Updated VDP Report

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Development Plan of Mukkollupadu Village
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING,
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA.
(M. PLANNING.)
Submitted by: M. Planning, 1st Year (2015)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to present our project. Apart from our efforts, the success of this project largely
depends upon the encouragement and motivation of numerous professors and professionals
who have assisted and guided us with their erudite judgements and opinions, and their well
wishes.
We express our gratitude to Commissioner Shree Venkateshwar Rao, Sarpanch Shree

Venkateshwa Rao Kalagara and Ex-Sarpanch Shree Srinivas Rao for sharing such important
and useful information of Mukkollupadu. We would also like to appreciate the efforts of
aganwadi workers Illiamma, Rajkumari and Nagmani who were there constantly for our
convenience and food arrangements in Mukkollupadu village. Gangadharm Panchayat
Secretary and Nagraj Assistant to Panchayat who has helped us in getting Panchayat related
details. We also mention Basha the local for helping us in and around the village for locating
the landmarks, solving language disputes, etc.
We are greatly indebted to our guide Assistant Prof. Maqbool Ahmed, Director and HOD of
the department for their immense support, driving force and inspiration. Without his excellent
acumen, this project would not have been what it is. He has provided us with his experience
and deep knowledge to the subject. We would also like to express our heartiest gratitude to Ms.
Anju Joon for motivating and encouraging us throughout the work tenure.
Lastly, we would like to thank all the staff of Planning Department for their direct or indirect
contribution in making this project so successful.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The studio exercise focus is to understand the style of living in the rural areas. We see that
there is a considerable change in their style when compared with the same in urban areas. Life
and living of rural people is viewed in terms of demography, employment and asset structure,
agriculture and allied activities, rural poverty and livelihood, social and cultural issues,
institutions, government schemes/programmes, village level amenities and linkages, energy
utilization patterns, recent changes and development in the villages and surrounding areas,
issues related to water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, public transport, water
source development and water conservation, education, recreational facilities, health facilities,
ICT.
The main objectives of rural development plan are to understand the location, spatial and
economic linkages, the social and physical infrastructure, the availability and usage of local
resources of the villages. further, the study will investigate into present problems and future
possibilities in the Mukkallopadu village and to propose strategies of improvement in the
condition and development of the village. The main purpose of VDP is to prepare a
comprehensive, realistic and practical blueprint for development of the village.
Preparation of "Village Development Plan" of Mukkollupadu village in Nuzvid Mandal of

Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. It focuses on sustainable agriculture, efficient waste
management, energy efficiency, improved livelihood, access to better infrastructure in different
sectors of health and education, heritage and tourism, etc.
The stages for preparation of Village Development Plan of Mukkollupodu village included
Secondary data collection, Primary Survey, Households Survey, Collection of village
information, Data processing and data analysis, Inferences, Framework of strategy for future
development, Conclusion and final Suggestions.
The major issues identified from primary analysis are open defecation, lack of proper drainage
network and other sanitation facilities leading to spread of water-borne diseases like fever,
dengue, malaria, dysentery. Lack of proper infrastructural and academic facilities in schools is
the major cause for the high rate of drop outs of children from schools.
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Major awareness is to be created on the need for sanitation, health & hygiene. Panchayat Raj
has to effectively help the villagers in construction of individual and community toilets.
Awareness on Importance of education is to be created and the improvisation of standard and
quality of infrastructural and academic facilities.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 4
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 12
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 14
LIST OF GRAPHS .................................................................................................................. 15
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 17
1.1 What is a Village Development Plan?....................................................................... 17
1.2 Purpose of Village Development Planning ............................................................... 17
1.3 Micro-level Planning ................................................................................................. 18
1.4 Location of Mukkollupadu ........................................................................................ 18
1.5 Village Profile ........................................................................................................... 19
1.6 History ....................................................................................................................... 20
1.7 Why Mukkollupadu? ................................................................................................. 21
2 LITERATURE ................................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Kagala Bambori- Rajasthan ...................................................................................... 22
2.2 Laxmanpura- Gujarat ................................................................................................ 24
2.3 Asapur- Maharashtra ................................................................................................. 26
2.4 Rajgarh Village- Rajasthan ....................................................................................... 28
2.5 Surangal-Andhra Pradesh .......................................................................................... 30
2.6 Ralegan Siddhi – Maharashtra .................................................................................. 32
2.7 Kondapalli- Andhra Pradesh ..................................................................................... 34
2.8 Case Study of Buckshaw- England ........................................................................... 36
2.9 Case Study of Model Village .................................................................................... 37
2.9.1 Punsari village in Gujarat................................................................................... 37
2.9.2 Hiware Bazar in Maharashtra ............................................................................ 38
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3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 40
3.1 Vision ........................................................................................................................ 41
3.2 Aim ............................................................................................................................ 41
3.3 Objective ................................................................................................................... 41
3.4 Village Planning Through Participatory Planning & Techniques ............................. 41
3.5 NSSO Research Methods & Survey.......................................................................... 42
4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...................................................................................... 43
4.1 Demographic Profile ................................................................................................. 43
4.1.1 Decadal Population Growth ............................................................................... 44
4.1.2 Change In Population ......................................................................................... 44
4.1.3 Change In Sex Ratio .......................................................................................... 45
4.1.4 Change in Literacy Rate..................................................................................... 46
4.1.5 Caste Distribution .............................................................................................. 47
4.2 Economic Profile ....................................................................................................... 48
4.2.1 Distribution of Occupation ................................................................................ 48
4.2.2 Change in Work Force ....................................................................................... 48
4.2.3 Change in Non-Working Population ................................................................. 49
5 LAND USE AND UTILISATION .................................................................................. 50
5.1 Land Use Distribution ............................................................................................... 50
5.1.1 Mukkollupadu Settlements Area........................................................................ 51
5.1.2 Land Utilization ................................................................................................. 52
5.1.3 Contour of Mukkollupadu.................................................................................. 53
5.2 Irrigation .................................................................................................................... 54
5.2.1 Area Change from 1991 - 2015 ......................................................................... 54
5.2.2 Sources of Irrigation .......................................................................................... 55
5.2.3 Electricity Usage and Costing............................................................................ 56
5.2.4 Groundwater Level ............................................................................................ 57
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5.3 Crop Distribution....................................................................................................... 59
5.4 Agriculture Landholdings ......................................................................................... 60
5.5 Productivity ............................................................................................................... 61
5.5.1 Paddy Productivity (kg/acre) ............................................................................. 61
5.5.2 Maize Productivity ............................................................................................. 61
5.5.3 Cash Crop Productivity (kg/acre) ..................................................................... 62
5.5.4 Plantation Productivity (kg/acre) ....................................................................... 63
5.5.5 Chilly Productivity (kg/acre) ............................................................................. 63
5.5.6 Cost of Paddy and Maize (Rs/quintal) ............................................................... 64
5.6 Livestock ................................................................................................................... 65
5.6.1 Livestock Record ............................................................................................... 65
5.6.2 Animal Husbandry ............................................................................................. 65
5.6.3 Livestock Shelter Facilities ................................................................................ 66
5.7 Land Use Mapping of Mokkulupadu Village ........................................................... 67
6 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................. 79
6.1 Water supply ............................................................................................................. 79
6.1.1 Drinking water sources ...................................................................................... 80
6.1.2 Type of Connection............................................................................................ 80
6.1.3 Water Sources for Agriculture ........................................................................... 81
6.1.4 Duration of water supply ................................................................................... 81
6.1.5 Complaints ......................................................................................................... 82
6.1.6 Satisfaction level on water supply services ....................................................... 82
6.1.7 Number of water sources ................................................................................... 83
6.2 Sewerage or Drainage ............................................................................................... 85
6.2.1 Type of Toilet .................................................................................................... 85
6.2.2 Open Defecation ................................................................................................ 86
6.3 Solid Waste Management.......................................................................................... 89
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6.3.1 General Characteristics of Solid Waste ............................................................. 89
6.3.2 Existing system and Practice of the waste management in the village .............. 89
6.3.3 Waste Generation ............................................................................................... 90
6.3.4 Collection ........................................................................................................... 90
6.3.5 Transportation of waste...................................................................................... 90
6.3.6 Treatment and Disposal: .................................................................................... 91
6.4 Electricity .................................................................................................................. 93
6.4.1 Monthly Electricity Bills.................................................................................... 93
6.4.2 Access to Electricity for Agriculture ................................................................. 93
6.5 Transportation and Roads.......................................................................................... 96
6.5.1 Connectivity by Roads ....................................................................................... 96
6.5.2 Connectivity by Rail .......................................................................................... 96
6.5.3 Hierarchy of Roads ............................................................................................ 97
6.5.4 Types of Roads ................................................................................................ 102
6.5.5 Minimum Landmark Distances........................................................................ 102
6.5.6 Modes of Transport .......................................................................................... 103
6.6 Telecommunications ............................................................................................... 104
6.6.1 Percantage of Mobiles and Television users .................................................... 105
6.7 Housing ................................................................................................................... 107
6.7.1 Ownership Status ............................................................................................. 107
6.7.2 Classification of Houses Among Various Caste Sections .............................. 107
6.7.3 Types of Roof Among Various Caste Sections ............................................... 108
6.7.4 Age of Houses Among Various Caste Sections ............................................... 109
6.7.5 Finance for Construction of Houses Among Various Caste Section ............... 110
6.7.6 Number of Rooms in a House Among Various Caste Sections....................... 110
6.7.7 Toilets Facilities Among Various Caste Sections ............................................ 111
6.7.8 Fuel Used for Cooking Among Various Caste Sections .................................. 112
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6.7.9 House Hold Size ............................................................................................. 113
7 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 115
7.1 Education ................................................................................................................. 115
7.1.1 Education system and no of schools ................................................................ 116
7.1.2 Problems in schools ......................................................................................... 120
7.2 Health ...................................................................................................................... 121
7.3 Panchayat Office ..................................................................................................... 122
7.4 Worship Places ........................................................................................................ 123
7.5 Community Hall ...................................................................................................... 124
7.6 Police Station........................................................................................................... 124
7.7 Bank ........................................................................................................................ 124
7.8 Bus Stop .................................................................................................................. 124
7.9 Weekend Fair .......................................................................................................... 124
7.10 Ration Shop ............................................................................................................. 124
7.11 Polling Booths ......................................................................................................... 124
7.12 Social Infrastructure Mapping of Mokkulupadu Village ........................................ 127
8 SCHEMES ..................................................................................................................... 133
8.1 Latest Schemes Being Implemented in The Village of Mukkollupadu .................. 133
8.1.1 Indira Jala Prabha ............................................................................................. 134
8.1.2 Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM) ...................................................................... 135
8.1.3 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) ........................................................................ 136
8.1.4 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) ............................................................................. 137
8.1.5 Anganwadi ....................................................................................................... 140
8.1.6 Gopal Mithra .................................................................................................... 142
8.1.7 Paniki Aahara Pathakam (Nrega)..................................................................... 147
8.1.8 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWACRA) .............. 147
8.1.9 Velugu Pathaka Scheme .................................................................................. 147
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9 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................ 148
9.1 Sarpanch .................................................................................................................. 150
9.1.1 Functions of Sarpanch...................................................................................... 150
9.2 Panch ....................................................................................................................... 151
9.2.1 Number of Panch for gram panchayat ............................................................. 151
9.2.2 Functions of Panch ........................................................................................... 151
9.3 Gram Sevak ............................................................................................................. 152
9.4 Gram Sabha ............................................................................................................. 152
10 SWOT ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 153
11 ISSUES AND SUGGESTIONS .................................................................................... 154
12 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 162
13 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 163
14 ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................... 164
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location map of Andhra Pradesh/Krishna District/Nuzvid Block/Mukkollupadu .. 18
Figure 2 Location Map of Kagalabambori............................................................................... 22
Figure 3 Location Map of Laxmanpura ................................................................................... 24
Figure 4 Location Map of Asapur ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 5 Location Map of Rajgarh.......................................................................................... 28
Figure 6 Location Map of Surangal ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 7 Location Map of Ralegan Siddhi ............................................................................... 32
Figure 8 Location Map of Kondapalli ..................................................................................... 34
Figure 9 Inter and Intra connectivity maps .............................................................................. 43
Figure 10 Contour Map of Mukkollupadu ............................................................................... 53
Figure 11 Krishna District Groundwater Usage ...................................................................... 57
Figure 12 Land use of electricity ............................................................................................. 94
Figure 13 Biogas Plant ............................................................................................................. 95
Figure 14 Route to Vijayawada and Nuzvid Railway Station ................................................. 97
Figure 15 Base Map ................................................................................................................. 99
Figure 16 Roads in Pathuru and Kothuru .............................................................................. 100
Figure 17 Roads in Gollagudem ............................................................................................ 100
Figure 18 Roads in Malapalli and Madigagudem .................................................................. 101
Figure 19 Roads in Nehru Nagar ........................................................................................... 101
Figure 20 Nehru Nagar School .............................................................................................. 116
Figure 21 Gollagudem School ............................................................................................... 116
Figure 22 Malapalli School .................................................................................................... 116
Figure 23 Madiga Gudem School .......................................................................................... 117
Figure 24 Mid-Day Meal ....................................................................................................... 117
Figure 25 Anganwadi School- Gollagudem .......................................................................... 117
Figure 26 Panchayat Office ................................................................................................... 122
Figure 27 Temples in Mukkollupadu ..................................................................................... 123
Figure 28 Churches in Mukkollupadu ................................................................................... 123
Figure 29 Social Infrastructure Map ...................................................................................... 125
Figure 30 Site Map................................................................................................................. 126
Figure 31 Activity Mapping................................................................................................... 126
Figure 32 Veterinary Centre .................................................................................................. 146
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Figure 33 Organogram ........................................................................................................... 148
Figure 34 Flow Chart of Elected Representatives ................................................................. 149
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Mukkollupadu Profile ................................................................................................. 19
Table 2Prevailing scenario of Mukkollupadu settlements ....................................................... 20
Table 3Demographic Profile of Kagala bambori ..................................................................... 22
Table 4 Demographic Profile of Laxmanpura ......................................................................... 24
Table 5 Demographic Profile of Asapur .................................................................................. 26
Table 6 Demographic Profile of Rajgarh ................................................................................. 28
Table 7 Demographic Profile of Surangal ............................................................................... 30
Table 8 Demographic Profile of Ralegan Siddhi ..................................................................... 32
Table 9 Demographic Profile of Kondapalli ............................................................................ 34
Table 10 Demographic Profile of Buckshaw ........................................................................... 36
Table 11 Comparative population increase from 1991-2001 .................................................. 43
Table 12 Comparative sex ratio ............................................................................................... 45
Table 13 Land Use Distribution ............................................................................................... 50
Table 14 Settlements Area ....................................................................................................... 51
Table 15 Suitability of Crops ................................................................................................... 59
Table 16 Number of water sources ......................................................................................... 83
Table 17 Details of water supply system ................................................................................. 84
Table 18 General Characteristics of solid waste ...................................................................... 89
Table 19 Assets of village ........................................................................................................ 93
Table 20 IRS Stanbdards and Existing Scenario ..................................................................... 98
Table 21 Roads Length and Width .......................................................................................... 98
Table 22Minimum time travel ............................................................................................... 102
Table 23 Issues in the housing sectors and their solutions .................................................... 114
Table 24 RIDF schemes under CLDP ................................................................................... 135
Table 25 Report for inidvidual household latrine .................................................................. 137
Table 26 Grant under IAY ..................................................................................................... 140
Table 27 Progress under APLDA .......................................................................................... 143
Table 28 Gopal Mitra Functioning ........................................................................................ 144
Table 29 Releases and Expenditure under Schemes .............................................................. 145
Table 30 Budget for Projects Related to Buffalo and Cattle Breeding .................................. 146
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LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1Decadal population growth ......................................................................................... 44
Graph 2 Change in population ................................................................................................. 44
Graph 3 Change in sex ratio.................................................................................................... 45
Graph 4 Change in literacy rate ............................................................................................... 46
Graph 5 Literacy rate male and female .................................................................................... 46
Graph 6 ST population ............................................................................................................. 47
Graph 7 SC population............................................................................................................. 47
Graph 8 Distribution of occupation ......................................................................................... 48
Graph 9 Change in work force ................................................................................................. 48
Graph 10 Change in non-working population ......................................................................... 49
Graph 11 Mukkolupadu Settlements Area ............................................................................... 51
Graph 12 Land Utilization ....................................................................................................... 52
Graph 13 Scenario of Area Change from 1991-2015 .............................................................. 54
Graph 14 Scenario of Sources of Irrigation Usage from 1991-2015 ....................................... 55
Graph 15 Change in Groundwater Level from 1991-2015 ...................................................... 57
Graph 16 Crop Distribution ..................................................................................................... 59
Graph 17 Size of Agriculture Landholdings ............................................................................ 60
Graph 18 Paddy Productivity ................................................................................................... 61
Graph 19 Maize Productivity ................................................................................................... 61
Graph 20 Cash Crop Productivity ............................................................................................ 62
Graph 21 Plantation Productivity............................................................................................. 63
Graph 22 Chilly Productivity ................................................................................................... 63
Graph 23 Comparative Costing of Paddy and Maize .............................................................. 64
Graph 24 Record of Livestock\ ................................................................................................ 65
Graph 25 Livestock Assets for Animal Husbandry ................................................................. 65
Graph 26 Livestock shelter Facilities ...................................................................................... 66
Graph 27 Drinking Water Source ............................................................................................ 80
Graph 28 Type of Connection.................................................................................................. 80
Graph 29 Water Sources for Agriculture ................................................................................. 81
Graph 30 Duration of Water Supply ........................................................................................ 81
Graph 31 Complaints ............................................................................................................... 82
Graph 32 Satisfaction Level on Water Supply Services .......................................................... 82
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Graph 33 Type of Toilet .......................................................................................................... 85
Graph 34 Waste Disposal Method ........................................................................................... 89
Graph 35 Monthly Electricity Bills.......................................................................................... 93
Graph 36 Access to Electricity for Agriculture ....................................................................... 93
Graph 37 Types of Roads ...................................................................................................... 102
Graph 38 Types of Modes...................................................................................................... 103
Graph 39 Mobile and Television Users ................................................................................. 105
Graph 40 House Ownership Status ........................................................................................ 107
Graph 41 Classification of Houses ........................................................................................ 107
Graph 42 Caste Wise Classification of Houses ..................................................................... 108
Graph 43 Roof Types ............................................................................................................. 108
Graph 44 Caste Wise Roof Types .......................................................................................... 108
Graph 45 Age of Houses ........................................................................................................ 109
Graph 46 Caste Wise Age of Houses ..................................................................................... 109
Graph 47 Finance for construction of Houses ....................................................................... 110
Graph 48 Number of Rooms in a House ................................................................................ 110
Graph 49 Caste Wise Number of Rooms in a House............................................................. 111
Graph 50 Toilet Facilities ...................................................................................................... 111
Graph 51 Fuel Used for Cooking ........................................................................................... 112
Graph 52 Caste Wise Fuel Used for Cooking ........................................................................ 112
Graph 53 Household Size ...................................................................................................... 113
Graph 54 No of Schools ......................................................................................................... 116
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is a Village Development Plan?
A village development plan is a written document. It identifies issues of concern to that village.
Opportunities, strengths, threats and weaknesses of a village are defined. It also provides
practical actions that will result in an improved village. It provides opportunities for resource
mobilization. A village plan does three essential things. It provides a VISION of what you
would like your village to look like, sets out clear GOALS to achieve that vision, and gives
you an ACTION PLAN to reach those goals.
1.2 Purpose of Village Development Planning

