Answers : Water Security Workbook and Journal Std.
IX
Unit 1: Water Education
1 Water Cycle Pg. 1-9
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Fill in the blanks choosing the correct alternative from the brackets:
1. 71 2. one-third 3. 15 4. resistance type
B) Name the following.
1. Evaporation 2. Condensation 3. Dew point 4. Hail 5. Pond
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Due to could air, water forms clouds that falls on ground in the form of rain,
this water flows through river brook and returns to the sea. In this way, the water
travels through different conditions and returns to the sea. A cycle is completed,
this is called the water cycle.
2. Evaporation, condensation and precipitation are the three main
components of the water cycle.
3. Evaporation, clouds, rain, transpiration, condensation are the different
steps in the water cycle.
4. The water cycle consists of three major processes:
a. Evaporation is a process of liquid surface changing into a gas. In the
water cycle liquid water i.e. water founding oceans, lakes or rivers, evaporates
and turns into river.
b. Condensation is a process of gas changing into liquid in the process of
water cycle, water cycle in the atmosphere condenses and turns into liquid.
c. Precipitation is a process wherein liquid or solid water falls to the earth
as a result of condensation in the atmosphere.
5. When the clouds are joined by the wind, the clusters of clouds begin to
come down in the form of drops due to the weight of the water. Some vanish in
between, but most of the drops reach the earth from the atmosphere. This is what
we call rain. During this time the size of the vapour dust increases. When they
cannot carry their own weight, they separate from the clouds and fall to the
ground in the form of rain.
6. The two types of clouds are ‘A giant or huge cloud (Comulonimbus) and
crazy black curved or gray black cloud (Nimbostratus)
7. a. Water is in the form of gas (water steam) is called vapour.
b. Cold air in high altitudes slows down the movement of vapour
molecules. This slowdown causes these vapour molecules to come together and
freeze. At this time, fine dust from the air begins to accumulate around it. These
particles are called condensation nuclei.
c. The temperature or temperature level at which unsaturated air
evaporates at a certain temperature is called the dew point.
d. Raindrops which reach the ground, such drops are called ‘vibra’.
e. When the air temperature goes below freezing point, the precipitation
that takes place when steam is directly converted into snow is called snowfall.
f. Pallets of frozen rain which fall in showers are called hail.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
Students should do on their own.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
Students should do on their own.
2 River System Pg. 10-14
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Complete the following statements.
1. from the ground immediately.
2. over a large area of land.
3. narrow and the slope is steep.
4. control the speed of the river.
5. ghats for recreation and access to the river
B) Cross out the wrong word. (wrong words are)
1. brook 2. valley 3. 5000 4. fountains
C) Questions and Answers.
1. The main types of rivers are noisy river, slow river, old river, revived river,
living river and dead river.
2. Mining of the river creates landforms like v-shaped valleys (ghalai),
furrow or trenches (ghats), waterfalls, pot-holes (ranjan khalge)
3. A river that flows into a river basin in the form of springs even in the
absence of rain is called a living river. A river that stops flowing when the rains
stops is called a dead river.
4. In a river basin, if there is a sudden downpour or a cliff, the water picks up
speed or gets a circular motion. This is called a river vortex.
5. A river is a natural body of water that flows over a large area of land. These
different types of streams are collectively called ‘River systems’.
6. The organisms, plants and animals living in the river water use only the
naturally occurring resources and habitat of the river. The existence of an
independent cycle of life that depends on the river, is called the river ecosystem.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. to 6. Students should do on their own.
7. The factors that harm the river are pollution, over use of water bodies,
scarcity of rain, etc. Pollution is major problem that harm the river.
Eutrophication is another threat in which water bodies becomes overly enriched
with nutrients leading to increase in the production of algae and macrophytes
which in turn affects the water quality.
8. If I find any type of river pollution, I will inform the concerned authorities
and ensure that the issue is addressed on an urgent basis. With the help of my
school, I will try to create awareness about the need to stop polluting water bodies
in the community.
1 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. to 4. Students should do on their own.
3 Watershed Area and Water Types Pg. 15-20
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) State whether the following sentences are true or false.
1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True
B) Match the following.
1. c 2. d 3. a 4. b
C) Questions and Answers.
1. The classification of watershed areas are as follows: Micro watershed -
upto 10 hectares, mini watershed - upto 200 hectares, sub watershed - upto 4000
hectares, river valley - no area limit.
2. Dimensions, size, slope and ground cover are the few properties of the
watershed / catchment area.
3. The average annual rainfall in Thane district is 2293.4 mm. (Answer
may vary.)
4. The two properties of rain are:
1. Rainfall density - It is the amount of rain that falls over a period of
time. This is usually calculated as millimeters per hour. The total rainfall in a
given hour is the density of rainfall in that hour.
2. Frequency - Considering the total annual rainfall, the maximum
rainfall in the last few years (e.g. 10, 25, 50) is the frequency of that rainfall.
5. Students should use the internet, research and find the answer this
question. Students should do on their own.
