII Div. 1, Table UG-33.1.
• Internal pn~SStlre, head formula

based on heads as in
Case 3:
Figure 2-4. Dimensional data for an intermediate head.
Seal or
fillet weld optional
Corrosion
allowance both TL.
TL. sides if requirEld
E 0.55 E 0.55
t2
Case 1 Case 2
Butter to
nr"'V<l'''It lamellar
inC.S.
shells> Y2 in.
sin e the as in Case 3 and

the welds the
== lesser of t2 or t3
to share full
E=0.7 load
Case 3 Case 3 Alternate
Figure 2·5. Methods of attachment of intermediate heads.
General 33
• Extenwl pressure, Assume cOIToeipcl head thi1ckrles:s, Reference 1,
Factor A
L
• Shear load~ on F.
Factor B can be taken from appii,cai)le material charts in
Section II, Part 3 1.
if Factor A lies to the left of the material! F
B
Case 3 head at-
tachments
recluiJ'ccI head thickness shall be the of that • Shear stress, T.
that recluil'ed
See Keter,ell(;e F
T=
• All()w~fble stress, SE.
•
4
all()w.abJle stress,
longitilldinal unit
circumferential membrane stress,
ct half apex
m code correction for of
knuckle
longitilldinal bel1ldinlg moment at eie'vation, in.-Ib

Ib
Figure 2-6. Dimensional data for conical transition.

o o
Case 1 Case 2
0> 0' o
1: 1:
R+r
sin q, cosq,
2: 2:
A A
tan e tan
B B
3:
cx=----
L sin
General 35
.. Gi 1"CllIllferentia/
=D R cos
D +2(R H O"j =-l-
D' =D 2H( 1
cos
tall (t • ClrCllmterel1.tulI stress (It withollt
0\
2 eos Ci
:2 cos Ci
..
III
With loads:
Without loads:
.. Thickness re(lui:red tiT [1, section

With loads:
T.L.
Without loads:
o
Figure 2-7. Dimensional data for the large end of a conicallransition .
.. ;\Jaximum [()II{!.I/IUIIIl(/j
( + ) temaon:
) tension; (
• Determine equ/l:al(mr 1lr'{~nl,rp

.. Determine eq1Hl;(I/,U1H pressure. P::!.
41'
p+
T.L.
Figure 2-8. Dimensional data for the small end of a conical transition.
Figure 2·9. Dimensional data for cones due to external pressure.
• CirCIl'mfer'entinL stress at
• Thickness rermi,red external pressure section UG-
+ te teosa
• Cir-culnterential at without
- t)
==
• Thicknei,s r,f7n1,Lin?rl cone, at section v "J-~I"'\l:.}
With loads:
these use 2-1e to d""'",r,mir.", Factor A.
• Allowable external pressure,
>
Without loads:
where E mOI[1ul111S of elm;tlcity at
• Ihtckne;~s knuckle. There is no reCluilrenleIlt for

'n>nlJ'irl?ri
reverse knuckle at the end of the
1. Allowable stresses. The maximum stress is the eom-
stress at the of the knuckle
cone. For convenience of fabrication it should be made and the cone. Failure would occur in local
the same thickness as the cone. rather than therefore the stress
should be the same as for Thus
the allowable circumferential stress
should be the lesser of 2SE or a lower allow-
the radius to be
• Thickness rp:t:111i:reri at any diameter D', t D ,.
made See
2. Torieonical sections are if

30° unless the
General 37
para~~raph re(luires a discontinu- 4, TOIiconical transitions are advisabjle to avoid the

dis:co:r1nllmity stresses at the for the tollowine:
:3. No or reinforcement is ".r.f""rt>fl conditions:
at the intersections of cones and cylin<:Iel's ofO\ridillH!
knuckl(' radius ASME Code reclUiI'enlents
used. The minimum knuckle
is not less than the
knuckle radius of the small end no minimum.
Referencc 1,
ODjf'ratinr~, in.-Ib
A in.
2
cross-sectional area of il1.
Am total cross-sectional ar('a of
in.
Note w contact
Note 6) in.
n number of bolts
in. v 0.:3 for steel
ambient tClnpenltulre,
di,nnetf!r. in.
at ambient telnpenl-
for
G = diameter at load realction, in. T, U, Y

go = thickness at small
g, = thickness of hub at back of in. K-factors for reverse
H end Ib
hyejrcIstllltic end force on area inside of
Ib
~e"'"l)o:" Ib
=hub factur
moment to inAb
B gl
intc'gral IIdll);<::~, f 1
integral lIii lIl!.e:; , f ::=: 1
4
H d
H=--
4 e loose
1110
B
G mean diameter of face

me 0,0. of contact face 2b
Stress Fonnula Factors
a te +1
L333te +1
E t1
d
A
K y = a or a for
T
General 39
= y ,) bolts re(luired is:
To find the sizp of holt for u

For factors. F', U, Table 2-7.1 of the
ASME Code Ill.
With thpse two equatiOlls a of combinations can bf'

determined.
Determine tht' bolt cirde diameter fl)r the selpcted
that urt' to be de;,jglled should
(J('SlllflS. 1<'1''''''<>0 in this ":lc.'crnrv

The D.D. 111(\\'
two conditions:
A = C + 2E
I. Gasket
:3: Check the minim1l111 bolt spacing (not an ASME
2.
Compare with the in Tahle 2-,5a.
For hi~(h-1prE'ssIJre II,UI)!,t"S,
Note: Dimensions E, and art' from Table
is as follows: the <Ii rnclIsions and

\vith the detailed of the
moments,
• form.
width to reduce the force neees-
<:n',,,llpr cli,mlet(~r
bolts to mini-
and thus reduce tllp
moment arm which governs the thickness,
e, Utilize huhless
bolt area to counter-

bolts. in tum,
circle with H co,rn~sr)ollding
arm, Thicker
distribute the
hetween the (lII:1nldtv
bolt circle diameter.
I: Determine the !1llmbpr and size of holts rCl,lUlirc,(L

a rule of start with a Humber of bolts
nominal the hore ill rounded to
to the
1:
DESIGN CONDmoNS
:j;sl9n pressure, P Allowable Slre_.
Design temperature Flange Bolting
Flange material Design temp., % Design temp., Sb
Bolting material Atm. temp., S. Aim. lemp., S.
re;'4-~
GASKET AND FACING DETAILS
I facing I
4 LOAD AND BOLT CALCULATIONS
Wm2=D~
b Hp '" 2b:o:GmP
~i:~~,Of
or Wml/Sb
G H _ G2 ..P/4 At,
Y W ml ... Hp + H W '" O.5{Am + At,)S.
m
MOMENT CALCULATIONS
load x lever Arm - Momenl
Operating
Ho ~ ,..B2P/4 ho'" R + 0.5g1 Mo '" Hoho
Ho" Wm1 H ho ... O.5{C - G) Ma'" Hoho
Hr-H-Ho hr =Q.5{R + 91 + ha) Mr = Hrhr
Mo
Seating
Ha"'W hG -O.5{C - G) M~
6 K AND HUB FACTORS

K ... AlB
T
Z
hlho
F
V
-.rvv of- go=
Y
u
f
i=
91/9o
e = f/ho
dz ~ hogo 2
4-- = .I ~gl=
... a! l..L,
7
ho ~ ,JBQ;;
STRESS FORMULA FACTORS
.- -+14- A= B=
t
a'" Ie + 1
p=413te+1
""( ~ afT
u
~'"
'II, 1 A.
l> = t1/d <It- !--ho--+

1<=""(+0 t=
m. - MoIB
ma = M~/B
I A
C
If ./Boll spacing
m. ~ 2a + t .4~ ..
+-hr
FHr
I Bolts <It-hG G=
H~
2·10. Dimensional data and forces for a weld
neck flange
18 STRESS CALCULATIONS
Allowable Siren Operating Allowable Siren Seating
1.5 s.. 'H J~~$~I~Ub. s.. 'H '" fmdAg,~Ub,
1.5
s.. ~:c::~~r' s..

::c::~~~'
Sfo ~ange,
'T = e~~~/:Ja~~SA
Sf.
fr '" moY/t2 - Z~
s.o Greater o~ g:~~~ : ~~ Sf. Greater ot g:~~~ + ~~j
or +
Adapted trom Taylor Forge Inlernallonal, Inc., by pennlsslon.
General 41
1 DEatON CONDmONS
Design pressum, P AIIowIIbIe S~
Design temperature Flange Bolting
Flange material Design temp., Sto Design temp .• St,
BoIling material Aim. lemp .• s". Aim. lamp .• S.
Cofrosion allowance
2 GASKET AND FACING DETAILS

Gasket I I Facing I
~ 4
TABLES 2-3 AND 2-4 lOAD AND BOil" CALCULA110NS
~l~:rOI
W m2 - b,.Qy
b Hp = 2b,.QmP or Wm,/St,
G H - G2 .. P/4 At,
y W m, = Hp + H W - O.5(A", + At,)S.
m
5 MOIIIENT CAlCULATIONS
load x lever Arm = Momenl
Opendlng
E .. B2P/4 ho=R+g, Me - Hollo
-W"" -H ho - O.5(C - GJ Me - Hoho
H - HI) hT -O.5(R + g, + hG.l ~ - HyhT
Mo
Sating
Ho=W ho = O.5(C - Gj M~
6 K AND HUB FACTORS

,no
: = AlB hlh.
FL
VL
=!1
~A=
1 <II-- go'"
g,19o
13
ho i W
ho=~
d= ~ ho902 h= f+-E=:: .... f+- R= -+ f4-g,=
7 STRESS FORMULA FACTORS

I
u
"lI' i+--B=
'" = Ie + 1
~a4l3Ie+1
1==
"I = ",rr :...... c=
/) = t'lid I
>--"1+ 0
m. - MoIB
ma - ~/B A'"
:4- hT ~ HT
If
m" and' in-above equation
.IBolt spacing
V 2a+ I *hG
... ....
II'" G=
""
q; Bolts HG
2-11. Dimensional data and forces for a slip-on
8 STRESS CALCULATIONS
AllowaiM Strlll. Operating AllowlliM Sire. seating
1.5 St. hub, 1.5 Sf. hub,
iSH = mofll~ H G moIlIg,2
S'o
I~:~a~~~~~, St.
:~II~~'
St.
1ST =
!lIange,
m.Y1t2 - 2:SR
S,.
nge~~It~an~~R
1'- -
Sto Greater ~~g:~~:: ~l S.. Gmaler 01. ~~~: : ~
Adapled from Taylor Forge International, Inc., by permlss,on.

DESIGN CONDITIONS
Anowable StrellMlll
Bolling
Design Oeslgn lemp., So
Aim. lemp., ~. Aim. lemp., S.

Facing
TABLES 2·3 AND 2.... lOAD AHD BOLT CALCULATIONS
HI' 2b"GmP
Ii. GZ..Pf4
Wm1 Hp+ Ii
MOMENT CALCULATIONS
)( Moment
Operatlllg
o
~--B=
--t--G=
FLANGE THICKNESS REQUIRED
I • greater 01
Operating Sealing
2-12. Dimensional data and forces for a
0.25
>
h
h
c+ 1/4 in.
2·13. Various attachments of other dimensions and loaidirlgs per 2·1
Adapted from TaylOr Forge rntemallonal. rnc., by pennlssion.

General 43
DESIGN CONDITIONS
Range Bolting

Facing
TABLES 24 ANO 2-4 4 LOAD AND BOLT CAU::ULAl1ONS
wm2 .. blvGy
Hp 5 2b"omP
MOMENT CAU::ULATIONS
Load Lever Arm
STRESS FORMULA FACTORS _A=
2-14. Dimensional data and forces for a reverse
STRESS CAU::ULATIONS
1.5 ~.
Adapted from lilyior Forge Internalional. Inc., by permission.

44 Pressure Vessel Design Manual
1 DESIGN CONDITIONS
Design pressure, P AII_.bIe~.
Dee.lgn temperatura Flange Bolting

Design temp., Sr"
BoltIng material Atm. temp., Sr" Aim. temp., S.
Corrosion allowance
2 GASKET AND FACING DETAILS

I Gasket I I facing
4 LOAD AND BOll' CALCULATIONS

iWm2" blrGy + Hov ~ ..-~of
Hp - 2blrGmP IW~s. or Wm,/~
Iy
m H .. G211'P/4 W = O.5(Am + Ao)S.
Wm... H + Hp + Hp Hov .. (hoIh6)blrGy
5 MOMENT CALCULATIONS
Load x Lever Arm Moment
Operating
Ho - .a2P/4 MD" Hollo
Hr - H - HD hr .. O.5(R + g, + ha)
Lever Arm.
ho = (C - B)(26 + C) ' (A - C)(2A+ C)
h
6(9 + C) a" 6(C + A)
Rev_Moment
6 K AND HUB FACTORS
T
z
hYU:------t-------Ie =!j,
ho
7 STRESS FORMULA fiACTORS
a .. te + 1
w
1''' alT
If + t, multiply ./Bolt spacing

I ",L..t-- 91 =
Mo V 2a + I t=
1-4-_ _ _ _ _+-_ _ c=
1
1"'1
...
8 STReSS CALCULATIONS !
Opemtlng
...... ..~ ......
H'G lG ..
~hT
--til- h' G f+- hG -I~IoMIIA_ _ _ _ _ _ G ..
2-15. Dimensional data and forces for a

flat full
Adapted from Taylor Forge International, Inc., by permission.