 To learn the basic need of communities after analyzing their problems with sharp-eyed
observations and experiences.
 To extract detailed information from a larger and more representative group of
 SC dominated societies than from observation alone.
 To ascertain the status of the village, at the commencement of PMAGY, (i) across
various socio-economic parameters – preferably over time, (ii) in terms of coverage of
various development schemes,
 To compile data in such a way as to identify needs, areas of intervention, and facilitate
preparation of a Village Development Plan, and
 To serve as a benchmark against which to assess the progress due to PMAGY at the
end of three years.
 To get “community participation” and more people actually involved in the subsequent
action itself.
 To identify employment needs, scope of self-employment – level of employment and
farming system development for higher economic growth and stability with predefined
economic indicators,
 To identify gender wise critical educational, health, and recreation needs with specific
social indicators like literacy, education, training and skills, and opportunities for all
members of the society cutting across gender, age, caste and religion to evaluate the
impact in the future.
 To identify infrastructural needs of the target area and prioritize them.
 To explore opportunity of networking / partnerships with Govt. /Local bodies’ plans
and intervention for spearheading overall development of the target area.
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 To analyze the gaps between needs & available resources in terms of government/local
bodies, Central /state’s erstwhile/existing interventions to avoid wastage of resources
because of duplicity.
 To see possibilities to reduce funding gaps using fund from PMAGY through
convergence with existing scheme.
1.3 Micro-level Planning