6. The various sources of groundwater are rainfall, connote water and
magma/volcanic water.
7. When water vapour in molten rocks is formed due to underground magma,
it tries to rise through the available notches. If it does not find a place to rise, it
eventually condenses and transforms into water. This is ‘magma/volcanic’ water.
8. Diagram 1.3.1 (pg. 21 of textbook)
• Most of the water on earth is in the oceans, which is brackish.
• Much of the freshwater is in the form of snow and ice, while the rest
consists of river, lakes, groundwater, and air vapour.
• This means that even though the amount of water on earth is high, the
usable water is much less than 1%.
9. The characteristics of unsaturated aquifers are as follows: Unsaturated
aquifer controls the flow of the water from the surface to the saturated aquifer.
This affects the recharge of the aquifer. It is crucial in groundwater use and
management. It also helps in removing unwanted substances.
10. There are three types of surface water.
1. Perennial - It has water all year round. If the rainfall is low, it is
recharged by groundwater.
2. Temporary - It contains water only for a few months of the year. These
include small creeps, coastal creeks.
3. Man-made - Water from dams as well as constructed catchment areas,
in short, artificially stored water.
11. On the basis of geographical formation groundwater is classified as
follows:
1. Aquifer - They have two types depending on their location on the
ground i.e. (a) Unconfined aquifer (b) Confined aquifer
2. Aquitard 3. Aquiclude 4. Aquifuse 5. Hanging aquifer
12. Surface water is water found on the surface. These include rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, ponds creeks and seawater.
13. The amount of usable water on earth is much less than 1% because most of
the water on earth is in the oceans, which is brackish. Much of the freshwater is in
the form of snow of ice, while the rest consists of rivers, lakes, groundwater and
air vapour.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. Same as Q.8.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. to 4. Students should do on their own.
4 Soil and Rock Type Pg. 21-24
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Name the following.
1. Black basalt 2. Weathering of rock 3. Soil 4. Humus
B) Complete the web diagram.
Supports Stores water required
plants Importance for plant growth
Various minerals of soil It is home to the variety
are obtained of micro-organisms
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Basalts are formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava, equivalent to
gabbro-norite magma, from interior of the crust and exposed at or very close to
the surface of earth. These basalt flows are quite thick and extensive, in which gas
cavities are almost absent.
2. The dark colour is derived from the characteristics of the ultra basic magma
from which it originated. Basalt consists mainly of iron and magnesium silicates,
calcic plagioclase and pyroxene.
3. Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away
and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. Most erosion is
performed by liquid water, wind or ice (usually in the form of a glacier). If the
wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place.
 4. Soil is made up of rocks, gravel, sand, fine clay, and organic matter. The
soil particles vary in size. e.g.:
a. Clay - smaller than 0.0002 mm
b. Silt - 2.022 mm
c. Sand - 0.5 mm - 2 mm
d. Stone - greater than 2 mm
5. The remains of plants and animals are mixed in the soil. The micro-
organisms in it cause the decomposition of these remains. It produces
nitrogenous compounds and increases soil fertility.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
• If there was no soil on earth life would not exist. We would not be able to
grow plants and life would be unsustainable. Trees and other plants need soil to
thrive. Soil is also the natural water filter and we obtain clean water only thanks to
soil. Our food supply begins in the soil as everything stems from soil. Soil is
indeed very important.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
• Students should do on their own.
Unit 2: Water Conservation
1 Water Structure - Well, Lake, etc. Pg. 25-29
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Name the following.
1. Well 2. Aad 3. Tube well 4. Pushkarani/Pond
B) Explain the terms.
1. A barav is a large, stepped wells with good construction. It has steps from
the ground to the water. It also has side accomodations. Many baravs have a moat
that can be used to pull water up.
2. A well which has water only in the rainy season and then dries up due to lack
of living springs is called Budki.
3. When ground water level is deep, soil layer is low and slopping area is high,
bore well is drilled.
4. Ringwell is a small diameter well with concrete ring. This solution works
where the groundwater level is good and close to the beach. It is usually 10 to 20
feet deep.
C) Questions and Answers.
1. The construction of a pit to draw water from the ground is called a well. The
different types of wells are Aad, Narrow and Deep well, Round well, Square well,
Elongated well, Tube well, Pushkarani/Pond, Barav, Budki, Borewell and
Ringwell.
2. In the districts of Vidarbha, small reservoirs are constructed and water is
stored in the upper part of the paddy field by earthen check dams. The stored
water is fed to the paddy in the lower part of the reservoir as required. This small
lake is called Bodi in Vidarbha.
3. Farm pond should be constructed on the upper side of the farm to store
rainwater. It is constructed in the barren land, on the sloppy banks of the stream.
Land with low water permeability should be selected. Black soil with high clay
content are suitable for such construction.
4. The ponds/lake has been used since ancient times for many reasons such as
water supply to the village, decoration of the temple, religious activities, fire
fighting, beautification of the temple, facilities for the travellers.