General 45
Table 2-3
Gasket Materials and Contact !:",~;n,,,,,'
Gasket Factors (m) for Operating Conditions and Minimum Design Seating Stress (y)
Min,
UM
11-
FIII_,
Gallll'"
St.......
51<401""",,,
lind Column
m 'I Not... fief.... to Table 2-4
gaskel tyPH considered as

0 0
E!8Slomers without fabric 0' a
percentage 01 asbestos
Below 75/\ Sho,e Duromale, O.SO 0

7511 or highe, Shore
O",orrn!ler 1.00 200
Asile$lOs with a suitable binde, \10 Ihicl< 2.00 1.600
lor Ihe operating condl1lons 'h. thick 2.75 3.700
.... thick 3.SO 6.600
ElaSlome,s wilh colloo fabric
insertion 1.25 400
Elaslome•• wilh a.belIles labile 3-ply 2.25 2.200

ins"rlton. wilh or wilhout wi.e
reinforcement 2·ply 2.SO 2.900
2.15 3.700
1.15 1.100
asbestos Carooo 2.SO Hl.OOO
asbestos
Stainless 0' Monel
Sofl aluminum
3.00
2.SO
10.000
2.900
II
o. corrugated meta'. 2.75 3.700
Jacketed asbe$lOS foiled I.on or Sleel 3.00 4.500
Monel or 4%-6% ch.ome 3.25 5.500
SiainklM s,ools 3.SO 6.500
Soil aluminum 2.75 3.700
Soli ""ppe. o. brass 3.00 4.500
Corruga1ed metal Iron or soil stee' 3.25 5.500
Mon,,1 o. 4%--6% chrome 3,SO 6,500
Stainless SI""ls 3.75 7,600
flal mela' jackeled asbestos Soli aluminum 3.25 5,SOO
filled Soli o. brass 3,50
I,on or sleel 3.15
Monelo. 3.50 6,000
4%-S% chrome :175 9,000
Slalnless s,eels 3.75 9,000
Soli aluminum 3,25 S,SOO
Soli o,b.ass 3,SO 6,500
G.ooved melal I.on sleel 3,75 7,600
Monel or 4%-6% ch.ome 3,75 9,000
Siainies. slee'" 4,25 10,100
Soil aluminum 4,00 8,800
Soli or b,aSs 4,75 13,000
So.d lIal melal Iron or steel 5,50 111,000
Monel or 4%-6% chrome 600 21,800
Siainiess SI""ls 6,50 26.000
Iron or sofl steel 5,50 111.000
Ring joint Monel or 4%-6% chrome 6,00 21.800
Stainless steels 6,50 26,000
NOTES:
1,
y that have generally proved satisfactory in actual service when using effective gasket seating width
The design values and other details in this !able are suggested only and are not mandatory.
2. The surface of iii gasket having a lap not be against the nubbin.
Reprinted by permission from ASME Code Section VIII DIY. 1, lable 2-5.1 .
Table 2-4
Effective Gasket Width
Facing Sketch Basic Gasket Seating Width, b o

(Exaggerated) Column I
(la)
N N
(1b)' 2 2"
(1<:)
(ld)
(2)
w+N w
-4-
11!;..t in. Nubbin
(3)
,I!;..t in. Nubbin f: w 2"