Planning is an act of formulating a programme for a definite course of action. It is a blue print
for a definite action within a time frame. Macro planning is a planning for mainstream
development at macro level. Micro planning is a location specific planning or grass roots
planning.
Micro-level planning (MLP) means detailed planning at a lower level, usually at or below a
district, which takes into account the variations in the community of that area under study.
(PMAGY Report)
1.4 Location of Mukkollupadu
Mukkollupadu
Village
Nuzvid
Block
Andhra
Pradesh
Figure 1 Location map of Andhra Pradesh/Krishna District/Nuzvid Block/Mukkollupadu
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1.5 Village Profile
State Andhra Pradesh
District Krishna
Block Nuzvid
Location 17.4 N, 78.48 E
Altitude 227 ft Above Sea Level
Area 1617 hectares
Population 2632
Total no of households 654
Avg. family size 4.03
No of Hamlets 6
Avg. Rainfall 227 mm
Lok Sabha Constituency Eluru
State Assembly Constituency Nuzvid
Distance from Nuzvid Block 7.9 km
Distance from nearest railway 10 km

station
Table 1 Mukkollupadu Profile
Mukkollupadu is located in Nuzvid block of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh state. The
location of the village is 17.4N, 78.48E. The altitude is 227 ft above mean sea level. The total
area is 1617 hectares and population is 2632 according to 2011 census. There are total 6 hamlets
and average rainfall is 227 mm according to Meteorological department of India. It belongs to
Eluru Lok Sabha Constituency and Nuzvid State Assembly Constituency. Also, distance from
Nuzvid block is 7.9 km.
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1.6 History
There were three bunds (reservoirs) made to store water and centrally was the placement of
habitat around 300-400 years ago. But, this settlement was later devastated due to floods caused
by overflowing bunds. Then came into existence ‘Mukanteshwarpuram’ now as Mukkollupadu
after independence. The name Mukanteshwarpuram is due to Lord Shiva Temple existed there
as the same name belongs to Lord Shiva also.
The scattered settlement pattern is prevalent since olden times as that of Aryans rule. There
were four classes of society
1. Brahmanas included Priests and other higher religious authorities