5. Some lakes were extinguished due to the growth of the city and government
facilities for drinking and drinking water supply. Modern urban planning also
plays an important role in this. The lakes at Mumbadevi and Mahalakshmi have
recently been extinguished.
6. The old Bodis are renewed as an effective measure of water conservation.
The objectives of Bodis renewal are to recharge them by interrupting the running
water. To provide protective irrigation to the rice crops in case of emergency.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. Water is essential for living organisms to survive. As population increases,
the requirement for water also increases. More the number of living people on
earth, more water is required for their survival. Hence, increase in population is
responsible for water storage. If current water resources are not properly
regulated, an increase in population will become problematic for many regions.
Over population will strain current water resources to their limits. The
increasingly high demand for water also affect food production in water stressed
areas. The increasing population consumes, uses or water different amount of
water hence, the availability of water decreases accordingly. So we should not
misuse and conserve it for future.
2. The two ways in which we can bring innovation in the method of irrigation
are:
1. By using the systems of sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is a
method of spreading water similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed
through a system of pipelines which is sprayed through the air by rotating
sprinklers so that it breaks up into smaller droplets of water as they fall to the
ground. This system is affordable and easy to set up. The water distribution will
always be equal. The amount of water being supplied can be controlled and
wastage of water is avoided.
2. Drip irrigation systems - It is one of the most efficient methods for
delivering water to crops with minimal waste. It can reduce water use by 30 to 70
percent. Although it has a high initial cost, there are number of advantages
including reduction of evaporation, reduction of water consumed by weeds, and
irrigation to an exact root dept of crops.
2 Concept of Water Conservation Pg. 30-34
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Complete the following statements.
1. the monsoon season.
2 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
2. springs start depleting within a few days after the end of monsoon.
3. diverting, infiltrating, and making rainwater available in the same area,
in the right place, in the right way, for later use.
4. diverting, infiltrating and storing water in the same area.
5. despite the salt water all around.
B) Complete the boxes with any four benefits of rainwater harvesting.
1. Improves water quality.
2. Prolongs the life of a well or borewell.
3. Water logging, flooding, etc. can be avoided.
4. No need to rely entirely on the government for water.
C) Questions and Answers.
1. “Water Conservation” is the use of man-made measures to block, store and
intake the rainwater in an area by constructing various structures and allowing it
to be used for drinking, consumption, industry and agriculture until the next
monsoon.
2. The water required for life is available to us during the monsoon season.
The water that falls during the rainy season as surface water. In addition, some of
this water evaporates, some is used directly by some plants, and the rest is carried
away in the form of runoff.
3. Conservation tillage is a specific type of such approach where crop residue
is left on the soil to reduce evapo-transpiration, and protect soil surface from
wind, sun and heavy rain impacts. - Crop rotation – growing different types of
crops every season helps improve soil structure and thus water holding capacity.
4. The functions of Maharashtra Water Conservation Department are
minimum land acquisition process, implementation of small and medium scale
irrigation projects at low cost in 1 to 2 years, raising of groundwater level,
situation for large and medium projects, prevention of soil erosion, creation of
decentralized water reservoirs.
5. 1. Regular maintenance is required. 2. Requires technical skills. 3. Urban
areas receive limited or very less supply. 4. Due to concrete usage in urban areas
water cannot be absorbed easily. So rain harvesting pits should be prepared
accordingly.
Water conservation awareness should be created to increase public
participation. The public should be made aware of the individual responsibility
to save water. They should also be armed and equipped with the right methods to
save water. Here the role of mass media cannot be undermined.
6. If water conservation is planned and implemented in the village location,
the population, the water requirement of the village, the water sources, their
capacity, water requirement for agriculture, number of cattle in the village, land
type, soil type, number of layers, depth of the rock , the slopes etc., are the factors
considered, it is sure to be successful. If water conservation is to be successfully
implemented for a long time, it requires the participation of local people.
7. a. Slope of the land: Water falling on steeply-sloped land runs off more
quickly and infiltrates less than water falling on flat land.
b. In the past, there was soil in the premises of the buildings. So the water
would first seep into the ground and then come out of the yard. Now, due to
depletion or disappearance of soil, the water immediately and completely enters
the runnels and creates flood-like conditions in the area.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. Conserving water is important because it keeps water pure and clean while
protecting the environment. Conserving water means using our water supply
wisely and be responsible. As every individual depends on water for livelihood,
we must learn how to keep our limited supply of water pure and away from
pollution.
2. The following can be achieved through water conservation:
Sustainability: If the abstraction/lifting of water from the catchment area is
less than the recharge rate and also the reduction in per capita water consumption,
water retention will occur unknowingly and a sustainable water supply can be
ensured.
Energy Conservation: Electricity is used for water management. 15%
electricity is used for this. Reducing water consumption will also save energy and
conserve energy.
Habitat Conservation: Reducing the use of freshwater will keep freshwater
reservoirs intact and protect the organisms from drying out.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. Students should do on their own.
3 Catchment/Watershed Treatment Pg. 35-38
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Explain the terms.
1. A stream is a natural current of water flowing down a slop or from a flat
land.