N N
4"
3N
""8
3N 7N
8 16
rtf
N
4"
(6)
w
a
Effective Gasket Seating Width, b
b = bo , when b.;§! "4 in.
b= when b. > "4 in.
Location of Gesket toed Reliction
G
Note: The gasket
factors listed
apply to
joints in
gasket is contained
entirely within the
inner edges of the
bolt holes
• Where serrations do not exceed 'l64-in. depth and '1:I2-1n. width spacing, sketches (Ib) and (1d) shall be used.
Reprinted by permission from ASME Code Sec1lon VIII 01'1. I, Table 2-5.2.
Table 2~5
Table of Coefficients
K T Z Y U K T Z Y U K T Z Y U K T Z Y U
1,001 1.91 1000.50 1911.16 2100,18 1.046 1,90 22,05 42.75 46.99 1.091 1.88 11.52 22.22 24,41 1.136 1.86 7,88 15.26 16.77
1.002 1.91 500.50 956.16 1050.72 1.90 21.79 41.87 46.03 1.092 1.88 11.40 2199 24.16 1.137 1.86 783 15.15 16.65
,003 1.91 333.83 637.85 700,93 ,048 1,90 21,35 41.02 45.09 ,093 1.88 11.28 21,76 23.91 1.138 1.86 778 15.05 1654
1004 1.91 250.50 478.71 526.05 .049 1.90 20.92 40.21 44.21 1.094 1.88 11.16 21,54 1.139 1.86 7.73 14.95 16.43
1.005 1.91 200.50 383.22 421.12 1.050 1.89 20.51 39.43 43.34 1.095 1.88 11.05 21,32 23.44 1.140 1.86 7.68 14.86 16.35
1.006 1.91 16717 319.56 351.16 1.051 ,89 20.12 38.68 42.51 1.096 1,88 10.94 21.11 23.20 1.141 1.86 762 14,76 1622
1.007 1.91 143.36 274.09 30120 1.052 1,89 19.74 37.96 41,73 1.097 1,88 10.83 20.91 22.97 1.142 1.86 7.57 14,66 16,11
1.008 1.91 125.50 239.95 263.75 1.053 1.89 19.38 37.27 40,96 1.098 1.88 10.73 20.71 22.75 1.143 1.86 7.53 14,57 16,01
1.009 1,91 11.61 213.40 234.42 1.054 1.89 19.03 36.60 40,23 1.099 1.88 10.62 20.51 22.39 1.144 1.86 7.48 14.48 15,91
1,010 1,91 100.50 192.19 211.19 1.055 1.89 18.69 35.96 39,64 .100 1,88 10,52 20.31 22.18 1.145 1.86 7.43 14,39 15,83
1.011 1.91 91.41 174.83 192.13 1.056 1.89 18.38 35,34 38,84 1.101 1.88 10.43 20.15 22.12 1.146 1.86 7.38 14,29 15,71
1.012 1.91 83.84 160.38 176.25 1.057 1.89 18,06 34,74 38.19 88 10.33 19.94 21,92 1.147 1.86 7,34 14.20 15.61
1.013 1.91 77.43 148.06 162.81 1.058 1.89 1776 34.17 37.56 1.103 1.88 10.23 19.76 21.72 1.148 1.86 7.29 14.12 15.51
1,014 1,91 71.93 137.69 151.30 1,059 1.89 17.47 33.62 36.95 1.104 1,88 10,14 1958 21,52 1,149 1 7,25 14.03 15.42
1.015 1,91 67.17 128.61 141.33 1.060 1,89 17.18 33.04 36.34 1.105 1.88 10.05 19.38 21.30 1,150 1,86 7,20 13.95 15,34
1.016 1.90 6300 120.56 132.49 1,061 1,89 16,91 32.55 3578 1.106 1.88 9.96 19,33 21.14 1,151 1,86 7,16 13,86 15,23
1.017 1,90 59,33 111.98 124.81 1.062 1.89 16.64 32.04 35.21 1.107 1.87 9.87 19.07 20.96 1.152 1.86 7.1 13.77 15.14
1.018 1,90 56.06 107.36 118.00 1.063 1.89 16.40 31.55 34.68 1.108 1.87 9.78 18.90 20.77 1.153 .86 7.07 13.69 15.05
1.019 1.90 53.14 101.72 111.78 1.064 1.89 16.15 3108 34.17 1.109 1.87 9.70 18.74 20.59 1.154 1.86 7.03 13.61 14.96
1,020 1,90 50.51 96.73 106.30 1,065 .89 15.90 30.61 33.65 1.110 1.87 9,62 18.55 20.38 1.155 1.86 6.99 13.54 14.87
-
1.021 1.90 48,12 92,21 101.33 1.066 1.89 15.67 30.17 33.17 1.111 1.87 9.54 18.42 20.25 1.156 1.86 6.95 13.45 14.78
1,022 1.90 45,96 88.04 96.75 1.067 1.89 15.45 29.74 32.69 1.112 1,87 9A6 18.27 20,08 1.157 1.86 6.91 13.37 14.70
1.023 1.90 43.98 84.30 92.64 1,068 1.89 15.22 29.32 32.22 1.113 1.87 9.38 18.13 19.91 1.158 1.86 6,87 13,30 14.61
1.024 1.90 42.17 80.81 88.81 1.069 1.89 15.02 28.91 31.79 1.114 1,87 9.30 17.97 19.75 1.159 1.86 6.83 13.22 14.53
1.025 1,90 40.51 77.61 85.29 1.070 1.89 14.80 28.51 31.34 1.115 1.87 9.22 17.81 19.55 1,160 1.86 6.79 13.15 14.45
1.026 1.90 38.97 74.70 82.09 1,071 1.89 14,61 28.13 30.92 1.116 1.87 9.15 17.68 19.43 1.161 1.85 6.75 13.07 14.36
1.027 1.90 37.54 71.97 79.08 1.072 1.89 14.41 27.76 30.51 1.117 1.87 9.07 17.54 19.27 1.162 1.85 6.71 13.00 14.28
1.028 1.90 36.22 69.43 76.30 1.073 1.89 14.22 27.39 30.11 1118 1.87 9.00 17AO 19.12 1.163 1.85 6.67 12.92 14.20
1,029 1.90 34,99 67.11 73.75 1.074 1.88 14.04 27.04 2972 1.119 1.87 8.94 17,27 18.98 1.164 1.85 6.64 12.85 14.12
1,030 ,90 33,84 64.91 71,33 1.075 1.88 13.85 26.69 29.34 1.120 1.87 8.86 17.13 18.80 1165 1.85 6.60 12,78 14,04
1,031 1.90 32.76 62.85 69.06 1,076 1.88 13.68 26.36 28.98 1.121 1.87 8.79 17,00 18.68 1166 1.85 6.56 12.71 13,97
1.032 1.90 31.76 60.92 66.94 1.077 1.88 13.56 26,03 28.69 1.122 1.87 8.72 16.87 18.54 1.167 1.85 6.53 12.64 13.89
1.033 1.90 30.81 59.11 64.95 1.078 1.88 13,35 25,72 28.27 1.123 1.87 8.66 16.74 18.40 1.168 1.85 6.49 12.58 13.82
1034 1.90 29.92 57.41 63.08 1.079 1.88 13.18 25.40 27.92 1.124 1.87 8.59 16.62 1826 1.169 1.85 6A6 12.51 13.74
1,035 1.90 29.08 55.80 61,32 1.080 1.88 13.02 25.10 27.59 1.125 1.87 8.53 16.49 18.11 1.170 1.85 6.42 12.43 13.66
1.036 1.90 28.29 54.29 59,66 1.081 1.88 12.87 24.81 27.27 1.126 1.87 8.47 16.37 17.99 1.171 1.85 6.39 12.38 13.60
1.037 1.90 27.54 52.85 58,08 1.082 1.88 12.72 24.52 26.95 1.127 8.40 16.25 17.86 1.172 1,85 6.35 12.31 13.53
1.038 1.90 26.83 51,50 56.59 1.083 1.88 12.57 24.24 26.65 1,128 8.34 16,14 17.73 1.173 1.85 6,32 12.25 13.46
1.039 1,90 26.15 50.21 55.17 1.084 1.88 12.43 24.00 26.34 1.129 1,87 828 16.02 17.60 1.174 1.85 6.29 12.18 13.39
1.040 1.90 25.51 48.97 53.82 1.085 1.88 12.29 23.69 26.05 1.130 1.87 8.22 15.91 17.48 1.175 1.85 6.25 12.10 13.30
1.041 1.90 24.90 47.81 53.10 1.086 1.88 12.15 23.44 25.77 1.131 1.87 8.16 15.79 17.35 1.176 1.85 6.22 12.06 13.25
1.042 1.90 24.32 46.71 51.33 1.087 1.88 12.02 23.18 25.48 1.132 1.87 8.11 15.68 17.24 1.177 1.85 6.19 12.00 13.18
1.043 1.90 2377 45,64 50.15 1.088 1.88 11,89 22.93 25.20 1.133 1.86 8.05 15,57 17.11 1.178 1.85 6,16 11.93 13.11
1.044 1.90 23.23 44.64 49.05 1.089 1.88 1.76 22,68 24.93 1.134 186 7.99 15.46 16.99 1.179 1.85 6.13 11.87 13.05
1.90 22.74 43.69 48.02 1.090 1,88 11 22.44 24.66 1.135 1.86 7.94 15.36 16,90 1.180 1,85 6,10 11.79 12.96
Table 2·5
Table of Coefficients (Cclntir1ued)
K T Z Y U I K T Z Y U K T Z V U , K T Z Y U
1.182 1.85 6.04 11.70 12.86 1.278 1.81 4.16 8.05 8.85 1.434 1.74 2.89 5.56 6.10 1.75 1.60 1.97 3.64 4.00
1.184 1.85 5.98 11.58 12.73 1.281 1.81 4.12 7.98 8.77 1.438 1.74 2.87 5.52 6.05 1.76 1.60 1.95 3.61 3.96
1.186 1.85 5.92 11.47 12.61 1.284 1.80 4.08 7.91 8.69 1.442 1.74 2.85 5.48 6.01 1.77 1.60 1.94 3.57 3.93
1.188 1.85 5.86 11.36 12.49 1.287 1.80 4.05 7.84 8.61 1.446 1.74 2.83 5.44 5.97 1.78 1.59 1.92 3.54 3.89
1.190 1.84 5.81 11.26 12.37 1.290 1.80 4.01 7.77 8.53 1.450 1.73 2.81 5.40 5.93 1.79 1.59 1.91 3.51 3.85
1.192 1.84 5.75 11.15 12.25 1.293 1.80 3.98 7.70 8.46 1.454 1.73 2.80 5.36 5.89 1.80 1.58 1.89 3.47 3.82
1.194 1.84 5.70 11.05 12.14 1.296 1.80 3.94 7.63 8.39 1.458 1.73 2.78 5.32 5.85 1.81 1.58 1.88 3.44 3.78
1.196 1.84 5.65 10.95 12.03 1.299 1.80 3.91 7.57 8,31 1.462 1.73 2.76 5.28 5.80 1.82 1.58 1.86 3.41 3.75
1.198 1.84 5.60 10.85 11.92 1.302 1.80 3.88 7.50 8.24 1.466 1.73 2.74 5.24 5.76 1.83 1.57 1.85 3.38 3.72
1.200 1.84 5.55 10.75 11.81 1.305 1.80 3.84 7.44 8.18 1.470 1.72 2.72 5.20 5.71 1.84 1.57 1.84 3.35 3.69
1.202 1.84 5.50 10.65 11.71 1.308 1.79 3.81 7.38 8.11 1.475 1.72 2.70 5.16 5.66 1.85 1.56 1.83 3.33 3.65
1.204 1.84 5.45 10.56 11.61 1.31 1.79 3.78 7.32 8.05 1.480 1.72 2.66 5.12 5.61 1.86 1.56 1.81 3.30 3.62
1.206 1.84 5.40 10.47 11.51 1.314 1.79 3.75 7.26 7.98 1.485 1.72 2.66 5.08 5.57 1.87 1.56 1.80 3.27 3.59
1.208 1.84 5.35 10.38 11.41 1.317 1.79 3.72 7.20 7.92 1.490 1.72 2.64 5.04 5.53 1.66 1.55 1.79 3.24 3.56
1.210 1.84 5.31 10.30 11.32 1.320 1.79 3.69 7.14 7.85 1.495 1.71 2.62 5.00 5.49 1.89 1.55 1.78 3.22 3.54
1.212 1.63 5.27 10.21 11.22 1.323 1.79 3.67 7.09 7.79 1.S00 1.71 2.60 4.96 5.45 1.90 1.54 1.77 3.19 3.51
1.214 1.83 5.22 10.12 11.12 1.326 1.79 3.64 7.03 7.73 1.505 1.71 2.58 4.92 5.41 1.91 1.54 1.75 3.17 3.48
1.216 1.83 5.18 10.04 11.03 1.329 1.78 3.61 6.98 7.67 1.510 1.71 2.56 4.88 5.37 1.92 1.54 1.74 3.14 3.45
1.218 1.83 5.14 9.96 10.94 1.332 1.78 3.58 6.92 7.61 1.515 1.71 2.54 4.84 5.33 1.93 1.53 1.73 3.12 3.43
1.220 1.83 5.10 9.89 10.87 1.335 1.78 3.56 6.87 7.55 1.520 1.70 2.53 4.80 5.29 1.94 1.53 1.72 3.09 3.40
1.222 1.63 5.05 9.80 10.77 1.338 1.78 3.53 6.82 7.50 1.525 1.70 2.51 4.77 5.25 1.95 1.53 1.71 3.07 3.38
1.224 1.83 5.01 9.72 10.68 1.341 1.78 3.51 6.77 7.44 1.530 1.70 2.49 4.74 5.21 1.96 1.52 1.70 3.05 3.35
1.226 1.83 4.98 9.65 10.60 1.344 1.78 3.48 6.72 7.39 1.535 1.70 2.47 4.70 5.17 1.97 1.52 1.69 3.03 3.33
1.228 1.83 4.94 9.57 10.52 1.347 1.78 3.46 6.68 7.33 1.540 1.69 2.46 4.66 5.13 1.98 1.51 1.68 3.01 3.30
1.230 1.83 4.90 9.50 10.44 1.350 1.78 3.43 6.63 7.28 1.545 1.69 2.44 4.63 5.09 1.99 1.51 1.68 2.98 3.28
1.232 1.63 4.86 9.43 10.36 1.354 1.77 3.40 6.57 7.21 1.55 1.69 2.43 4.60 5.05 2.00 1.51 1.67 2.96 3.26
1.234 1.83 4.63 9.36 10.28 1.358 1.77 3.37 6.50 7.14 1.56 1.69 2.40 4.54 4.99 2.01 1.50 1.68 2.94 3.23
1.236 1.82 4.79 9.29 10.20 1.362 1.77 3.34 6.44 7.08 1.57 1.68 2.37 4.48 4.92 2.02 1.50 1.65 2.92 3.21
1.238 1.82 4.76 9.22 10.13 1.366 1.77 3.31 6.38 7.01 1.58 1.68 2.34 4.42 4.86 2.04 1.49 1.63 2.88 3.17
1.240 1.82 4.72 9.15 10.05 1.370 1.77 3.28 6.32 6.95 1.59 1.67 2.31 4.36 4.79 2.06 1.48 1.62 2.85 3.13
1.242 1.82 4.69 9.08 9.98 1.374 1.77 3.25 6.27 6.89 1.60 1.67 2.28 4.31 4.73 2.08 1.48 1.60 2.81 3.09
1.244 1.82 4.65 9.02 9.91 1.378 1.76 3.22 6.21 6.82 1.61 1.66 2.26 4.25 4.67 2.10 1.47 1.59 2.78 3.05
1.246 1.82 4.62 8.95 9.84 1.382 1.76 3.20 6.16 6.77 1.62 1.65 2.23 4.20 4.61 2.12 1.46 1.57 2.74 3.01
1.248 1.82 4.59 8.89 9.77 1.386 1.76 3.17 6.11 6.72 1.63 1.65 2.21 4.15 4.56 2.14 1.46 1.56 2.71 2.97
1.250 1,82 4.56 8.83 9.70 1.390 1.76 3.15 6.06 6.66 1.64 1.65 2.18 4.10 4.SO 2.16 1.45 1.55 2.67 2.94
1.252 1.82 4.52 8.77 9.64 1.394 1.76 3.12 6.01 6.60 1.65 1.65 2.16 4.05 4.45 2.18 1.44 1.53 2.64 2.90
1.254 1.82 4.49 8.71 9.57 1.398 1.75 3.10 5.96 6.55 1.66 1.84 2.14 4.01 4.40 2.20 1.44 1.52 2.61 2.87
1.256 1.82 4.46 8.65 9.51 1.402 1.75 3.07 5.92 6.49 1.67 1.64 2.12 3.96 4.35 2.22 1.43 1.51 2.58 2.84
1.258 1.81 4.43 8.59 9.44 1.406 1.75 3.05 5.87 6.44 1.68 1.63 2.10 3.92 4.30 2.24 1.42 1.50 2.58 2.81
.260 1.81 4.40 8.53 9.38 1.410 1.75 3.02 5.82 6.39 1.69 1.63 2.08 3.87 4.26 2.26 1.41 1.49 2.53 2.78
.263 1.81 4.36 8.45 9.28 1.414 1.75 3.00 5.77 6.34 1.70 1.63 2.06 3.83 4.21 2.28 1.41 1.48 2.SO 2,75
.266 1.81 4.32 8.37 9.19 1.418 1.75 2.98 5.72 6.29 1.71 1.62 2.04 3.79 4.17 2.30 1.40 1.47 2.48 2.72
.269 1.81 4.28 8.29 9.11 1.422 1.75 2.96 5.68 6.25 1.72 1.62 2.02 3.75 4.12 2.32 1.40 1.46 2.45 2.69
.272 1.81 4.24 8.21 9.02 1.426 1.74 2.94 5.64 6.20 1.73 1.61 2.00 3.72 4.08 2.34 1.39 1.45 2.43 2.67
.275 1.81 4.20 8.13 8.93 1.430 1.74 2.91 5.60 6.15 1.74 1.61 1.99 3.68 4.04 2.36 1.38 1.44 2.40 2.64
2.38 1.38 1.43 2.38 2.61 2.83 1.25 1.28 1.98 2.17 3.46 1.11 1.18 1.64 1.80 4.15 0.989 1.12 1.40 1.54
2.40 1.37 1.42 2.36 2.59 2.86 1.24 1.28 1.96 2.15 3.50 1.10 1.18 1.62 1.78 4.20 0.982 112 1.39 1.53
2.42 1.36 1.41 2.33 2.56 2.89 1.23 1.27 1.94 2.13 3.54 1.09 1.17 1.61 1.76 4.25 0.975 1.12 1.38 1.51
2.44 1.36 1.40 2.31 2.54 2.92 1.22 1.27 1.92 2.11 3.58 1.08 1.17 1.59 1.75 4.30 0.968 1.11 1.36 1.50
2.46 1.35 1.40 2.29 2.52 3.62 1.07 1.16 1.57 1.73
2.95 1.22 1.26 1.90 2.09 4.35 0.962 1.11 1.35 1.48
2.48 1.35 1.39 2.27 2.50 2.98 1.21 1.25 1.88 2.07 3.66 1.07 1.16 1.56 1.71 4.40 0.955 1.11 1.34 1.47
2.50 1.34 1.38 2.25 2.47 3.02 1.20 1.25 1.86 2.04 3.70 1.06 1.16 1.55 1.70 4.45 0.948 1.11 1.33 1.46
2.53 1.33 1.37 2.22 2.44 3.06 1.19 1.24 1.83 2.01 3.74 1.05 115 1.53 1.68 4.50 0.941 1.10 1.31 1.44
2.56 1.32 1.36 2.19 2.41 3.78 1.05 1.15 1.52 1.67 4.55 0.934 1.10 1.30 1.43
3.10 1.18 1.23 1.81 1.99 4.60 0.928 1.10 1.29 1.42
2.59 1.31 1.35 2.17 2.38 3.14 1.17 1.23 1.79 1.97 3.82 1.04 1.15 1.50 1.65 4.65 0.921 1.10 1.28 1.41
2.62 1.30 1.34 2.14 2.35 3.18 1.16 1.22 1.77 1.94 3.86 1.03 1.14 1.49 1.64 4.70 0.914 1.09 1.27 1.39
2.65 1.30 1.33 2.12 2.32 3.22 1.16 1.21 1.75 1.92 3.90 1.03 1.14 1.48 1.62 4.75 0.908 1.09 1.26 1.38
2.68 1.29 1.32 2.09 2.30 3.26 1.15 1.21 1.73 1.90 3.94 1.02 1.14 1.46 1.61 4.80 0.900 1.09 1.25 1.37
2.71 1.28 1.31 2.07 2.27 3.30 1.14 1.20 1.71 1.88 3.98 1.01 1.13 1.45 1.60 4.85 0.893 1.09 1.24 1.36
2.74 1.27 1.31 2.04 2.25 3.34 1.13 1.20 1.69 1.86 4.00 1.009 1.13 1.45 1.59 4.90 0.887 1.09 1.23 1.35
2.77 1.26 1.30 2.02 2.22 3.38 1.12 1.19 1.67 1.84 4.05 1.002 1.13 1.43 1.57 4.95 0.880 1.08 1.22 1.34
2.80 1.26 1.29 2.00 2.20 3.42 1.11 1.19 1.66 1.82 4.10 0.996 1.13 1.42 1.56 5.00 0.873 1.08 1.21 1.33
Reprinted by permission of Taylor Forge International, Inc.

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
o
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
91 190
Figure 2-16. Values of V (integral flange factors). (Reprinted by permission from the ASME Code, Section VIII, Div. 1, Figure 2-7.3.)
0.9
0.8r--+-
0.1
0.6
0.5 t:::::1:=:t::::t=t::±
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
9, 190
Figure 2-17. Values of F (integral flange factors). (Reprinted by permission from the ASME Code, Section VIII, Div. 1. Figure 2-7.2.)
General 51
Figure 2·18. Values of I (hub stress correction lactor). (Reprinted by permission from the ASME Code, Section VIII, Div, 1, Figure 2-7.6.)
15
10
8
1
G
5
...'"
1
1.5
1.0
(1,8
0.1
0.6
05
91' go
Figure 2·19. Values of VL hub flange Figure 2·20. Values FL (loose hub flange lactors). (Reprinted by
permission from the ASME Section VIII, Div. permission from the ASME Code, Section VIII, Div, 1, Figure 2-7.4.)
Table 2-5a
Dimensional Data for Bolts and
Standard Thread 8-Thread Series Bolt Spacing

Minimum Nut
No. of Root No. of Root Minimum Preferred Radial
Bolt Size Threads Area Threads Area Bs
13 0.126 No.8 thread 3"

11 0.202 series below r 3
10 0.302 3
9 0.419 3
1" 8 0.551 8 0.551 3
7 0.693 8 0.728 3 1
7 0.890 8 0.929 3 2
6 1.054 8 1.155
6 1.294 8 1.405 2
1.515 8 1.680 %,
5 1.744 8 1.980 %
5 2.049 8 2,304 4 %
2" 2.300 8 2.652 2
3.020 8 3.423
4 3.715 8 4.292
4 4.618 8 5.259
3" 4 5.621 8 6.234
1. The
•
convenience. The
are ac(;epted thr1olll.!;hOlJt
tional information re1!ar,din:g a.
this excellent bulleitin. b.
2. C.
d.
ture e. without full penetration
use ANSI B16.47.
3. are done either as "inlte!~rar
third or
which do not fall into either of the t",..orrn,''-'" 4. Hubs have no minimum limit for h
cal:egloli(~s and thus can be de:5igIled 1.5 tn and h < are not re(:OIJllmlended.
or loose. Definitions and eX8lmr>les as a first use gl = 2 times
are: ness.
The values of T, Z, Y, and U in Table 2-5 have been
• and are one continuous struc- COlmputEld based on Poisson's ratio of 0.3.
manufacture or full penetration 6. B is tD. of the and not the
wE:lding. Some are: small-diameter
option.al for the designer
a. fonlflula for longituldinlai stress, Para.
b. 2-3 of Section
General 53
7. f1n!nIVU~~ of the bolt beeornes more critieal. The sp:acing

use many smaller bolts factor can be than for circular
the thickness. since the metal available in the corners tends to
bolt the bolt load and out the moment.
10. to \vithstand both pressure and external
I-l. for swin!!'-a\vav "e(~uivalenl," pressure as follows:
and
circular bores should be

treated as "inscribed" circular Use a bolt circle where M = bending moment in.-Ih
TH)'oe"", Ulrolclgh the center of the outermost bolt holes. F= radial Ib
for noncircular openin)1;S how'ev,:;r
MAWP
0 1000 2000 3000 3500
0
100
I
I
200
I I
I
300 ''II:
113
,(')
I
u.. 400
500
600
700
800
--------
900
1000
Notes: For carbon steel flanges only. Male,ial Group A-laS or A-350-LF2 with fla!
Figure 2·208_ Pressure-temperature ratings for standard flanges.