2. Kshatriyas included warriors and military men
3. Vaishyas included land owners
4. Sudras included farmers and peasants and craftsmen
Over here, there existed Landlords and Labour class which worked under them. Earlier, they
have to go home in the evening after completion of work which were miles away causing
inconvenience. Then, Landlords provided them lands for temporary settlements so that they
reach home early and come back to work in the morning early. As the time progressed, the
temporary settlements have become permanent and people started living in social groups.
Sr. No. Name Years Old Caste
1 Gollagudem 80 SC
2 Madigagudem 100 BC
3 Malapalli 70 SC
4 Nehru Nagar 20 SC
5 Kathur 60 OC/BC
6 Pathur 150 OC
Table 2 Prevailing scenario of Mukkollupadu settlements
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1.7 Why Mukkollupadu?
Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of rural development revolves around creating model villages by
transforming ‘SWARAJ’ to ‘SU-RAJ’. His concept of Ideal village consists of
a) Sanitation and water facilities

b) Educational facilities
c) Panchayat systems
d) Able to produce its own grains.
Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY) program was launched for bringing
socio-economic transformation among the Schedule Caste in Indian villages in a sustained
manner. This new scheme has been launched during 2009-10 on a pilot basis in 1000 such
villages. An amount of Rs. 100 crores have been allocated for this scheme.
Mukkollupadu consists of 1/3rd population as Schedule Caste which forms its important basis
for selection. Moreover, some nearby villages in Nuzvid Block like Digavalli, Venkayapalem
and Narsupet have lesser percentage of Schedule Caste population than Mukkollupadu.
According to 2011 census, Digavalli which is 10.2 km north-west to Mukkollupadu has 22.5%
SC population. Venkayapalem which is located at 6.5 km west to it has only 24.67% SC
population. Also, Narsupet which is 11.5 km west to it has just a mere 10.72% SC population.
The census data on population of 1991,2001 and 2011 reveals that there is a tremendous
increase of SC population from 1991 to 2001 that is 470.54% as compared to 20.76% overall
population increase. Moreover, there is also increase of SC population from 2001 to 2011 that
is 20.38% as compared to 17.55% overall population increase.
On Independence Day of 2014, our beloved Prime Minister Shree Narendra Modi has laid
down his dream of Adarsh Grams. He presented the complete blueprint of Saansad Adarsh
Gram Yojana (SAGY) for each member of Parliament to make at least one village of his/her
constituency into a model village by 2016 and two more by 2019. Our village is adopted by
Ex-Commissioner Shree Ventakeshwar Rao of Vijayawada as he is also being the native of the
same village.
(PMAGY Report), (SAGY, 2014)
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LITERATURE
2.1 Kagala Bambori- Rajasthan DEMOGRAPHICS

Village Kagala Bambori
Mandal Kishanganj
District Baran
State Rajasthan
Area 980 Ha
No of Households 530
Figure 2 Location Map of Kagalabambori
Population in 2001 1326
Aim
The main idea of the study undertaken is to Growth rate -17.11 %
utilize the results to understand people in rural Sex ratio 931
areas and a village dynamic through a statistical
SC Population 475
analysis of its past and present, and reasons that
ST Population 288
lead for the transition.
Table 3 Demographic Profile of Kagala bambori
Objectives
 To understand the livelihood of a village.

 To know about the living standards and economic background of the villagers.
 To know about the agricultural system and current problems the farmers are facing.
 To understand the basic infrastructural facilities, the village is having and needed.
 To understand the alternate solutions to the problems faced by the villagers and the
government programs that can be used to implement them.
 To know about the village, it’s past and present and various problems of its socio-
economic condition
Village profile
The village is divided into six hamlets and is dominated by the SC population at 37.30%. The
nearest railway station is at a distance of 32kms and the nearest bank and post office are at a
distance of 10kms. The village has one primary school and one Sub-PHC. Pucca roads,
community toilets and a proper drainage system are non-existent inside the village. The main
sources of water are Paravati River and two ponds on the village boundaries which run dry
during the summer months.
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Issues identified
 Village is lacking required infrastructure.

 Basic educational facilities are lagging.
 Malnutrition among certain sections of the village population.
 They are lacking the knowledge of many advantages of communal living.
 Most of the villagers are only into farming and are not capable of any other work.
 Complete lack of sanitation and hygiene in the village.
 Villagers are lacking the knowledge of different government policies and programs
from which they can benefit.
 The water bodies couldn’t be used for irrigational purposes, due to lack of maintenance.
Recommendations
 Proper infrastructure including roads, public toilets and drains to be built and
maintained.
 Introduction of backyard vegetables and introduction of higher breed of cattle so as to
have a better output.
 Lined drains should be constructed wherever they are non-existent and existing ones
should be repaired.
 Measures should be taken towards water conservation practices and intensive farming
methods should be implemented. Water bodies should be regularly maintained.
 There should be interactive sessions for the people, explaining the possibilities for
change, and better living
 Vocational training courses should be introduced.
Inferences
 Lack of awareness about the various government policies and schemes is the main
reason for the people not availing them.
 The villagers lack a sense of belonging to a one community and hence the solutions to
the various problems cannot be implemented properly.
 Handicrafts or village crafts should be made popular so that the workless people have
an alternate source of income.
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2.2 Laxmanpura- Gujarat
DEMOGRAPHICS
Village Laxmanpura
Mandal Palanpur
District Banaskantha
Figure 3 Location Map of Laxmanpura
State Gujarat
Aim Area
To study the development plan of Laxmanpura and
understand how to achieve the better quality of life No. of House Holds 213
in villages.
Objective Population in 2011 1024
 To understand the location, spatial and