2. The area from which water naturally flows and flows through a
particular place is called the catchment/watershed area of a stream.
3. The methods used to soak up rainwater in such catchment/watershed are
called catchment treatment.
B) Dams which use stream control treatment for soil conservation
Rough stone Gabion check Earthen Concrete Deeponing the Diversion
dam/Loose dams stream dam cement stream streams check dam
Boulder structure check dams
C) Questions and Answers.
1. There are some criteria for deepening the streams. Eg. streams should not
be deepened where there is sand storage in the streams basin. It is not advisable to
undertake the work of deepening the streams in the alluvial region as the soil
layer is impermeable due to clay.
2. The main benefits of catchment/watershed treatment is soil conservation
i.e. prevention of soil erosion and provide irrigation for plant growth.
3. 1. Check dams should be inspected for sediment accumulation after
rainfall. 2. The center of the dam should be lower than the edges. 3. Damages
should be attended to if erosion occurs. 4. Even loose or displaced tone should
be repaired. 5. Quality should be maintained while constructing the dam to
minimize risk of structural failure.
4. a. Water flows very fast on steep slopes. In such places, sloping lands are
converted to bunds to cultivate and water the soil. Where the soil depth is
sufficient and water is available, the slope is converted to bunds.
b. Contour trenches are ditches dug along a hillside in such a way that they
follow a contour and run perpendicular to the flow of water.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
• Students should do on their own.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
• Students should do on their own.
4 Water Recharge Pg. 39-42
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) State whether the following statements are correct or incorrect.
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False
B) Complete the list of precautions to be taken while filling well and
borewell.
1. The water coming to the stream should be free from salts and chemicals.
2. Water should be piped to the bottom of the well.
3. There should be two filter pits before refilling.
4. Remove the sludge from the well before refilling.
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Some modern methods of water conservation are: 1. Roof-top rainwater
harvesting. 2. Ferro-cement tank. 3. Rainwater syringe. 4. Water wheel etc.
2. As groundwater level is declining day by day, wells and borewells need to
be recharged. Groundwater is not being recharged in the proportion it is being
pumped out, so the groundwater level is getting deeper day by day. In order to
increase the groundwater level, it is necessary to try to infiltrate rain water
wherever possible.
3. An important part of the rainwater filtration system is the suction pit. For
recharge of water ion sources like well or borewell, the suction pit acts as a filter.
4. While recharging a well or a borewell following care should be taken:
1. The water coming to the stream should be free from salts and chemicals.
2. Water should be piped to the bottom of the well.
3. There should be two filter pits before refilling.
4. Remove the sludge from the well before refilling.
5. Recharge should be done with filtered and clean water only.
6. Water on the area where salt has spilled i.e. salts have accumulated,
should not be used to recharge wells.
7. The filter made up of sand and gravel should be cleaned once before
the rainy season.
5. a. Groundwater recharge is the process of infiltrating rainwater into the
soil in various ways to increase groundwater storage.
b. Groundwater is the water which stored under land. The rainwater seeps
into the soil. As the upper soil layer becomes saturated, water continues to flow
into the lower layer.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. The Suction pit design can be implemented in rural areas because it is
easy to maintain method of cleaning is easy and it is cost effective.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. Students should do on their own.
Unit 3: Water Management
1 Water is the Basis of Life Pg. 44-47
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Complete the following statements.
1. more than 1700 cubic meters of water is available per capita per year.
2. it will fit into a very difficult for human life.
3. to irrigate their crops and irrigate the entire farmland.
4. sewage and waste from the factories.
B) Complete the ovals with the names of ancient cultures which were
formed on the banks of the rivers.
Mesopotamia Egypt Harappa
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Water is one of the most important natural resources among the many gems
on earth. All living things on earth are made of water. The source of life for plants
and animals is water. From ancient times the development of human beings can
be seen in the places where water is available, i.e. rivers and reservoirs. History
tells us that the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Harappa were
formed on the banks of rivers.
2. According to the Falcon criteria, the region is considered to be in good
water condition only if more that 1700 cubic meters of water is available per
capita per year. If the annual per capita availability of water is less than 1000
cubic meters, then the scarcity of water adversely affects the living standard of
the people. If the per capita annual availability of this water is less than 500 cubic
meters, it is also a problem for the animals.
3. Farmers draw water from wells to irrigate their crops and irrigate the entire
farmland. So water is wasted and excessive use of water decreases groundwater
level. Now, tube wells more than 400-500 feet deep are being dug and water is
being pumped out of the ground. In our country, 65% of the water used for
irrigation and 3% of the water used for domestic use is drawn from wells.
Groundwater reserves are rapidly declining due to the depletion of such
3 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
abdundant water for irrigation.
4. Bahuratna Vasundhara means our land is full of jewels. The word
Bahuratna means ‘Rich in Gems’. The word vasu means ‘wealth’ and dhara
means ‘one who holds’.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. An example of unequal availability of water for use, despite the same
rainfall: Two States receives the same rainfall but one is highly populated while
the other is sparsely populated. The State which is highly populated will
definitely have less water for use as the demand will exceed supply.