Table 2-5b
Number and Size of Bolts for Flanged Joints
Primary Nominal Pipe Size

Service
Pressure Flange
t % 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Rating Bolting Facing
Number 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 20 20
Diameter
Length of Stud
150 Pound
Bolls
Length 01
Mach, Bolls
Number
Diameter
Lenglh 01 Siud
300 Pound
Bolls
Length of
Mach, Bolls
Diameter
Length 01 Stud ~" RF

400 Pound
Bolls
Number
Diameter
Length of Stud
600 Pound Bolls 1-----/--+--+
RTJ
M&F
T&G
Number 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 20 20
Diameter 1. % Ye "'I'a 1 Ye 1 "'I'a 1 ~a 1 ~. 1 ~e 1% 1% 1lj, 1% 1"'1'e 2 2lj,
Length of Stud %' RF 4 4Y. 4% 4% 5y' 5lj, 6 .lj, 5lj, 7Y. 7lj, Ilj, 9 9% 10lj, 11 13lj, 17
900 Pound Boils
RTJ 4 4~ 4% 4% 5% 5% 6% 5% 6% 'lj, 7lj, 8% 9~ 10 11 11121 13y' 14 17%
M&F 4 4lj, 4lj, 5 6~ 7 7~ 8~ 8% 9'12 10'1. 10% 12~ 13~ 16%

T&G
Number 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16
Diameler % % Ye "'1'8 1 Ye 1 118 1Y. 1lj, 1% 1% lYe 2 ~~ 2lj, 2% 3 3Y2
1500 Lenglh of Stud ~' RF 4 4% 41. 6 10 11~ I~ 14% 16 'lj, 19y' 21 24

Pound Bolls
RTJ 4 4~ 4% 4% .~ 5% 6~ 7 7% 9% lOy' 11% 15~ 16% 18lj, 20~ ~% .lj,
M&F 3% 4 !~ 4lj, 5 5~ 5% )lj, 7Y. 9~ 9% 11 13 14lj, 15% 17~ 19

T&G
Number 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 ... . .
Diameter % % 7/a 1 118 1 1 '18 1% 1lj, 1% 2 2 2lj, 2%
2500 Length of Stud ~" RF 4% 4% 5~ 5% 6lj, 6% 7lj, 1Y2 9% 11~ 13lj, 15 19 21 ..

Pound Boils
RTJ 6 7 10~ 12% 14 20 22
M&F 4lj, 4lj, 5 6lj, 7Y. 8y' 11 y. 13~ 20% ...

T&G
MMAX = Lesser 01 M, thru Ms

w
~ 1. Calculate the Maximum Allowable Moment @ Design Temperature @ Ambient Temperature
w
(J)
8 MMA)(
..J
2.
Note . II Am, > Am (MAX). then the gasket width. sealing stress. or bolting is insufficient
3. Determine the Maximum Allowable Pressure set by the Maximum Allowable Momen!: (Operating Condition)
4. Determine the Maximum Allowable Pressure set by Am{MAX): (Gasket Seating)
5. The Maximum Allowable Pressure=lhe lesser 013. or 4.
Nole that this pressure includes any sIalic head applicable lor the case under consideration.
Maximum Allowable Pressure =
for new & uncorroded condition.

on ambient temperature.
on new condition @ ambient temperature.
General 57
DESIGN CONDmONS
Design lemp., 8m
Amb. temp., St.
4 LOAD AND II!IOLT CALCULATIONS
GASKET WIDTH CHECK
MOMENT CALCULATIONS
MD .. HohlJ
is below the center
7 FLANGE AND HEAD THICKNESS CALCULATION

Held ThlckMa Requlred
c
Fllnge Thlclmea Required
B
Diameter of
bolts G
2-21. Dimensional data and forces for a splhe'·ic21Ily dished

cover.
I1 DESIGN CONDmONS
Allowable Str_
Design temperature Range Bolling
Range material Design lemp., s.., Design temp., ~
BoIlIng material Atm. temp., ~ Aim. temp., S.
Corrosion allowance
2 GASKET "ND FACING DETAILS

Gasket Facing I
3 TABLES 2-3 AND 2-4 4 LOAD AND BOLT CALCULATIONS
Wm2 ~ brl3y
I~.,;~:~~t~,
N
Hp .. 2brl3mP of
orWml/~
b
G (see below) H _ G2.-P/4 At.
y Wml - Hp +H W .. O.5{Am + At.)S.
m hG .. O.5{C - GJ
5 THICKNESS AND REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS

Dimension, G
"bo :so 0.25 in., G .. mean gasket diameter
If bo > 0.26 In., G .. lesser of raised face diameter or gesket 0.0. - 2b
Thlckne_ Required
Optretlng. 10 [1, UG-34(c)(2)] (See Note 1) Seating. to
."L ta=G~
G~~
• ow
<o .. s..,GJ V ~.GJ
1'-' -:;.!j i'-- I"

~hD'O"""'''':':'''+t"
1
""", I <10 i'-t,.,.
fall A'I<;:~
.
f---'O
~
----
:'-A.
Jill ,-I
'H.
i--
£lia
R.--
2-22. Dimensional data and forces for a blind
'----'-
G G'....I.... oId
C
A
I orR!'I+tn+t
Reinforcement
t",.. PRo, .11.3 " 2tnh

SE ·0.6P ~ - area of welds
Pl. .. 0.5dto As = 1,,(0.0. pad - 0.0. nozzle)
AI .. (I - 1o)(2w - d) Ell. = AI through As
A2~2h(""-t",) EA >.11.,
nominal
com~lUted as an
1. Reinforcement is for op,era.ting condi-
Hans not bolt addliticmal reilrlto:rcemelnt is requin~d
2. in lieu reinforcement: is calculated 0.6 for 0.3 in the eqlJation
I-No additional reinforcement is reCluilred if
thickness is than 1.414 to. 3. see Procedure 2-7.
General 59
F
. 2
m.
in. nut to mid nut, in.
ope:ratirlg, Ih
thr,eadls, in.
di,lmett~r at location of load reclction, in.
IJenlctinlg m,oment, in.-lb
m
Ib
T reQlllired, ft·lh
n
~ in.
= modulus of eJasti(;ity of material at ternpenl- = 'tIJickne.ss of nut, in.
factor betv/een bolt!nut and nut!
mo,dullllS of elmiticity of material at ternpenl- face
w width of in.
eqlliv,llell1t preSSUlre inlchlldirlg external Note: See Procedure 2-7 for values of m, b, and y.
w G
Tongue and groove
Raised face
Ring join!
Figure 2·23. Flange and joint details.
Table 2-6
Bolling Dimensional Data
Size % in. 1In. 1'4 In. 17's In. 1~ in. 1% In.
d 0,6273 0.7387 0.8466 0.9716 1,0966 1.2216 1,3466 1.4716
dm 06650 0,8026 0.9188 1.0438 1.1666 1,2938 1.4188
tn 0,7344 0,8594 0.9844 1,1094 1.2166 1,3438 1.4686
Size 1'% In, l'le In. 21n. 2';.. In. 21,/, In. ~4In, 31n, 3';.. in.
d 15966 1.7216 1.6466 2.0966 2,3466 2.5966 2.6466 3,0966
1,6688 1.7938 1.9188 2.1688 2.4188 2.6668 2.9188 3.1666
1.7188 1,6438 19688 2.2031 2.4531 2,7031 2,9531 3.1875
Note: 314 and 716in. bolts are UNC series threads. All others are 8 series threads, All dimensions are from ANSI B 18.2.
Table 2-7
Modulus of Elasticity. Eb •
Temperature, of
Material 70° 200° 300° 4000 500' 600° 7000 800° 900"
Carbon steel A-S07-B 27.9 27.7 27.4 27.0 26.4 25.7 24.8 23.4 18.5
Low alloy A-193-B7. 816, B7M 29.9 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.0 27.4 26.6 25.7 24.5
Straight chrome A-193-B6, B6X 29.2 28.7 28.3 27.7 27.0 26.0 24.8 23.1 22.1
Stainless A·193-B6 series 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.4 24.8 24.1 23.4
Note: Values per ASME Code, Section
AF~ in jOint load

due the gasket relaxing
Figure 2-24. Typical joint diagram.
DESIGN DATA GASKET DATA SOLTING DATA
Flange size Type Nominal size

DeSign pressure, P Diameter of raised Quantity n
face
Test pressure, p. 0.0.,1.0. d
N orw dm
y E"
m
"'I>
lEg
Friction lactor, K tg
Design temperature b lb='X+tn
G
General 61
• HC,emired T,
• amI flat metal: Select values from ASME T=--

Section II, or K of this book 12n
• asb = 70 ksi
• = 10 ksi
• Gmfoil :3.5 ksi =
• Teflon = 24 ksi 1. Bolted an initial

• wound = ,569 ksi The loads
are:
a.
b. belndiing moment.
c. moment.
• Lubricated 0.075-0.1.5 2. Either stud tensioners or wrenches are used for
nr,Jdrncc;n.,. bolts to the ra,'",;.o,1 stress for seat-
• Nonlllbricated = 0.15-0.25
the most accurate. Stud
tension achieved the nut is affected
many variables and hom IO'/c to 100%
calculated values. The IOIIO\VllH'
• ~f/lli!;alimt pressure. an,ecting tension achieved
a. Class of fit or nut and stud.
HiM b. Burrs.
+ +p
c. Lubrication.
d. and dirt in threads of bolts or nuts.
• lhldrosl'atic lh. e. Nicks.
f. The relative condition of thc surface on the
H=-- which the nut is rotated.
4 .3. should be used. Nonlubricated
bolting has an eltici<3n(:y of about 50% of a well-lubri-
• 100m-COI'lwct-slllrra,rc C<'Jn1vnr:ssioll load, HI" lh. cated bolt. For stand:lrd apIPIi<.:ati,ons,
For high tPrnnl~ratllr'e
= . . u."""'" vice to a high
cOlmp'ound may be used.
• Minimum rp,,,,i,I'Pr! bolt load {or lb.
Table 2-8
Boll Torques
Torque Required in ft-Ib 10 Produce the Following Boll Stress
• Bolt Size 15ksi 30ksi 45ksl 60ksi
= 2JibG 15 30 45 60
30 60 90 120
50 100 150 200
• in /)"F, lb.
80 160 240 320
1-8 123 245 368 490
II -8 195 390 533 710
/)"F =---O-~'
1+ -8 273 500 750 1000
-8 365 680 1020 1360
-8 437 800 1200 1600
• [nitial rf'I.'!liJI'Pri tieht!"Ylinl! lh. -8 600 1100 1650 2200
-8 775 1500 2250 3000
-8 1050 2000 3000 4000
+/)"F 4400
2-8 1125 2200 3300
-8 3180 4770 6360
• Total tipI/ tl"Tl il1l7 rcc./ui.reci to W,lh. -8 4400 6600 8800
-8 5920 8880 11840
3-8 7720 11580 15440
\v = of
Figure 2-25. Sequence for tightening of flange bolts. Note: Bolls should be lightened to 1/3 of the final torque value at a time in the sequence
illustrated in the figure. Only on the final pass is the total specified torque realized.
4. that of the preload is not uncommon. Thus an additional pn=load

the of F is to for this "relax-
1/3 to 1/5
5. relax they have first

tiglhtene(j. Relaxation of 10% to 20% of the initial
1= of straight measured from tangelrlt

in.
C = attachment factor P internal pressure
D = span of noncircular in. r = inside corner radius of in.
d diameter of circular heads or short span of non- S = code allowable stress, tension,
t = minimum thickness in.
E A seam tr = thickness of of
General 63
thiclmess of in.
minimum reflui!red thickness of seamless in.
thickness of in.
thickness of weld in.
minimum distance from oUitslCle of head to of
weld prep. in,
z de]Jenlde:nt on diD 2
= shear force
= axial tensile Ib/in.
= radial moment, III.··I1J} IlL
v Poisson's ratio, 0.3 for steel
a uu } Inthle'nce coe,ttictients for head
Inllut~nce coefficients for shell
• Circular he(l{l~'.
t=
• Noncircular heads.
where Z = .1.4 - o
•
tr
m=
Case 1 I A . " , ..." " ,
1. C=O,17 for circular or noncircular

2. r 2:::
f3
:3. C =0.1 for circular heads if
v)
v)
Figure 2-26. Case 1: Flanged head [1, Section UG-34 (a)].
Case 4 (Fil;yulI"e
1<
or
ts
for is 4: 1 minimum.
Figure 2·29, Case 4: Screwed flat head [1. Section UG-34(c)].
Case 2 (,l'ilgUl'e
1. C=0.3
2,
3. threads with 4: 1 factor
tension, or cOlnpression due to hwlrr..·,hltil'
force.
4. Seal weildilltg olltional.
5. Threads must as stand:ud threads.
Case 5 ("'iIQruJ'e
Figure 2·27. Case 2: Forged head [1, Section UG-34(b-1»).

f
1. C =0.17
2. tf
3,
4. circular or nOlrlCirClJllar heads,
Case 3 (FilnU"p
Figure 2·30, Case 5: Lap welded head [1, Section Uli-34(C}I.
1. Circular heads: C 0.13 if
.e>
2. Noncircular and circular heads of

Figure 2·28, Case 3: Integrally forged head 11, Figure G-34 (b-2)J. .e .C=0.2.
3. r:::: 3 til
Case 6 ("'ll;YUI'e
1. C = 0.33 m but> 0,2
2, 0,375 in. if ts :S 1.5 in. 1. C =0.13
than 1.5 in. but need not be 2. d:s 24in.
3. 0,05 < 0.25
General 65
Figure 2-33. Case 8: Welded flal heads (Fun penetration welds re-
Figure 2-31. Case 6: Integrally forged head [1, Section UG-34(d)]. quired) [1, Section UG-34(g)J.
4. th ::: t,
5. r :::
3. See l\otc 3 in Case 7.
6. Head integral with shell up:settin!;, ,,,");:,,,,);:', or
7. Circular heads Case 9 (.'j:gUlre
Case 7 ,,,'1"'''''':::
Figure 2-32. Case 7: Welded flat heads [1, Section UG-34(e)(I)J.
2
1. Circular heads: C 0.33 m but ::: 0.2. If m then
shell cannot be taperr~d within from inside of
head.
2.
3.
3
Figure 2-34. Case 9: Welded lIat heads [1, Section UG-34(h), UW-13.2
1. "",,,,,,,,u heads: C = 0 ..33 m but::: 0.2.