Growth rate
economical linkages of Laxmanpura.
 To study social and physical infrastructure Sex ratio 840
of the village.
SC Population 62
 To identify the issues.
 To understanding the way to solve the ST Population 27
issues.
Literacy rate 81.3%
Village profile
Table 4 Demographic Profile of Laxmanpura
The main occupation of the people is agriculture and
animal husbandry. 5.12% of the total population belongs to the Schedule Caste (SC) and 2.23%
of the population belonged to the Scheduled Tribes. The village lacks a high school due to
which many girls are forced to drop out of school.
Issues identified
 Water shortages especially during the summer months

 Frequent and irregular power cuts
 Improper collection and disposal of garbage
24 | P a g e
 Lack of access to higher education due to lack of higher secondary schools
 Health problems arising due to the required treatment not being given within the
required time.
 Sanitation problems due to a lack of proper drains and drainage facilities.
Inferences
 Electricity issue solve by “Jyotigram Yojana", as 24 hours’ electricity available.

 Dustbins are seen in front of almost every small shop and garbage is regularly disposed
by the gram panchayat.
 Connected to main city by pakka road and internal roads are concrete roads as well.
 The dairy is a classic example of a success of a co-operative movement in Laxamnpura.
 "Democracy" in Laxamanpura as “Samrash Panchayat” functions on the basis of mutual
trust and confidence.
 Houses were constructed under “Indira Awas Yojana " changed the overall living
condition.
 Portable water and separate urinals for boys and girls.
Recommendations
 Construction of a well maintained primary school.

 Drip irrigation methods should be used to solve the problem of water shortages.
 They should be encouraged to participate in free and fair election.
 Need for government local body and NGO's to sort out issues and to overcome it by
village development plan.
 Cultivation of good habits among the villagers like throwing their refuse in a dustbin
only and maintaining a good hygienic atmosphere.
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2.3 Asapur- Maharashtra
DEMOGRAPHICS
Village Asapur
Mandal Jiwati
District Chandrapur
Figure 4 Location Map of Asapur
Aim State Maharashtra
To establish developmental initiatives for the poor
tribal people and trigger at maintaining livelihood
Growth rate 5.95%
without further languishing in poverty.
Sex ratio 953
SC Population 06
Objective ST Population 303
 To maintain livelihoods in sustainable Literacy rate 68.07 %
manner. Total no. Of workers 290
 To establish institutional arrangements. Table 5 Demographic Profile of Asapur
 To provide better infrastructure to the villagers.

 To mobilize the youth through skill enhancement.
Village profile
The villages population is dominated by the scheduled tribes which account for around 47.71%
of the villages total population and hence it can be classified as a tribal village. The village is
surrounded by forests and there are no major sources of water. Almost all the villagers are
farmers and depend on the rain for farming. The major crops grown include cotton, tur, jowar
and moog.
Issued identified
 Lack of accessibility to good quality of drinking water

 Deficiency in health facilities
 Low productivity nature of agricultural practices and shortage of water for agriculture
 Poor connectivity to block and district places
 Illiteracy and no government school
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 Lighting problem
 Improper sanitation and solid waste management
 Open drainage and water logging issues
Recommendations
 Increasing the participation of the villagers in the various development activities

 Through certain innovative approaches, cultural capital-shared beliefs and preferences
of respective groups in the village have been strengthened e.g. solar street lights.
 Construction of required social infrastructure like schools, drains, etc.
 Linkages with necessary infrastructure like government departments, banks, credit
institutions and markets to enhance the development of a rural place.
 Skill development programmes for Youth to help in:
o Personality Development; Behavioral and Attitudinal Change
o Development of Entrepreneurial Skills
o Understanding the existing livelihoods assets/capitals
o Empowerment tools
o Micro level poverty reduction plans
o Exposure Visits
o Knowledge of Market, Pricing, Value Addition etc.
Inferences
 The confidence and capacity building measures established among the SHGs, youth
and villagers.
 The Gram Sabah initiatives like:
o Creation of awareness about the MGNREGA Scheme
o Drinking water and sanitation problems in the village
o Land leveling, compartmental bunding and vegetation across the bunds in the
agricultural fields.
 The maintenance of these Solar street lights has been taken over by the community by
sharing the cost, if any.
 Activities such as Problem identification, Prioritization, Skill requirement, Training,
Exposure Visits to strengthen the development process.
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2.4 Rajgarh Village- Rajasthan
DEMOGRAPHICS
Village Rajgarh
Mandal Rajgarh
District Churu
Figure 5 Location Map of Rajgarh
State Rajasthan
Aim
To make available data, so that the development plans
are drafted based on them and hence by making the
Growth rate 6.01%
villages self-reliance, self-sufficient and fulfilment of
Sex ratio 865
necessity.
SC Population 165
Objectives
ST Population 0
 To prepare a profile the about socio-economic
Literacy rate 58.40% %
condition of the village.
Total no. of workers 758
 Analysis the condition the resources available to
formulate the development plan for the area.
 To analyze the impact of the various schemes
Table 6 Demographic Profile of Rajgarh
and policies over the beneficiaries and other
persons about the services rendered.
Village profile
Rajgarh is a village located in the Churu region which is a part of Thar Desert in Rajasthan.
12% of the total population belong to the SC category and there is a negligible ST population.
Issued identified
 Basic facilities located at a distance of around 10kms from the village
 Possibilities of employment other than agriculture are limited.
 Cottage industries don't flourish due to scarcity of raw material, lack of other
infrastructure and correlating facilities.
 Shortage of veterinary dispensaries.
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 There was a scarcity of ground water. There were few wells and ponds to collect the
rain water.
 Most of the village is not connected to the electric grid.
Recommendations
 Village Industrialization Scheme for production of soap, furniture, match-sticks, etc.