2. Various civilization has flourished along the river valleys because all
living things on earth are made of water. The source of life for plants and animals
is water. From ancient times the development of human beings can be seen in the
places where water is available, i.e. rivers and reservoirs.
3. Drought is man-made calamity because widespread cutting down of trees
for fuel. This reduces the soils ability to hold water-drying out the ground,
triggering desertification and leading to drought. Constructing a dam on a large
rivers, this may help provide electric and water to irrigate farm. But it may cause
drought downstream by severely reducing the flow of water.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. Increasing urbanization in the river basin is followed by a number of
serious impacts on the health of the river basin system. Many cities industrial
projects and factories are located on the banks of big rivers. The health of the
river has deteriorated due to sewage and waste from the factories. The springs
of the rivers have been closed. Alteration in the hydrology and geomorphology
of the streams as well as the deterioration of its water quality are the most
determintal effects indifined due to the urbanization.
2 Our Water Consumption Pg. 48-51
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Name the following.
1. Sugar factories, fruit processing and non-agricultural industries such as
dams, roads, colonies, etc.
2. Koyna, Pophali, Bhira, Bhivapuri, Khopali, Warna, Vaitarna, etc.
3. Kandla, Mumbai, Cochin, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, etc.
4. Bharatpur (Rajasthan), Ujani Dam-Reservoir (Maharashtra)
B) Draw a pie diagram.
Diagram 3.2.1
C) Questions and Answers.
1. The total types of water consumption are agricultural irrigation and
industry, power generation, domestic consumption fishing and fisheries and
shipping.
2. In addition to drinking water, humans need water for cooking, bathing,
washing clothes, washing cars, toilets use and cleaning, etc.
3. Crops are irrigated through the irrigation system. Modern irrigation is
done as per crop requirement according to the principle ‘water is needed for
the crop, not for the whole land’.
4. Water is widely used for agro-based industries such as sugar factories, fruit
processing and non-agricultural industries such as dams, roads, colonies, various
factories etc.
5. All living organisms need water to drink, as well as crops, forests and
various plants also need water. Soil and rock formations are also affected by
water. Water alone maintains the balance of all the organic-inorganic elements in
nature and water helps to protect the food chains in nature including plants,
animals, birds, insects.
6. The commercial uses of water are as follows:
1. Power generation - Many dams in the country generate electricity. The
water from the dam is used for hydroelectric power generation.
2. Fishing and fisheries - Fishing is practiced extensively in seas, creeks,
dams, rivers, lakes and various reservoirs. The business generates huge financial
turnover on the coast as well as in many port areas.
7. Sanitation, all amenities, attractive gardens, swimming pools,
accommodation and, most importantly, abundance of water are important tourist
destination. Musical fountains of water can be seen in tourist places. In
Maharashtra, Aurangabad - Jayakwadi project, Dnyaneshwar Udyan in Paithan,
Anand Sagar in Shegaon and in some other places artificial waterfalls a
breathtaking view are developed. Many migratory birds from other countries
come to the reservoir. E.g. Bharat (Rajasthan), Ujani Dam - Reservoir
(Maharashtra).
8. Water Use Organizations have been formed and water distribution has
been done with the idea that water for agriculture should be properly managed,
it should be managed and all farmers should get justice.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. The basic human needs which are fulfilled by water include drinking,
personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, personal and
household hygiene.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. Average water needs per day by a person in India.
Type of need Quantity (Ipd)
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 15
Washing utensils 7
House ablution 10
Total 40
 3 The Journey of Water: Dam to House Pg. 52-55
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) Explain the terms.
1. A canal is a channel constructed to carry water or to supply water from
dam to the desire location.
2. A sub-canal is a canal built to carry water or supply water to a farm by
connecting it to a main canal.
B) Label the diagram of the process of Water purification.
Primary process (water lteration) To pump
Water
storage Water storage
Sand lter
____________ Chemical component
Water inltration process
Stabilization
_______________
Florination - Fluorine mixing
___________________________________ Watertank
Chlorination To pump Water storage
Water storage Distribution
_______________
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Waters journey is actually quite impressive from the dam to the nearest
treatment planned. And then to the residential building the journey is indeed very
long. The treated water is stored in reservoirs and from there it reaches to
different parts of the city. The water then reaches the underground tanks of our
building. It is than pumped to the overhead tank on the terrace and then finally it
reaches our tap.
2. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The aim is to
produce water that is fit for specific purposes.
3. At the water treatment plant, water is churned after mixing chemicals. The
water is filtered after the sludge settles down. To remove unwanted gases (CO2,
H2S), substances that give water a foul and unpleasant taste, water volatile
substances (eg. chloroform) and reduced compounds of iron and manganese in
water, aeration is carried out. This process is mainly used to purify groundwater.
This process is also used to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in
groundwater. Removal of carbon dioxide from water reduces the amount of metal
corrosion in contact with water. It is then purified using disinfectant. The quality
of purified water is tested by various tests.