1. Circular
and> 2.
If m < 1, then shell cannot be tapierf~d within 3.
from inside of head. 4. end of shell and o./J. of head if t, or tIl is
2. Noncircu\ar heads: C 0.33 than 1/2 in. thick and after we.ldiTlg).
5.
Case 10 (F'ili!'UI'e
Threaded
a
Figure 2-36, Case 11: Heads attached by mechanical lock devices [1,
Section UG-34(m)(n)(o)].
Case 12, ...·.,,, ...... '"
Figure 2·35, Case 10: Welded flat heads [1, Section UG-34(h)(i»),
Figure 2-37. Case 12: Crimped head [1, Section UG-34(r)].
1. For 2-34A: C 0.33 and ts ::::

2. For 2-34B: C 0.33 m but:::: 0.2 1. C=0.33
3. tp > ts or 0.25 in.
2. Circular
4. tw:::: ts 3. d 18-in. maximum.
5. a > 4. a 30° 45° maximum.
of shell O.D. of head if ts or th is

than ~ in. thick and after weldiJlg).
Case 13 [Fill!UJ'e
Case 11, ... .,"' ...... '"
L C=0.3
1. C 0.3 2. Circular
2. All pos,sible means of failure 3. d = l8-in. maximum.
or radial 4. a = 30° minimum, 45° maximum.
pf(~SSllre and differential thermal expan- 5. > PIS> 0.05
resiste~d factor of of 4:1. 6. Maximum allowable pressure < S/5d.
3. weJ[diIlig used. 7. must be done at proper --'M'''',... tc,mT>erl:t-
ture.
General 67
Figure 2-38. Case 13: Crimped heads [1, Section UG-34(s)).
Maximum stress occurs at the is axial in direc-

tion. and may be in eithf'r the head or the shell. When
tl/ts.s: J, the l~laximum stress is in the head at the jUlllction.
When th/ts> 1, the ma.ximum stress is in the shell at the
The moment is a result of internal
and Qo.
Q"
Q" =
• nwment, Figure 2-39. Discontinuity ailial head and cylindrical shell juncture.
Mo = • stress iT! abo Note: Prim:lrv hellldi.ng

stress is maximum at the center of the head.
• Axial stress in shell llmetion, a, [5, Eqllati(lI1 6.122].
(+) Outside tension

• A,ia/ stress in shell
< 1.5<:1.
Maximum deplh 0' holes.• II, UG-43(dll
Figure 2-40. Typical studding oullet.
Table 2-9
Tapped Hole Area Loss. S, in.2.
1.00
0.95
0.90
A +S
L Greater d or
AI
0.80
A2
'0
A.'l ~ 0.75
AT + ?;!
0.70
0.65
0.60
of
and passes thirOlIl!h 0.55
allowable stress of
0.50
= iilll()w;abile stress of material tem- 0" 10° 200 SO" 400 50° 60° 70" BO" 90°
Angle 01 plane with Longitudinal Axis
raised face. Figure 2-41. Chart for determining the value of F. (RI~nriint~1rl by permis-
sion from ASME Code, Section VIII. Div. 1, Figure
General 69
0'
A cross-sectional area of
= total
lorce per inch of
II width
d = (1ICOltn t-;" <tUU);;, in,
0= vessel inside dhHlltete,r,
E modulus of in,>
f total load of Ring
allowable be1l1diinQ:
= minimum sp,:~citied Seam seat
w{ = fillet weld
h of beam seat or of in.

I moment of inertia, in4
K = distance from bottom of beam to of fillet of
width or ul1;m):)Ported
I",,,,,illl);;, ft or in.
Slo! clip
:\I minimllm h"''''';n(1 in.
II number of bolts
p= (~on,c:cnltrated
L:l.P and bottom
P
R
= root area
S = allowable shear stress in bolts or fillet
t thickness of or in.
\\' uniform
Z = Sf'ction Infldillus, in,
F, = equi\'a/(>nt coneentratf'd Ib
beds that must be
in turn attached to the

prcicel:lm'e offers a Figure 2-42. Typical support arrangements and details of an internal
bed.
analvzill2 the various ~"'nn,r\rt comllOIlclltS.
CA!:IE 1: SI~IGl.E DI:KIIYI
liquid weight
Weight of liquid above bed
Differential pressure
Weight 01 grating
Weighl of beam (esl.)
Miscellaneous
L.U~lun'ly diiagl"am of SlnClle-iosam Sllnnort.
R, ..
M3= +
MOMENT AND REACTION CALCULATIONS
.-______
-
........,!---_____---!Zr<lqd = M.
Fb
raction allowance to web and flange

General 71
liquid holdup (%)
Free area
Packing/catalyst unit weight
Volume of pacldng/catalyS!
Packing/calalys!lo!aI weigh!
Entrained liquid weighl
is Weight of liquid above bed

x
0. Differential pressure
+
E Weight of grating
<t1
dl
..0
Weight of beam (est.)
a
Miscellaneous
i Total load, F =
I..VtlUII "Y diiagr'am of double-beam support.

Uniform load, p
per beam.
BEAM
WI
M, =
R, =
(9. Figure 1)
p=
A2 s P
M2" f!
6
[9. Figure 9)
W2
[9, Figure 41
MOMENT AND REACTION CALCULATIONS
Tolal moment M = M, + M2 + M3 M New
~T<~ol~aI~e-n-d~m--a~~io-n~A~=~A~,-+~R~2~+~R~3---------+--------------~~~
F Corroded
r~ion allowance to web and Ilange
72
Figure 2-46. Typical beam seat support.
Figure 2-45. Typical clip support N

in.
R tw in.
M moment in K = vertical from bottom of beam to
of fillet of beam in.
B ratio of actual force to allowable force per inch of
weld
n number of Wf= fillet weld
.. Moment M.
• Thickness req!uit--ed, t.
M= Re
• Thickness rp/·ml'rp,rl. t.
• N.
6M R
N K
• Area nW!fliT'prJ • For E60B.

R R
= B
Sn
Select aP1oro'priate For £70 welds:
R
B
Size-
Material-
• h.
Table 2-10
Bolting Data h
Size
R.
Allowable Shear Stress, S, psi Notes for Beam Seat
Material A-307 A-325
Single 10.000 15,000 1. Make width of beam seat at least 40% of h.
Double
Make fillet weld size no
20.000 30,000
Make stiffener thickness
General 73
b =V\>idth har (corrodeci), in,

d of bealing har in,
M=
PrclPosed hp,uirH1 har

2·47. Loading diagram of a continuous ring,
Z
Case 1: Beatn
= maximum unit load on circular Ib/in. 12
M=
Select size,
t=
Select an!r}f(Jlpri,ate size. 1. Recommended beam ratio, span ovcr should be

between 15 and 18
Case 2: Two Beatns 2,
6
,3. not he
M=
4.
t=
size,
Table 2-11
Summary of Forces and Moments
No. of
Beams Beam AT FT R M
maximum allowable fiber stress
M = maximum moment at ft-Ib 1 Beam 0.392702
2 Beams 0.269802
3 Beams Outer 0,18500 2
Center 0,23330 2
defle1cti()n, in. 4 Beams Inner 0,19250 2
, ~I Outer 0,1405D 2
moment of inertia per foot of 111.
Z section modulus per foot of 5 Beams Inner 0,154802
Outer 0,109202
f. maximum ft. Center 0,165502
guiidelinl~s based on Section 5.

This is not an ath~ml)t to
po:,sil)ili:ty nor is it to become a substitute for contour as PO:sSHJle.
on the outside of the
inside pn1V]I0ll1lg
1. Limits.
a. No reinforcement other than that inherent in the
construction is for nozzles
6. Tell-tale holes.
and smallcr in vessel walls 3/S-in. a 114-in.
size and smaller in vessel walls Section

in.
b. Normal reinforcement methods to Section
Ji,Uiptical or obround Gplmll'l{!,S .
• Vessels 60-in. diameter and less-l/2 the vessel
reinforcement is for or
diameter but !lot to exceed 20 in.
obround and dimension exceeds
• Vessels than 60-in. dimneter-l/3 the
twice the the reinforcement across
vessel diameter but not to exceed 40 in.
the short dimension shall be increased to
c. For nozzle than the limits of
excessive distortion due to twistiing moment
Guideline be in accordance
Section v ,_"-~'''\a I
v"ith Para. 1-7 of ASME Code.
2. 8. {)plmtTl{!,s
but not ma.nd;atory for reilntorcirlg in flat heads and blind
material to be the same as vessel Section "~T-.>n"
azamei;e~-areatoberepJae(~d
material is eithcr in the or thi~8kn.ess of head or may
or in the nozzle neck, no additional credit may
taken for the
b. If a lower stren!!th material is either in the
or in the then the area taken as reilntoirc~~- Inc~refISirlf! head thickness 1.414.
ment must be decreased pn[)pl)rtiorlat,ely the ratio b. Upenlngs > 112 head diameter~shall be de~;igrled
of the stress inten,;ity materials. connection. See PrC)CeldUl'e 2-15.
Weld material taken reintolrc~~m,ent must also be
decreased pf()pclrtion, assuming the weld mate-
rial the stren);th as the ",,,,,b,l' of the two 9. <4lentn?;s in rnl"l_~1IfH<n.I~nl
materials a nozzle op,ening
within the re(lUi'red thickness of
Thickness. head for reinforcement purposes be cornpulted
While minimum thicknesses are in Reference 1, M 1 Section
Section it is that be not
less than 7.5% nor more than 150% of the to which
10. {)penings in elli!ptlical heads.
are attached.
a nozzle and all its reinforcement fall
within O.8D of an the thick-
4. Width. ness of the head for purposes shall be
While no minimum is it recommended that to the thickness for a seamless
re-nalls be at lea~t 2 in. wide. radius Section
General 75
11. Genera/. 16. Lt/!,I'ltrlents.

Reinforcement be calculated in the corTocied there is a series Op{~nilngs in a
vessel shell and it is each
a constrnction is
eUici<mcy of the between is
12. 17. Multiple OjoeTlin~:s. [l, Section U'""-"'''d.

tl. a. For two openin~(s closer
in a diameters and reinfixc:enlellt over-
reinforcement calculations. AS~IE Division opl~nil[lgs shall meet the
1, does not allow a welded to have two differ-
ent weld efficiencies. Credit may not be taken a combined area to the sum
for a of a or non x- the two areas.
seam. • No the cross-section shall to
b. Small nozzles that requin~d to be che'ckE:d
per the Code can in circumferential
Pf()v!.ruUil! the seam is .... -!,.. yeu for a distance
• Vf1OV,ortiorlea between
times diameter of the with the

center the hole at mi(jjelogth.
13. ne-pGfGS oeer seams. b. be prD'vidf~d

If at all should not cover seams. with combined reinforcement:
\Vhen IInavl)idlable, the seam should be ~a,ull'U flush • The minimum distance between the centers is
before the Section the diameters.
area re(,fuilrea
14, near seam~. the two oplmil1!!,s.
Small nozzles which the Code does not c. For opl~nh]gs less than times the average dia-
the reinforcement to be cht~ckled) shall not be meters:
closer than 1/2 in. to the • No credit may be the area between the
the seam
reinfiJrcea as in
d. reiJrttorce:das anop,ening
closest of a circle circulmscribirig
18. Plane
15. External pressure.
f may be for re-
Reinforcement for op(~nilngs exter-
for differences in
nal pressure
stress from to circumferential aAis of
governs shall re{jui:red for internal
the vessel. Values of f vary from 1.0 for the IOnI!lHl-
pressure and tr is thickness recluilred external pres-
dinal axis to 0 ..5 for circumferential axis Section
sure Section J.
lImith
A3
A QO. Nozzle
limit l
AT
THICKNESS REQUIRED
Shell Nozzles
1m '" 2S::"0.2P
S, shell Nozzle
fORMULAS
A z dt,F + 2tnt,F(1 - 1(1)
< 1
DESIGN DATA
Notes: Assumes E '" 1 ,& I" .. 1.0 for nozzle abutting lie_I wall
Figure 2-48. Chart for determining the value of F [1, Figure UG-37J.
General 77
R 0
c
Figure 2-49. Typical nozzle connections. Figure 2-50. Typical self-reinforced nozzles,
P internal pressure,
belnding moment in in.-Ib
on end of hub shell at jUllcttlre,
COllI1pOn,snt of moment due to in.-Ib

COllI1pOnent of moment due to in.-Ib
H hyciro:,tatic end
hYldr()st~ltic end force on area oPeIling, lb
lb
8
Ho
Calculate geOiTletlry factors:
Figure 2-51. Dimensions (A) and loading diagram (B) for a flat
head with opening.
h 3. the values found in the

the factors:
2. 1, the follow- F
e=
in Procedure 2-7.
z d=
y V
T
L
te +1 t3
u= d
F
V= =
f=
General 19
5. o.
1.
Iff 2:: 1,
• l~oose:
2. ,~loment arms, and

• Int1egnai: 8=
6. MomEnt and
• Loose:
A-
2 where v, and F refer to shell.
• Int1egraJ or loose: 7. Factor
,Homents.
where F and ho refer to shell.
8. Stress at nelw-,sne'u il.mriut'P
4. in head and 1mb.

