FOLDING AND FAULTING OF ROCKS

*Earth crust is divided into segments of land masses called PLATES

*Plates is constantly moving in different direction creating the 3 types of plates.
TENSION – occurs when the plates are pulled apart causing either an elongation or breakage in the crust.
- volcanic islands, mid oceanic ridges are formed.
COMPRESSION – occurs when the plates are pushed toward each other causing them to crash
- mountain, earthquake are formed occurred due to compression.
- rocks bend or break

What is Geologic Fold?

FOLD
✓occurs when the Earth’s crust bends away from a flat surface
✓Defined as a bend in rock due to compressional forces. ✓Folds are most visible in rocks that contain layering .
✓Rocks deforming plasticity under compressive stress crumple into folds depending on the rocks materials.
TYPES OF FOLD
1. MONOCLINE –simple bend in the rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal
2. ANTICLINE –a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold.
3. SYNCLINE –a fold that bends downward

WHAT IS FAULT?
FAULT is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rocks.
FAULTING
✓Happens when Earth’s crust completely breaks and slides past each other.
✓Causes Earthquakes to occur.
TYPES OF FAULT
1. NORMAL FAULT occurs when the crust is being pulled apart in which the overlying (hanging-wall)
block moves down with respect to the lower (foot wall) block.
2. REVERSE FAULT occurs when the crust is being compressed in which the hanging-wall block moves up
over the footwall block
3. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT a dip-slip fault in which the dip of the fault plane is vertical. Strike-slip faults
results from shear stresses
STRESS & STRAIN
STRESS the force applied to an object
Compression pushes rock together
Tension stretches rock
Shear/shearing can cause masses of rock to slip.
STRAIN the change in a solid’s shape caused by the application of stress

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

1. Convergent Plate Boundary -
plates move toward each other; occurs when plates crush into each other and crumples oceanic-oceanic
oceanic –continental trenches and mountains
2. Divergent - two plates move away from each other; magma rises forming new land
-older rocks are pushed aside
-formation of ocean ridges
3. Transform Fault – when plates move slide past each other ; slide on opposite direction
✓Also called strike slip boundary
- formation of FAULTS