4. The responsibility of the water supply system is usually with the
government till the completion of construction. After completion of all the work
it is handed over to the gram panchayat, municipality or corporation. The
management included maintenance of various machines and instruments used.
Eg. repairing a broken faucet or leaking pipelines, delivering the water with the
right amount of pressure everywhere. Everyday it is necessary to examine the
water coming from the source, the water coming out of the sedimentation tanks
and filters, and the water available for direct drinking at all such stages, to ensure
that the purification process is carried out properly. It is also important to check
whether all the chemicals are being applied properly and whether the stock of
chlorine and coagulants is adequate. One standby machine, pump etc. must be
ready. They are used when a faulty device or pump is being repaired. There
should be a laboratory near the water purification center in the city so that there is
a possibility of experimenting with new types of discoveries or doing some new
basic research.
5. The location of the dam is determined by considering the right catchment
area/watershed area, at the right place. Water requirement, rainfall and watershed
capacity are also taken into account. Water supply start after completion of the
dam and development of all water distribution and utilization systems.
6. The following are the few methods adopted while planning the water
supply:
1. Selecting the source of water by getting basic information about water
supply. When choosing a source, it is important to check the quantity and
properties of the water.
2. Estimating the future population and determining the total demand for
water per person per day. This should include the demand for water for industry
and firefighting.
3. Observing and measuring the entire city, its water source and its
catchment area and taking notice of all landforms.
4. To think how to bring water from the place of origin to the place of
purification.
5. Determining the purification process by checking the properties of the
water and determining the locations and levels of the components of this process
by making an illustrated plan. Arrangement for storage of water after purification
and transport to storage tanks.
6. To plan for collection tanks and pipelines to be used for water
distribution and to determine the pressure in it.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. Displacement and relocation of communities is the main socio-economic
impact of dams. Apart from that large number of trees are cut-down which leads
to deforestation, loss of bio-diversity, soil erosion, and ecological imbalance.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
Some common causes which lead to contamination of water:
1. Rapid urban development
2. Improper sewage disposal
3. Fertiliser Run-off
4. Oil spills
5. Chemical waste dumping
6. Radioactive waste discharge.
Some of the ways to control water contamination are:
1. Never pour household chemicals down the drain or toilet.
2. Do not use your toilet as a wastebasket.
3. Minimize the use of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides. Never
dispose of these down a nearby sever drain.
4. Wash your or outdoor equipment where it can flow to a gravel or
grassy area instead of a street.
Chlorination
4 What is Water Management Pg. 56-60
_______________
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
A) State whether the following sentences are true or false:
1. True 2. True 3. False
B) Complete the flow chart
Different stages
involved in Control Supervision
House management
Co-ordination Guidance
Organization Planning
Encouragement Administration
C) Questions and Answers.
1. Management is the condition available to complete the task, action,
planned use of the convenience, human and material resources etc. Water use is
an integral part of daily life while running a family each member.
2. The policy of storing water from small and big dams on the river has been
adopted, which has resulted in the availability of some amount of water. But with
the increasing appetite for human development in the modern era, these natural
resources have been greatly depleted and now the condition of water supply in the
world as a whole is becoming more and more worrisome. The coming period will
be difficult considering the overall situation of population growth, living
standards and agricultural practices.
3. 1. Safe drinking water is not only vital for human health, but it is also a
requirement for future agricultural, industrial, and energy-related growth in all
countries.
2. The coming years will be difficult due to the overall state of population
growth, living standards, and agricultural methods.
3. Water shortage is one of the world's most important concerns.
4. Regrettably, this issue remains unsolved.
5. Water management is a policy of allocating water in a fair and equitable
manner for all, taking into account all concerns in the three drinking water
sectors.
4. Important activities for water management include water distribution and
system maintenance (always) assessment and collection of water charges or
similar fees and taxes (nearly always); and assistance and extension to farmers on
water management at the local level (sometimes).
5. Water can be saved in rural and urban areas in the following ways:
1. Creating awareness about the need to conserve water.
2. Using water conservation devices.
3. Keeping a check on the amount of water used.
4. Using water efficient plumbing fixtures.
5. Creating awareness through different source of mass media.
6. Everyone should know about water management and its importance
because water is an essential part of our life. Without it no one can survive and it is
wasted a lot. To conserve it for our future and for our future needs. Its percent on
earth is getting low day by day. And we all need to conserve water by different
methods.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. I will make the following rules with the slogan ‘Save water, Save our
planet’. Rules:
1. Turn off the faucet while brushing your teeth.
2. Only run the washing machine and dishwashes when you have a full
load.
3. Use a flow shower head and faucet aerators.
4. Fix leaky taps.
5. Install a dual flush or low flow toilet or put a conservation bit your
existing toilet.
2. Few incidents of water wastage in my area
1. Street tap water wastage - The street tap provides water on a daily basis.
But people remain due cap open after using that. In that way, lots of water gets
wasted.
2. Leaky pipes - In my area, there is a factory where daily lots of water is
required. But there are lots of leaky pipes, they don’t even do maintenance of their
water pipes, the leaked down water causes a huge waste.