SRS = --~-;;:--.........:.'- + ---
where F, Z, f, g", gl, and V refer shell.
9. Cal!c,llj!ate stresses at her.llhiW2:z,te iUI1!ctl,rre.
• Loose:
where F, and refer to shell.

80 Pressure Vessel
3. The method elTlpllJyed pnJcedu;re is to disreg.ard

the shell athlch."d diameter of the
1. for head and then an:llv;~e head with a central
located
For 4. based on 14 of ASME
in ASME Section VIII, Division 1.
is machined to a radius: gl = go
C to center of ft or in.
D' revised distance to
= distance from origmaJ to add or
remove, or as ft or in.
distance from REF line to e.G. of
ft or in.
of vessel contents or at-
tachments, Ib
to add
To find the e.G.:
c
Figure 2-52. Load diagram for a typical vertical vessel.
To revise
= C ± =---"--
General 81
accordance v"ith tIlt' pn)vI~,IOllS of CC-20. Some

have standard value that has been chosen as
R = use the lesser of lowest mean of the site slIch
ratio of thi<:kness mClllilrcd MDMT to the (;or- as 1.5°F.
roded thickness 2. t;xeJnption
= ratio of the actual to the allowable stress the pressure vessel
thickness rerl1lilrecl of the at sure without
InT thickness at ,'3. Test MDMT:
thi<:kness of the l1t'w. in (exCltISh'e

allowance for heads and undertolerance for The AS.:\-1E Codc rules MDMT Hre built around a set
= thickness of the corroded. in. of material ex<emlption 2-.5,'5. These
= corrosion allowance. in. curves account tmlgllllless characteristics of
E carbon and Imv steel and determine at what telnnier;l-
allowable stress at and cOffr;spondirlg thiekness will become
= allowable stress at
all There is an additional curve (see
which allows a dccrease in the .:\-1D.:\-1T of
for a and thus the
material
degrees F
without
degrees F
This MDMT nn:Jcedur(' is used to determine the lowest

for which
or is not fPlllllir'Pci The ASME Code re(~nires
mined fix pressure vessel and the MDMT be stam~)e(l
on the namE~pl<lte. While vessel has its own
MDMT, this mayor not be the MDMT that is eC()J1CimICal alternative.
"1~nll-\pd on the Not does eliminate the need for
':\-1DMT, but same time, will the lowest MDMT.
has an MDMT. The
ten1peratllHC of all the cornp(lI1CI:1t
oc(:a510n, the MD'\1T is sne·citi,ed an ar- 1. the material to a group.
to 2. Increase the thickness of the cOlrnpon,cnt to reduce the
cOlnponl~nt used in
that
there are various definitions for MD':\-lT depelndllng on how

it is used. The definitions follow:
sllch as SI11JWOWTI
1. AriJitl1(/r11 low conditions call also be stamr>ed on the
ture, a uscr or
3: Determine if cOlmp,onents must be tested

in their material and thickness. would
MDMT.
4: Establish the MDMT as the value of
tub,esnleel:s, and blind """;':''''', the thick-

MDMT ness used for each of the is that
thickness divided 4.
2. For comer, or
used be the thinner
3. For butt
to
4. For any Code construction, if the vessel is stress re-
Compare the lowest combined Prt~SSllre,-telmpera:tm'e lieved and that stress was not a Code re-
MDMT for each cOJ1npO,nerlt. MDMT for that vessel may be
reduced 30° without
Table 2·12
Determination of MDMT (Example)
Material SOT tOT tMT MDMT

Part Material Group ksl tIl (3) (3) R1 RlI T1 OF
Shell SA-516-70 B 17.5 16.6 1.00' 0'.869 0'.823 0.875 13.97 0'.799 0'.798 31" 20'.1' +11
Head(l) SA-516-7D B 17.5 16.6 0'.857 0'.653 0'.620' 0'.732 14.89 0'.847 0'.851 21.8 15° +7
10''' Noz(2) SA-53-B B 12.8 12.2 0'.519 0'.174 0'.166 0'.394 5.26 0'.421 0.410 -5.18 59 0
10" 300# Fig. (4) SA-105 B 17.5 16.6 0'.519 0'.128 0'.121 0'.394 5.26 0'.307 0.300 -5.18 70'°
30''' Blind (5) SA-266-2 B 17.5 16.6 6.06 1.48 5.94 51° 10'50
3CY' Body Fig. SA-266-2 B 17.5 16.6 11 ~ +11
Wear PL SA·516-7D B 17.5 16.6 1.0'0' + 11(6)
Boiling SA-193·B7 -40
go~'ern,ing thickness for heads is based on that

in For a S.E. head this is the crown
2. Includes pipe under tolerance.
3. Thickness 01 C.a.
4. Thickness althe hub (weld attachment)
5. The governing thickness olilat heads
ness.
6, Since the tension stress in the wear plale is than the tension stress in the
Shell. the MDMT lor the shell will govern.
D.T. =7O'O'oF
P =4O'O'PSIG
C.a. =0'.125
Ri 3D"
E =0'.85
E 1.00
MDMT for vessel = +1 Figure 2·53. Dimensions of vessel used for MDMT example.
General 83
0
~
a:
.,'"
'iii
E
S
«
2 6
I!!
;:;, \L
00 (Ii
0
c:
~
'"
E 8.
..
Z
0
..
E
I-
c'Il ;:l:
~
I
-<
;:::
tJ.J
-'
.g
'"
a:;
Nominal Thickness. in, (rom)

[Um,led 10 4 in. (102 mm) lor '''eldlad (~omWu,"ionj
tr:=
allowance IS deducted, Figure 2·55. Impact test exemption curves.
"" as defined in General
Altemalive Aa~o =
Figure 2-54. Reduction in minimum design metal temperature without SA-516 if normalized
impaci lesling. SA-524 Classes 1 and 2
SA-537 Classes 1 and 2
SA-612 if normalized
General Notes on Assignment of Materials to Curves (Reprinted
SA-622 if normalized
with permission from ASME Code, Section VIII, Dlv. 1.)
e. For bolting the following impacllest exemption temperature shall
a. Curve A-all carbon and all low alloy steel plates, structural
apply:
shapes, and bars not listed in Curves B, C, and 0 below.
b. Curve 8
1. SA-285 Grades A and 8 Impact Test
SA-414 Grade A Spec. No. Grade Exemption Temperature, F
SA-515 Grades 55 and 60
SA-193 85 -20
SA-516 Grades 65 and 70 if not normalized
SA-193 B7 -40
SA-612 if not normalized
SA-193 B7M -50
SA·662 Grade 8 il nol normalized
SA-193 816 -20
2. all materials of Curve A if produced to fine practice and
normalized which are not listed for Curves and 0 below. SA-307 B -20
3. except for bolting (see (e) below), plates, structural shapes, and SA-320 B L7A, Impact tested
bars, all other product forms (such as pipe, fittings, forgings, L7M, L43
castings, and tubing) nollisted for Curves C and 0 below. SA-325 1,2 -20
4. paris permitted under UG-11 shall be included in Curve 8 even SA-354 BC 0
when fabricated Irom plale that otherwise would be aSSigned to SA-354 BO +20
a different curve. SA-449 -20
c. Curve C SA-540 823124 +10
1. SA-182 Grades 21 and 22 normalized and tempered
SA-302 Grades C and 0
SA-336 Grades F21 and F22 il normalized and tempered
SA-387 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered I. When no class or grade is shown, all classes or grades are
SA-516 Grades 55 and 60 if not normalized included.
SA·533 Grades Band C g. The following shall apply to all material notes:
SA-662 Grade A 1. Cooling rates faster than those cooling in air, fol-
2. all material of Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and lowed by tempering, as permitted by the material specification,
normalized and not listed for Curve 0 below. are considered to be equivalent to normalizing or normalizing
d. Curve 0 and tempering heat treatments.
SA-203 2. Fine grain practice is defined the procedures necessary to
SA-50B Class 1 obtain a fine austenitic grain described in SA-20.
1. SELECT UCS 66 MATERIAL

2. UG-20 DESIGN TEMPERATURE
3. UG-22 LOADINGS
4, DESIGN FOR INTERNAL AND!
OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE
EXEMPTION A
1. MATERIAL P1, GR1 OR 2, & THK. <: OR = 1"? NO

USE FLG, UCS 66 CURVES TO
NO DETERMINE IF FOR THE GIVEN
3, DESIGN TEMP, IS -20 0 DESIGN TO 650 a F? NO - + -..... ~ MINIMUM DESIGN TEMPERATURE
AND THICKNESS, IS IMPACT
4. DESIGN FOR THERMAL OR SHOCK LOAD? YES TESTING REQUIRED FOR THIS
MATERIAL?
5, DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING? YES
--~------YES------~
NO
,...------yES - - - - - -
IS NON MANDATORY PWHT

NO NO
PER UCS 68 (e) PERFORMED?
YES
NO
YES REDUCE MDMT WITHOUT

NO
IMPACTS 30 DEG. F,
YES
INCREASE VESSEL HEAD REDUCE PRESSURE AT
YES
IS THIS PRESSURE ABOVE THE

PROCESS PRESSURE VI'!, TEMP, CURVE
1 - - - - NO - - - -.....
L SHOULD BE REVISED YES---......
Figure 2-56. Flow chart showing decision-making process to determine MDMT and impact-testing requirements.
General 85
Of!ocI;cillre is to determine the maximum all,owab.le of bll(~klillg

that are to axial may not result in 1I
is known as local bllckJlinJg,
a or any dependent on ratios.
adl:!itiol1, axial-loaded cvlindprs intenrnedillte cvllil1irlelrs the critical stress is
cvlinders the of the
include and internal or pressure. a factor. The range of slen-
Axial loads can also result when a vertical or rI",rn,ncc ratios are than Euler's critical valile are called
trans~)or:ted and erected from the horizontal pm,itic)I1 short or intermediate COIUlIHlS.
bencijlng of the shell. This defines critical There are three elastic. and
critical load and between This is with elastic bUlckling
aud intermediate columns. AISC that the upper limit of elastic bwckling
For ASME Code the allowable stress an average stress to the
is Factor "B." The ASME factor "B," considers radius
and but does not consider unless external
sure is involved. This illustrates other of
delin:ing critical stress and the allowable stress for
vessels tramsport and erection as well as eqllip~ml~nt
not de~,igrled to the ASME Code. For eX3Imr)le,
l)rl~~siive stresses are deveJI()]Joed in tall silos
"side wall friction" of contents on the bin wall. critieal strcss
Shell is a of nonlinear shell is achieved.
cyl:in<ilBrs, buc'klirlg is a phlem)m(~ncm that The critical stress is the stress from thE' load.
shell than its critical is considered of
"infinite" the additional does not COI1-
is reached. It
and is affected tribute to stillln(~ss.
thick-walled column fails due to
cOinpressiolll. A thin-walled column buck-
between the two. But in
intermediate and
different. 10I1\!itmfinal pressure stresses either add or subtract
The term buckling refers an unstable state. The force from the axial stresses. Internal pressure
callsirlg the is called the critical force. The stress stresses are in the oppo:sitc direction of
that less than that rC(luired and therefore are External stresses
add to the stresses sinee are in the
and are often used in- same direction.
is failure In the str'cs~;es res.ulting from external pres-
im;tatJilily of the wall under eom- sure reduce the cvllilHier to resist the overall
is a geli1eral failure of the entire eir'eUlmfj~rential corrlTJr<t'ssive forces
bllckling prc)ce~;s The crit-
can to an axial load
loa'~linl~s as well. This prlJcedure cvlimjer sull)iect(~d to the same overall load
for due to circumferential loadirlgs. is a crit- but a is a result of external pressure. This is
iea! uniform eirel! mferentiallOlltiing because of the circumferential of external
one, as discussed in this prlJc(~dlJlre. the same internal prcssurt' aids in a
There arC' two kinds cOlmp're!;sh.'e a:l(ial the
/.::l'l/<;;fW buckling, involves belndlll1g IO[lgitud:inal stress iIl(Im:ed
reSI.lltirlg in insitabiJity This is the oppm;ite direction of
and (le~,jgJled for a "slenderness ratio" method.
Table 2·13
Comparison of "Local Buckling" Stress Equations
Eumple
Reference PIII'IIIM1erIl lor Example In Toole 2-13
Michielson 1= Q,25 in,