 Industries such as saw mills to process timber and brick kilns.
 Promoting household and cottage industries such as spinning, weaving, dying &
printing.
 Cattle breeding should be increased especially breeding with higher yielding breeds to
improve the productivity. A proper vetinary dispensary should be built for this purpose.
 Providing electricity connections to the villages so that the established industries can
flourish.
Inferences
 Initially awareness among the people should be created about the various activities and
steps taken up in the development plan, so that they can avail it.
 Present infrastructure should be maintained.
 Permanent solutions area required for the problems faced by the villagers so that the
problem does not keep reoccurring.
 In order to develop the village, the primary step is to link it to the transportation
facilities.
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DEMOGRAPHICS
2.5 Surangal-Andhra Pradesh
Village Surangal
Mandal Moinaba
District Ranga Reddy
State Telangana
Figure 6 Location Map of Surangal Population in 2011 1827

Aim Growth rate 14.3%
Sex ratio 929
To prepare a village development plan with focus on
SC Population 284
form and structure of Surangal village and rational
ST Population 0
development of habitat area.
BC Population 681
Objectives Literacy rate 75.87
 To understand the basics of a village Working Population 854
development plan. Table 7 Demographic Profile of Surangal

 To study the development plan implemented on
the village.
 To analyze the situation before and after the village development plan was
implemented.
Village profile
The village is located in the Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh, which due the proximity
to the states capital Hyderabad is experiencing a high growth rate. However, the village lags
behind on many fronts. Pucca roads are virtually nonexistent and so is the drainage and
sanitation patterns.
Issues identified

 Most of the drains are unlined and in need of urgent cleaning and maintenance.
 The school’s building is in a dilapidated condition in need of immediate attention.
 The roads are not properly oriented having sharp turns and dead ends. In certain places
the roads are too narrow.
30 | P a g e
 Pucca roads are absent within the village causing hardships to the people in doing their
daily works.
Suggestions
 Reorganization of the settlements to improve accessibility to all.

 Improving the main junctions and landscaping
 Beautification of G.P. Premises (Development of Rachabanda)
 Lay-out for school building.
 Harbored culture along all roads.
Inferences
 The village development should include the all-round development of the village and
its environment.
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2.6 Ralegan Siddhi – Maharashtra
DEMOGRAPHICS
Village Ralegan Siddhi
Mandal Parner
District Ahmadnagar
Figure 7 Location Map of Ralegan Siddhi
State Maharashtra
Aim
Area 980 Ha
To study the integrated development process of Population in 2001 2317
Ralegan Sidhdhi into a Model Village Population in 2011 2365
Objectives Growth rate 2%

Sex ratio 943
To study the provision of requisite physical and SC Population 171
social infrastructure in the selected village and ST Population 32
draw the inferences required. Literacy rate 76.53 %
Total no. of workers
Village profile
Table 8 Demographic Profile of Ralegan Siddhi
The village is located at a distance of around 90 kms from Pune city. The village is surrounded
by small hillocks on the northeast and southern sides. This undulating landscape, together with
poor soil quality and depth, prevents water from percolating during the rains causing water
scarcity during the summer months. This type of landscape also causes soil erosion further
decreasing the soil’s fertility. Over 300 ha of land is not available for cultivation and about 194
ha is under forest cover.
Issues identified
 Most of the society was poverty ridden and debt stricken.

 Scarcity of water leading to limited agricultural prospects.
 Reduced fertility of the land due to soil erosion leading to reduced production.
 A combination of poverty, unemployment, alcoholism, indebtness, mutual suspicion,
theft, use of money and muscle power for malpractices, not only shattered the village
economy but also degraded the social and community life.
32 | P a g e
Recommendations
 Campaign against alcoholism, social discrimination, and superstitions.

 Increasing the role of women’s participation in governance.
 Hold the water within the watershed area by check-dams and contour bunding.
 Utilization of harvested water for irrigation and Drinking water.
 Drip and bi-valve irrigation techniques to be used to decrease water consumption in the
agricultural.
 Improving the quality of life through provision of drinking water, proper disposal of
waste water, public toilets, gobar gas plant and smokeless chullhas, etc.
 Development of secondary job opportunities through environment regeneration so that
the educated and trained youth can find.
 Village organizations should be established to look after the affairs of the village and
the villagers’ participation should be ensured.
Inferences
• People's participation is an essential element and prerequisite for, any development

initiative or decision making to be successful.
• The efforts for participatory watershed development helped in improvement of quality

of life of the people.
• Use of simple, appropriate but efficient technology for watershed management,

primacy of village assembly in decision making played an important role.
• The selfless leader supported by honest self-help groups plays a vital role in village’s
socio-economic development.
• Drip irrigation when practiced properly plays a major role in water conservation.
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2.7 Kondapalli- Andhra Pradesh
DEMOGRAPHICS
Village Kondapalli
Mandal Ibrahimpatnam
District Krishna
State Andhra Pradesh
Figure 8 Location Map of Kondapalli No of Households 530
Area 980 Ha
Aim
To study the development process of Kondapalli
Growth rate 2%
into an Art and Craft village.
Sex ratio 943
SC Population 171
Objectives ST Population 32
Literacy rate 76.53 %
To study the craft work of village people and to
Total no. of workers
identify the issues.
Table 9 Demographic Profile of Kondapalli
Village profile
Kondapalli is a village in the industrial suburbs of Vijayawada city in Krishna district, Andhra
Pradesh. One of the agricultural village, it is currently a growing industrial region. One of the
7 MSME clusters of Krishna district, this toy cluster is internationally reputed for its unique
handcrafted toys. The village is spread across an area of 62 sq. km. Kondapalli is also known
for its historical fort which was built in the 14th century.
Issues identified
 Drainage system is not properly laid.