3. Taste a small amount of drinking water in a glass/as per need, it save water.
Water the garden or field before sunrise and after sunset to reduce water
evaporation and saves water. Sewage water should be used for garden plants.
When washing, vegetables, fruits take water in a bucket and do not wash them
under the tap, it save water. In the morning, while washing your face avoid
wastage of water. While shaving, using a mug instead of running up water saves a
lot of water. Take a bath with a bucket of water. Do not use a shower or running
tap. When washing utensils, take water in a bucket and wash it. Don’t wash
4 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
utensils under the faucet. 4. Alum and ferric chloride.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research C) Questions and Answers.
1. Students should do on their own. 1. The available sources of water can be stated as follows.
1. Running water in a river or canal, rivulet
Unit 4: Water Quality
2. Water in dam
1 Water Quality and Criteria Pg. 61-64
3. Water from natural ponds
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
4. Groundwater
A) Complete the following.
2. The steps that are used in purification of water are as follows:
1. safe drinking water.
1. Coagulants 2. Coagulation 3. Flocculation 4. Sedimentation
2. we have a measure of pH universal indicator is used for measurement of 5. Filtration 6. Disinfection 7. Processed water storage
pH. 8. Distribution 9. Consumption.
3. oxygen dissolved in water. 3. Before reaching the ground, rainwater mixes with dust, bacteria, germs,
4. the water evaporates due to heat, creating clouds and water droplets. viruses, pollen and gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc. As it flows over the
B) Match the following. soil, the substances on it enter the water. Water which seeps into the soil
1. b 2. d 3. a 4 - c dissolves the organic and inorganic substances in the soil in it.
C) Questions and Answers. 4. The water that comes to you is purified as follows:
1. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen required by 1. Removing floating substances
the micro-organisms to break down the organic materials, whereas chemical 2. Settling down the sludge
oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen required to break down the 3. Softening the water if necessary
organic material via oxidation. 4. Filtration
2. 1. The water should be good in taste. It should not be brackish, salty or oily. 5. Sterilize with chlorine gas.
2. It should be crystal clear, colourless and transparent (showing bottom). Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
3. The water should not have odour, no algae or oily layer. 1. 1. Avoid littering and using the garbage bin.
4. Harmful chemicals should not be overdosed or not at all. 2. Ensuring that no pollutants are released into the water bodies.
3. Exceeding the quality limit may lead to health issues in humans. It is also 3. Understanding individual responsibility when it comes to
detrimental to the proper growth of the other living organisms. environment.
4. Contaminated water is water that is changed due to the presence of 4. Being aware of dos and don'ts to be followed while dealing with water
chemicals, microbes or physical alterations. bodies.
5. Water quality depends on the percentage of dissolved physical and Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
chemical substances in the water. Water quality is considered to be degraded
1. There are three main methods to test free chlorine residual in drinking
when these substances are mixed in more than a certain amount of water. Water
water: 1) Pool test kits, 2) Color-wheel test kits, and 3) Digital colorimeters. All
quality does not need to be same for all uses (such as water used for agriculture,
three methods depend on a color change to identify the presence of chlorine, and a
factory, drinking water. The amount of physical, chemical and biological
measurement of the intensity of that colour to determine how much chlorine is
elements in water is the quality of water.
present.
6. The four ways by which water gets polluted are:
1. By bathing in the water of rivers. 3 Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Remedies Pg. 69-75
2. Water gets contaminated when sewage is discharged without proper Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
treatment into water bodies. A) Match the following.
3. Many industries dispose chemical waste into rivers, streams, etc. 1. - c 2. - a 3. - d 4. - b
4. Farmers use excessive insecticides, pesticides to increase crop B) Questions and Answers.
production. 1. The factors that cause water pollution are as follows:
Due to rain these chemicals get carried away and leads to water pollution. 1. Household discharge - water coming out of the safety tank, human
7. Depending on the amount of acidic or alkaline substances mixed in the urine in the urinals, bath water, Animal excrement.
water, we have a measure of pH. Universal indicator is us for measurement of pH. 2. Substances from industrial premises- Oil, grease released from
The numbers of 0 to 14 on the given scale are indicated by different washing vehicles mixed with water.
coloured marks. It indicate the amount of acidic substances decreases from 0 to 7 3. Agricultural Factors - Pesticides or chemical fertilizers are given to
and increases alkaline substances from 7 to 14 and 7 number indicates neutral pH. the crops. These chemicals get mixed in the river due to the excess water given
Towards the Road of Inquiry - Personal Response to the crops after application.
1. There are several causes of water pollution which includes rapid urban 4. Sewage, minerals and chemical wastes coming out of the factory.
development inproper sewage disposal, fertilizer run-off, oil-spills, and 5. Sewage sludge and watershed sludge.
pollution create due to chemical and radio-active waste among others. These are
6. Hot water released after processing in a factory boiler.
all man-made causes, at the same time man becomes the victim of his own action.