(1948)
Kirste (1954) (I) E = 29,5 X 10· psi
R. =901n
Kempner 14,812 4938
(1954) (1)
Do 1801n,
13,022 4341
Fy = 3SKSI
12,880 4293
90ft
eBI NA 5041
570,173 in'
Timoshenko (1936) (1) 48,633 16,276
AISI (Planlema) (1 )(2) 4788 = !)3,55ln
4056 0,000347
Baker (3)
6580 From Fig, e&2 SOOOpsi

Wilson-Newmark (1933)
NA NA 0: =0.00139
720
NA 5737
NA 5738
Fluor (3)
NA 4945
ASME Factor "8" (3) NA 5000
l
12
Von Karmen-Tsien 15,979 5326
(1941)
AWWA D-l00 NA 6744
17
Noles for Table 2-13:
1, Uses a 3:1 salety faClor,

2, Equation valid lor values as follows:
3, Uses a 2:1 laclor,

4, Uses a 1.5:1 faclor,
General 87
One can a thin-walled loaded

the mmdmnm (~xtent
load does not add or should he
For vessels with stif-
is determined the
This presupposes that
rings are of adequate size and stiffness to resist
The allowable stress is the "critical on them. The of the
stress" by some factor of The rings is not a part of this
factor for ranges from 1..5: 1 to :3: 1. In
certain upper boundaries are such as one-half
the
\
A = metal cross-sectional area, in. 2
B ASME Code allowable stress, psi
C = end connection use] ,0 for sup-
and 2,0 fiJI' cantilevered
= max allmvabk slenderness ration per A"V"VA D-100
OD of
Slenderness ralio, Ur
F,,=minimum Figure 2-57. Graph showing comparison of column types with critical
F;, = allowable longitudinal compressive stress, stress,
I = moment in inertia, iH,4
= length at which critical stress is achieved, in,
I = tolerance for
M=
r = radius of in.
= EICtor for transition between elastic illelastic
per A\,lWA D-lOO M
in, L
\\' = Weight of vessel ahove of Ib w h
C)
ar = stress. ()
0..
ace eritieal stress. (f)-f----
0.;
c:
Allowable ~ x x --,!L-
if)
II
OJ
-'
For ASME = Factor "B"

It Maximum lotll!ilfulJ!ini'll comml'essive stress, ab' Factor of

With extiernal plressure, e
F.S. = 1.5-3,0
-W
Tolerances per AWWA D-IOO
With internal pressure. e max

4· max
-vv 4M
+
It
Table 2-14
Formulas lor Cylinders
Short Cylinder Intermediate Cylinder Long Cylinder
< Lc
L
<-<
Ro
L> La
L
Determination 01 Attribute Ro>
L
Ro
Critical Extemal Pressure, Pc
Critical Axial Stress, (Jcr
Critical Suckling Load, Pc,
Pcr=(Jc,A
General 89
Table 2·15
Formulas for Fb from AWWA 0·100 Requirements
Group 1 Materials Group 2 Materiels
Tc 0.0031088 0.0035372
Cc 138 126
Elastic buckling 0 diRe < To . Ci<"5,,,,,,, psi 17.5(105)(tlRo)[1 "" ,psi
=
Fb -"'" """'",,., ,2, Fb \2]
.OJ
II"' '0/1\ '011 ""nlHO
Inelaslic buckling Tc<tlRo<O.OI25 Fb =[5""75 ,.x>IJu·/\IIR o)) ,psi Fb - [6925 + 886(1 03)(tlF\,)1_ psi
Plastic buckling tiRo" 0.0125 Fb ", 15,000 psi F b =18,OOOpsi
Group 1 materials: AI31 Or A & B; A283 Gr B. C. and D; A573 Gr 58.

Group 2 materials: A36.
This pn)C(~dtlre spt~cil:icallly addresses drums but can AllthCflll2:h this refinement is an imOH)Veme:nt. does
of vessel. The basic qu,estion not factor in all of the variables. But descritling the
eXJ)resse,d as ratio, actual a of the
volume? The maxi- gelleral is warranted. Here are some
is of
Knock-out drums.
Accumulator drums.
Suction drums.
for eX,llmI)le, ratio is

the maximum volume for the minimum
UO ratio varies
Tv";",,. If" the
sideration such as or
considerations for in
Pressure.
prooess units relates to the response time re(~ui:red the
Allow·ab.le stress.
and to to or down-
Corrosion allowance.
IIU'!UI~iJ,
vessels tend to be vertil~al, while
tend to be horizontal. For small
sug-
necessary to increase the liD
ratio to allow for adequ!lite
is 8. However,
surge control. Thus an economic 1)0 ratio for
this does not shown.
rlp~prminirlO' the least amount of metal for the process
Others have su,z.gc;stf:d a further bn~akdown pressure
nr""tir·,,1 olper;atinlg 1)0 ratio.
di;llneh~r of the vessel is
prc)duct and the time it
Pressure (PSIO) UD Ratio selom-atiion to oecur. Baffles and demister
Drc.ee5;s. In addli tion , lIi~U1,a-v'ap()r
0-250 3
minimum vapor spaces.
250-500 4
UC'yUIJIU this discussion and is the
>500 5
An economic UD ratio is between 1 and 10. UD ratios Given

than 10 may the lowest surface-area-to-
volume ratio but be considered for most V, volume
is also a consideration in P, pressure
uitim:ate cost. In gelneJ~al, the the corrosion allowance
the ratio, and the S, allowable stress
ratio an
atrlnm;pilleri.c dmm is 1. Avenlge pressure vessels will range
between 3 and 5. Method 1
Two are included here amI an~ called Method
1 and Method 2. The two similar in l.
execution, different results. Both take into 2. From F 1 and vessel VVI . . . . ",;, V, deter-
account pressure, corrosion, and allowable mine the vessel D.
stress. Even with this much it is impossible to deter- 3. Use 0 and V to calculate the rP11I111rp,1 L.
mine will the lowest overall
cost, since are that enter into the
ultimate cost of a However, determining the lowest
is the best in the lowest Method 2
cost.
The pnJC{~(llHe for rlpirprminirlO' the optimum UD ratios 1. Calculate
2. From 2-,59 determine UD ratio.
for the two methods is as follows:
.3. From the UD ratio. calculate the di3mJ(~ter,
4. Use 0 and V to calculate the recmilred L.
Table 2-16
Optimum Vessel Proportions-Comparison of Two Methods
v (cu. ft.) P (PSI G) Method 1 o (tt) L (ft) t (In.) W(lb) UD
1500 150 1 7.5 34 0.5625 20,365 4.5
2 8.5 23.6 0.625 20,086 2.8
300 1 6 53 0.8125 35,703 8.8
2 7.5 31.5 0.8125 28,668 4.2
2000 150 1 7 52 0.5 25,507 7.4
2 9 28.4 0.625 24.980 3.2
300 1 6.5 61 0.875 51,179 9.4
2 8.5 32.4 1.125 39,747 3.8
3000 150 1 8.5 53 0.625 40,106 6.3
2 10.5 31.1 0.6875 35,537 3
300 1 7.5 68 0.9375 65,975 9.1
2 9.5 39.2 1.25 69,717 4.1
5000 150 1 10 64 0.6875 62,513 6.4
2 11.5 44.3 1.125 86,781 3.9
300 1 8.5 88 1.125 107,861 10.4
2 11.5 44.3 1.375 106,067 3.9
'Methods are as follows, based on graphs: Method 1: K. Abakians, Hydrocarbon Processing, June 1963. Method 2: S.P. Jawadekar, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 15, 1980.
General 91
v vessel cu ft =L + 0,3320
P internal pressure, PSIG
L ft
T v +
W vessel ""'I'\.IIIl,
0= diarnetE:!f, ft
C corrosion allClwEtno9, in,
A surtace area, sq ft 0=
vessel ratios
allowable
W Aw
volume of a vessel with

A 2,18 + rrOL
of cone, ft
ft
constant for elli~)sOiidal heads
L= 4V o
3
P
F,
UD o
8
2d
=-
R
b b
D =-a
=2 + -;=:===::=
d Flat
Heads Note: For 2:1 S.E. Heads, =2.76 and =0.5.
Table 2-17
Optimum Tank Proportions
Case Volume
Cylinder with flat ends
L==D
Cylinder with ellipsoidal heads

L=
Cylilnder with internal elli!psolidal heads
L= +
Cylinder with Internal hem I-heads
L ==8R
Cylinder with conical ends

h == o.9R
L::: U9R
Cylinder with Internal conical ends

h ::: U9R
L =: 3.28R
Elliptical tank with flat ends

L=
General 93
1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
Vessel Diameter, ft
(From K. Abakians, Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner, June 1963,)
Figure 2-58. Method 1: Chart for determining optimum diameter.

s::
III
5 ::J
C
e1.
.2
N
~ 3
"iii
E
a
0
2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000
Vessel volume, tl3

(From S.P. Jawadekar, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 15, 1980.)
Figure 2-59. Method 2: Chart for determining the optimum UD ratio.

General 95
Estimating of wt~igllltS of vessels is an important of below thickness. The margin

vessel In the phase of nnJiCicts. the mill is referred to as overage or O1;e(-
wE~lgl!1ts are estimated in order to rI",t",,'m:;np perCl"n/'ae:e. The plate overage varies the thickness
for
Estimated also overage, the fabricator head
accurate bids from Accurate are neIL'es:smry also allowance to the head to
for the of the vessel itself to determine ensure that the head meets the minimum thickness in all
moments. areas. on the of the diameter, and
There are a number of different of that are the thickuess a allowance can he deter-
calculated. Each is lIscd for diffcfil'nt purposcs. mined. This can be as much as 1.5 in. for
hemi-heads over 4 in. thick! The metal does not (l!~;ai=!r)E;ar
1. Fabricated weiJ!.h:t: Total as fabricated in the the process bllt may "flow" to the areas of
most work.
2. Ona the will get
thicker thinner due to cold working.
:3. The crown of the hcad remain about the same.
Therefore the head has a thickness
the initial thickness of the material formed.
4. After the of all the coml:)Olllents are added for a
total weight, an additional is typically added to
allow for other and The percen-
.'). any oDE~ratin!l are as follows:
(1. can be either shop or field

that is, the vessel full of water. Add 10%
lb Add H%
There are a number of ways to estimate the weights of 75,000-100,000 lb Add 6%
\T.'~'"". <icpell1<illl1g 011 the accuracy Vessel WE;i!!llts > lb Add .'5%
can be estimated based on cOI11J)Ul:er
calculate volume individual can be
and head and add for <I1,w\{wh volume of material times the
and other Another !;\st easy way to lInit in Table 2-IH. Any can be
the volume of metal in the shell and heads is to use the callculatin:;! the surface area times thick-
surtace area in square feet and this by the unit ness times the density. need only rememher
weight for the thickness in per square foot. the of steel for most vessels of 0.28331b/in J to de-
In addition to base weight metal in the shell and For vessels or of other ma-
the must include an allowance for of that material or the factor for
overages per 2-18. The mill never rolls the relative to carbon steel can be used. These
the exact thickness since there would values are also listed in the tables.
= mean vessel diameiter in.

L = vessel to tangerlt, in.
T = vessel thic:knE~ss,
malteri(;al, Ib/in. 3
1.0
2.0
2:1 S.E. 1.084

100% 6%
Cone =
T
o
D bolt hole diameter
H=hub
G = hub thickness at small end
W = width of hub
B ID of
V= in.s
B
d= of Ib/in. S
N number of bolts/holes
1. =
2.
3.
4.
5. V 1+2+3-4
6. Vxd=
General 97
Table 2-18
Thickness Thickness
(in.) Raw Weight (in.) Raw Weight
0.125 5.1 5.65 10.75
0.1875 7.66 8.34 9
0.25 10.2 10.97 7.5
0.3125 12.76 13.61 6.75 1. 44.65 3
0.375 15.3 16.22 6 45.94 47.28 3
0.4375 17.86 18.79 5.25 1.25 51 52.53 3
0.5 20A 21.32 4.5 1.375 56.15 57.78 3
0.5625 22.97 23.98 4,5 1.5 61.2 63,04 3
0.625 25,6 3.75 1.625 68.29 3
0.6875 29.1 3,75 1.75 73,54 3
0,75 31.63 3.38 1.875 78.8 3
0.8125 34.27 3.38 2 81.6 84.05 3
Stainless Steel Sheet
Thickness Gauge Thickness Gauge

Weight Weight
10GA 5.91 20GA 1.58
11 GA 5.25 24GA 1.05
12GA 4.59 26GA 0.788
14GA 0.656
16GA 0.525
18GA
Note: % Overweight is based on standard miliiolerance added to the thickness 01 plate to guarantee minimum thickness.
Table 2-19
Weights 01 Flanges, 2 in. to 24 in. (Ib)
Size (in.) Rating
:I'
13
!
!
i 16 26 41 51 73 145
14
25 45 77 no 164
6
40 70 111 187 273 580

8
I
f-
II 10
: 12
14
16
18
20
24
Notes:
1. value in block is the weight of a weld neck flange.
2. value in block is the weight of a blind flange.
General 99
Table 2-20
Dimensions and Weights of Large-Diameter Flanges, 26 in. 10 60 ASME 816.47, Series 8
Size
d RFWN Blind
26
i 34
36
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
56
58
60
d bolt hole diameter, Irt

N ;:; ; number of bolt holes
Table 2p21
Weights of Nozzles and Manways, 1 in. to 601n.
Rating
Size 150
26"
28"
2" 47 30"
3" 110 32"
4" 160 34'
6" 55 127 215 360 36"
8" 54 81 207 520 38"
10" 72 116 215 310 650 1000 40"
12" 107 158 261 418 940 1350 42"
14" 132 232 407 613 950 44"
163 289 549 751 1175

16" 46" 610 1620
400 705 1260 1610 3250
200 340 639 1042 1475 660 1775

18" 52iJij 48"
479 875 1530 2270 "2iliO 5515
235 421 1283 1915

783 1725
20" 50" 705
593 1(165 1925 2800 5430
310 587 2287 2650 2025

24" 52" 740
825 1800 5455 9000
Notes: 54" 800
1. Weights include andWN 56" 835 2790

2. Lower weight in isweighl manway and includes nozzle, blind,
and bolls. 58" 970 2970
3. Class 1500 manways are based on LWN.
60"
1050 3080
5760 8675
General 101
Table 2-22
Weights of Valve PSF
One Pass Two Pass Four Paas
0111. C.S. Alloy C.S.

I Alloy C.S. Alloy
<84" 13 11 14 12
84" 10 180" 12 10 13 11 15 13
>180" 11.5 9.5 12.5 10.5 14.5 12.5
Notes:
1. Compule area on lolal cross-sectional area of vessei. The downcomer areas compensate for the weight of downcomers themselves.
2. Tray weights include weights of trays and downcomers.
Table 2-23
Weights of Supports and Downcomer Bars (Ib)
10 (In.) C.S. Alloy 10 (In.) C.S. Alloy 10 (In.) C.S. Alloy
fe 25
28
17
19
102
lOB
113
119
72
75
174
180
ti
174
178
42 34 23 114 123 186 344 207

I
48 37 25 120 176 lOB 192 354 212
54 44 126 183 112 198 362 218
60 47 38 132 188 116 204 374 226
66 50 40 138 195 119 210 385 231
72 53 44 144 202 122 216 396 239
~
78 55 46 150 244 149 222 407
84 99 62 156 251 152 228 418
90 103 65 162 271 234 428
96 109 68 168 278 167 240 440 265
Noles:
1. Tray support weights include downcomer boiling bars as well.
2. Tray I1ng sizes are as follows:
C.S.: 112"
Alloy:
Table 2-24
Thinning Allowance for Heads
Diameter
Thickness <150" >150" Heml·Heads
0.125" to 1" 0,0625 None 0.188
1" 102" 0.125 0.25 0.375
2" to 3" 0.25 0.25 0.625
3" to 3.75" 0.375 0.375 0.75
3.75" to 4" 0.5 0.5 1
over 4.25" 0.75 0.75 1.5

Table 2-25
Weights of Pipe (PLF)
Schedule
30 STD 40 60 XS 80 100 120 140
1.131 1.131 1.474 1,474
2.172 2.172
2.997 2.997
3.631 3.631
93
10.79 10.79 12.66 22.51 27.54

14.62 14.62 20.78 20.78 32.96 38.55
18.97 28.57 28.57 45.3 53.16
8 13.4 22.36 24.7 28.55 28.55 35.84 43.39 43.39 50.87 74.69 72.42
76.93 89.2 104.1 115.6
107.2 125.5 139.7
130.7 150.7 170.2
164.8 192.3 223.5 245.1
208 244.1 274.2 308.5
256.1 296.4 341.1 379
367.4 ,4 483.1 541.9

26 102.6 136.2
28 110.7 146.8
30 157.6 196.1 118.7 157.6
32 126.7 168.2
34 134.7 1789
36 142.7 189.6
42 166.7 221.6
General 103
Table 2-26
Weights of Alloy Stud Bolls + (2) Nuls Per 100 Pieces
~
Stud Diameter, in.
(i:.) 0.5 0.625 0.15 0.615 1 1.125 1.25 1.315 1.5 1.625 1.75 1.1175 2
49 76
3. 30 51 79
3.5 31 53 82 120
3.75 32 55 85 124
4 34 57 88 128 188
4.25 35 59 91 132 194
~
I
4.5 I
36 61 94 136
4.75 37 63 97 140
5 39 85 1()() 144 210 259 330
5.25 40 67 103 148 216 266 338
5.5 41 69 106 152 221 272 347
5.75 71 109 156 227 279 355

--r--
6 73 112 160 232 285 363 460 568 700
6.25 115 164 238 292 371 470 580 714
6.5 118 168 243 298 380 480 592 728
6.75 172 249 305 388 490 604 742
7 176 254 311 396 5()() 616 756 900 1062 1227
I 7.25 260 318 404 510 628 770 916 1080 1248
7.5 265 324 413 520 640 764 932 1098 1270
7.75 271 331 421 530 652 798 948 1116 1291
8 276 337 429 540 664 812 964 1134 1312
8.25 344 437 550 676 826 980 1152 1334
8.5 350 446 560 688 840 996 1170 1355
8.75 357 454 570 700 854 1012 1188 1376
9 363 462 580 712 868 1028 1206 1398
9.25 370 470 590 724 882 1044 1224 1419
9.5 376 479 600 736 896 1060 1242 1440
9.75 363 487 610 748 910 1076 1260 1462
10 389 495 620 760 924 1092 1278 1483

--
10.25 630 772 938 1108 1296 1508
10.5 640 784 952 1124 1314 1526
10.75 650 796 966 1140 1332 1547
11 660 808 980 1158 1350 1569
11.25 670 820 994 1172 1
11.5 680 632 1008 1188 1
11.75 690 644 1022 1204 1
700 656 1036 1220 1422 1654

112
ffi 1.5 2 3 4 5.5 6.5 8.5 10 12 14 16 18 21.5

Table 2-27
Weights 01 Saddles and Baseplates (Ib)
TwoCS 1/2 x 6 TwoCS 3J4x 8

10 (in.) Saddles Baseplate saddles Baseplate
24 100 70 3060 790
30 150 90 3400
36 260 105 215 150 3700
42 330 125 250 156 4000

48 380 140 285 162 4250 460 920
54 440 160 320 168 4500 480 950
60 510 170 350 174 4750 490 985
66 590 190 365 180 5000 510 1020
72 680 200 420 186 5250 530 1050
78 910 220 450 192 5500
84 1050 240 485 198 5750
90 1160 260 520 204 6000
96 1230 280 550 210 6250
102 1730 290 585 216 6500
108 1870 222 6750
114 2330 228 7000
120 2440 238 7250 660 1320
126 2700 240 7500 680 1360
132 2880
Table 2-28
Density 01 Various Materials
Material d (lbJln., PCF Weight Relative to C.S.
Steel 0.2833 490 1.00
300 SST 0.286 494 1.02
400 SST 0.283 489 0.99
Nickel 200 0.321 555 1.13
Perrnanickel300 0.316 546 1.12
Monel 400 0.319 551 1.13
Monel 500 0.306 529 1.08
Inconel600 0.304 525 1.07
Inconel625 0.305 527 1.08
Incoloy 800 0.287 496 1.01
Incoloy 825 0.294 508 1.04
Haslelloy C4 0.312 539 1,10
Hastelloy G30 0.297 513 1.05
Aluminum 0.098 165 0.35
Brass 0.297 513 1.05
Casl iron 0.258 446 0.91
Ductile iron 0.278 480 0.98
Copper 0.322 556 1.14
Bronze 0.319 552 1.13
General 105
for ladders and for

;:'UI.lI.I\JIII;:', \..IUIUtiiS, and davits as well as ladders and platfol'ms
Because this data is " it is meant to be aVE~racJed and not to find the cost or of
any individual item or vessel.
1, Estimated Price Breakdown:

• Platforms 30 PSF @ iI><:::.OUIIU tt
• Ladders: 241b/tt @ .l>.'" '''"."
10 Ib/tt @ J)£ . Llnl I£}
• Misc.
• Handrail:
Circular
2. Estimated WE!igllt Breakdown a breakdown of the total '"~ ",ntif,,\·
Platforms: Circular 30-35%

50-55%
Ladders: 7-9%
2-3%
Misc. 5-10%
Total 100%
3. AVE'ra~le Cost of L&Ps •"""":!lIT"n" 100
Platt Cire 31 155 34

Platt Reet 51 204 45
Ladder 8 48 11
Ladder (unca{lled) 2.5 11.25 2
Misc.
100T 100%
=455.75/100 x 2
4. Avefl:lge % Detailed Wf.!iqllt Breakdown for Tri~YE!d Columns:
13.1%
33.3 44.2
25.3 23.5
18.2 9.7
3.0 1.6
2.5 2.5
Davits 4.1 7.4
Misc.
100% 100%
5. If no estimate of L&Ps is aVclilalole, an ROM estimate can be determined 5% of the overall
vessel for the as a total L&P Wtiil\JllI. A breakdown may be made of this overall
value as noted.
4. Estimate we:\inht~ of platformirlg as follows:
1. Miscellaneous
a. Concrete 144 PCF
b. Water 62.4 PCF Ladder with cage
c. Gunnite 125 PCF Ladder without cage
d. 65-135 PCF
5.
e. Calcium silicate insulation 13.8 PCF
2. Estimate of in random
columns as 13% of volume. 11
1
1.25 12
3. of demister and is as
1.50 15
follows: 1.75 20
2.0 38
931 5 48
2.25
326 7.2
2.5 63
431 9
421 10.8
12
Grid 3 PSF
L ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel 11.

Division 1, 199.5 American
.\Iechanical Engirleers 12.
Modem Pressure
'->L""''''', Van Kostrand Reinhold 1974.
OCt_liM", H. H .. Pressure Vessel Van 13.
Kostrand Reinhold 1981.
4.
14.
5.
15.
6. and A., "The Stresses in a

with a Flat Head " ASME Dambski, J. "Interaction An:llvsis
51-A-146, 1951. for Extemal Pressure Impo,;ed
7. D., Power plant Technical
Stnletl/reS, C. P. "\I, •.,I-v of Mechanical Engineer-s,
8. O. W., J. F.,
F Lincoln Arc W!~ldinQ' F01.mclation, Section
18. 'Vater
9. Manual Steel L"onsiructiOJrl. American ,'itorflfJC American Water Works Association, 6666 W.
Institute Steel Constructiolrl, L'CIUVC1, CO Section 4.0.
10. ASME Boiler and Pressure Section VIII, 19. J.
Division 2, 1995 of
Mechanical Lngineel·s.
General 107
20. 23.
21.
24.
22. "Consider corrosion in UD
calcllilation," Chemical December 25.
1980.

Chapter 2 - General Design

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Chapter 2 - General Design

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P = internal pressure, Ellipsoidal or

= inside/outside dil.llnetf'r in. tonspherical Tangent

I, Formulas are valid

For thick!':'r shells se!':' Referencf' 1, Para. 1-2.

Thickness, t Pressure, P Stress, S

Part Stress Formula 1.0. 0.0. 1.0. 0.0. 1.0. 0.0.

Torispherical Ur <: 16.66

24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168

Vessel Diameter, Inches

Figure 2·18. Required shell thickness of cylindrical shell.

1----1--+--'--+ Material: SA-516-70

m'ltenlll str'elll2:tlll, Failures call

ill diallicter and a

iteratiVe' pn)eE~dulre, is selt'cl:ed located ov('r circumferential

nr('SSllJre may fail at well below

clear shell nozzles, If una- maximum

cvlincler would be as follows for the various

determine Factor "B.

pn;SSllIre is less 1. For conical sections where ex < 22,5 de,gre'es,

Portion !l' a cone

Case A Case B CaseC

Figure 2-1 b. External pressure cones 22 1/2" < O! < 60°.

t,. = t cos ()(

stifTener for end of as stiffener for small of cone as cylin(ier where:

2: Find Factor "B" from apIJlicabJle material chart.

1: Assume a thh~kn.ess and calculate Factor "A." B=

OJXlOOl 0.001 0.1

000001 00001 0.001 0.01 01

Thk Max, Height, h, in.

2.5 0.026 0.088 0.208 0.407

% 3 0.031 0.105 0.25 0.488 0.844

3.5 0.123 0.292 0.570 0.984 1.563

4.5 0.375 0.732 1.266 2.00 3.00 4.271

% 5 0.814 1.41 2.23 3.33 4.75 6.510

13/ 16 6.5 2.90 4.33 6.17 8.46 11.26 14.63 18.59

7/8 7 4.67 6.64 9.11 12.13 15.75 20.02 25.01

8 5.33 7.59 10.42 13.86 18.00 22.89 28.58 35.16 42.67

3 3 0.375 0.5 2.63 0.87 2.50 2.B4

p." A,c. A y AT AY'

STIFFENING RING CHECK FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE

From Ref. I, Section UG·29.

E eiticiEmcy, sec Procedure 2-1

Maximum Allowable Pressure The

stress value at ternp(~ratur'e would be used. vVhen more • new and

the tem- • Field test pressure,

Op1enltml2 Tempe.'ahlre: The tpnllnpr'OlhlfP

maintained in the metal of the

1. Also check the of the

Figure 2-2. Direction 01 stresses in a vessel head.

Figure 2-3. Dimensional data lor a vessel head.

1. Latitudinal stresses in the knuckle become COHl-

At Junction of Crown and Knuckle

maximum difff~rential pressure Oil convex side of

A = factor A for external pressure K= radius Elctor Table

• Internal pn~SStlre, head formula

Figure 2-4. Dimensional data for an intermediate head.

sin e the as in Case 3 and

• Extenwl pressure, Assume cOIToeipcl head thi1ckrles:s, Reference 1,

recluiJ'ccI head thickness shall be the of that • Shear stress, T.

• All()w~fble stress, SE.

longitilldinal bel1ldinlg moment at eie'vation, in.-Ib

Figure 2-6. Dimensional data for conical transition.