Polluted water can harbor bacteria which lead to severe illnesses like, diarrhea, 2. Oil spills caused by shipwrecks, spill over into coastal areas due to high
cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A and polio. Lakhs of children under 5 die tides and strong winds. Due to this, there is a lot of damage to the aquatic life on
from unsafe drinking water each year according to UN report. Thus the beach. It causes harm to Oysters those sticking to the rocks on the shore.
“Environmental problems begin with people at the cause and end with the people Animals like crabs that live in burrows can't breathe because of the oil sticking to
as the victims”. their bodies, so they die.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research Oil spill also affects mangroves. Once the oil coats on the roots, the
biological breathing process by the roots stops and the mangroves dry up. Due to
1. Students should do on their own.
the oil layer on the leaves, the leaves turn yellow and then fall off. Birds are most
2 How to Maintain the Quality of Water? Pg. 65-68 affected. When the birds comes in contact with the spilled oil, the oil quickly
penetrates into their wings which affects their function and making it impossible
Towards Comprehending, Investigating and Concluding
for them to fly. They become heavy and drown in the sea.
A) Label the diagram give below:
3. The reasons that has led to the destruction of lakes are as follows: 1) The
Coagulants
water in the village or in the city is contaminated by mixing with the sewage. 2) In
Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation
some religious occasions, people leave oil lamps, Idol immersion, Nirmalya
Pre- immersion in the pool. 3) The oil affects the eggs of the fishes. The eggs are
processed destroyed. 4) Also, some substances are added to fish as food. 5) Their
water decomposition increases the amount of carbon dioxide in lake water, and affects
aquatic life. 6) The process of decomposition in water produces hydrogen sulfide
gas which results in bad odor in the water. 7) Increasing urbanization has led to
Distribution Disinfection
the addition of waste to the lakes, reducing the size of the lakes. 8) In some
villages, the whole lakes themselves have been destroyed.
4. Features of Water Pollution Act are as follows:
1. Prevention and control of water pollution.
Consumption Processed water storage Filtration 2. Water conservation or restoration.
B) Name the following. 3. Establishment of boards for prevention and control of water pollution.
1. Water in dam and groundwater. 5. The two functions of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board as follow:
2. 1. Removing floating substance. 1. Cooperation and promotion of ecofriendly programs like pollution
2. Filtration control, reusing and recycling of waste materials.
3. Typhoid and cholera 2. Educate and guide new entrepreneurs by explaining appropriate
5 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
technology and methods of pollution control.
6. The two powers of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board are as follows:
1. Enforcement of Environment Act and Pollution Control Act.
2. Determining pollution standards and checking their compliance.
C) The picture depicts the impact of water pollution on the environment we
see how the flora and fauna is destroyed around the water body and we can also
guess how severely the aquatic life is affected by water pollution. Looking at the
images we remember the words:
Let us preserve nature. If not for anything else, for the beauty and strength it
inspires.
Towards the Road of Inquiry: Personal Response
1. All the waste water from the household makes its way through the drains
into the septic tank. The dense matter settles at the bottom of the septic tank while
liquid goes directed into the soak away pit from where it percolates into the soil.
The sewer pipes running out of homes also gathers different kinds of waste along
the way.
2. The substances seen in waste water are food waste, toilet papers, plastic,
paper bags, organic matter etc. Students may add other substances witness in
their locality.
3. Drinking ability – water becomes non-portable
colour – yellow or brown
smell – foul smelling
fishes – die with the passage of time
aquatic veg – their growth is harm
minerals - arsenic, cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, silver and zinc
diseases - diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A and polio
6 Water Security Std.IX/8pts/02.08.2022
effect – gets contaminated leading to poor drinking water quality
4. 1. Burning and letting the remains fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and
petroleum into water.
2. Letting chemical solvents into water bodies used in various industries.
3. Untreated liquid waste being released into the water bodies.
4. Disposal of radioactive material into water bodies.
Towards Investigation and Analysis: Research
1. There are many causes of sea pollution. Man made causes lead to
maximum sea pollution.
1. Runoff – Runoff is caused when pollutants move from ground to the
ocean.
2. Intentional discharge – This is cause due to industries which violet
rules and discharge waste into the sea.
3. Oil spills – Crude oil spills from the ship carrying the same can lead
to pollution.
4. Littering - Items such as plastic bags and other non bio-degradable
waste remain suspended in the water and don't decompose.
5. Ocean mining - Deep-sea ocean mining also causes pollution.
2. The intensity of pollution is higher on the beaches as compare to the sea.
Beach is contaminated with plastic, trash, litter, pesticides and oil all adding to
pollution. Fertilizers and animal waste too are pollutants. Pollution is higher on
the beach also because most pollution enter the ocean from the land. Students
may elaborate further.
3. In August 2010, MSC Chitra and MV Khalija-3 collided in the Arabian Sea
near Mumbai. The collision caused a huge oil spill in the sea. About 800 tones of
oil spilled into the sea and spilled over a distance of 100 to 120 km off the coast.
Second incident happen in January 2017 near Kamraj port in Chennai.