 No facilities for public transport.
 Effects of Illiteracy and unemployment.
Recommendations
Taking the present scenario of the village of Kondapalli into consideration, we have some
recommendations towards the improvement of the conditions Kondapalli viz., the role of the
34 | P a g e
cooperative society must be enhanced in improving the economic conditions of the artisans
rather than acting as a commercial body, so as to improve the condition of the toy making
industry in Kondapalli. Secondly, the Government must take steps for improving the lifestyle
and economic conditions of the artisans, either by giving loans/subsidies/grants or certain
development schemes or programmes. Then, the Government or the related development
authorities like APTDC, may work out a plan for the fort and provide adequate funds to draw
more number of tourists to this historical monument. Also, the development taking place in
future must be regulated in such a way that it does not obstruct the natural inflow into the lakes.
The existing boundary of the water body must be frozen so that further encroachment of the
water bodies is avoided. Lastly, higher level medical facilities like maternity and child welfare
unit, polyclinic, and intermediate hospital are proposed for the future. In all 5 institutions,
during 2001- 2011 Rs 110 lakhs were proposed and during 2011-21 Rs 150 lakhs are proposed
in Kondapalle.
Inference
Apart from the development of the physical and social infrastructures, if a village consists of
rich historical and cultural heritage, it needs to be preserved and taken care so that the culture
itself doesn’t becomes a history.
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2.8 Case Study of Buckshaw- England
DEMOGRAPHICS
Population 4000 people
Male population 49%
Female population 51%
Average age of people 40
Median age of people 40
% of people born in England 97%
% of people who speak English 93.8%
Major religion practiced Christianity
Aim Top occupation practiced Administrative
To analyze the sequence of the and management
implementation development plan. Table 10 Demographic Profile of Buckshaw
Objective
 To analyze the map, settlement patterns, zoning and growth pattern.

 To understand the quality of life and the changes taken place.
 To understand the stainable drainage system of the village.
Village profile
Buckshaw Village lies in-between the towns of Chorley and Leyland. The development plan
of the village highlights Residential and Industrial developments. The village is located at
around 44kms from the town of Chorley and covers an area of about 60 hectares. It has a proper
road network and also has its own railway station.
Aspects of sustainable development
 Bio Manure
 Preserving the top Soil
 Cycling Lanes and Public transportation
 SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage System)
Analysis
Significant changes were done based on local characteristics and issues.
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2.9 Case Study of Model Village
2.9.1 Punsari village in Gujarat
The village received an award for being the best Gram Panchayat from the Ministry of Rural
Development in 2011. The Gram Panchayat has spent 14 crores in development work with the
help of state & central government schemes, without any NGO or NRI support.
The village has 23 communities with a population of ~6000, including 350 people below the
poverty line, which is less than 10% poverty rate. Also, 98% of the people in the village are
dependent on agriculture and milk production for livelihood. The major crops cultivated in the
village are cotton, wheat and potato.
There are five primary schools in the village, out of which four are first to eighth standard while
one is till fifth standard. The schools have 100% admission rate and 0% drop out rate. Similarly,
there are eight Anganwadi centres running in the village with 450 kids enrolled. There is one
milk bank and one outpost police station.
There is proper sanitization with all houses having a toilet.
The village has an area of ~1.5 square km. The Gram Panchayat has spent ~ 1.5 crore to build
a wall to wall extended concrete road inside the village. The Gram Panchayat has created 3.5
km of underground drainage system.
The government has installed a 66 kV sub-station in the village that supplies 24x7 power
to village. This has helped in improving the lives of people and helped the Panchayat to
implement various other infrastructure facilities
Street lights have been set up with LED lights, which run on solar power. A tractor trailer
collects waste twice in a day from the village. With the grant of 10 lakhs from
the state government, the Gram Panchayat has started a bus service in the village, which
undertakes 11-12 trips per day connecting women with milk banks and students with higher
secondary schools. The minimum token fare for one trip is 3 Rs.
The village has Wi-Fi connectivity since 2010 and has entered into a lease line agreement with
Reliance Communication. However, telecom towers have been built by the Gram Panchayat
for the same. The Gram Panchayat takes 10 Rrs. per month for unlimited internet excess with
a speed of 3 mbps. There are 240 people using internet services currently.
CCTV camera installation at key locations has helped maintain a civil discipline inside the
village. Police patrolling, which was irregular earlier, has become regular. Similarly, CCTV
cameras have been installed inside the schools and health centers.
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2.9.2 Hiware Bazar in Maharashtra
Background
About 17 km away from the city of Ahmednagar in the state of Maharashtra, this community
of 1250 people has taken the reins of its future firmly in its own hands. A village that was
considered to be a ‘punishment zone’ by all government officials who were posted there due
to its high crime rate. Hit by repeated droughts, migration of its inhabitants to larger cities and
a severe addiction to liquor, this village hit rock bottom in the late 1980s. This situation
continued till 1991.
Community Conservation
Various government schemes and voluntary agencies supported this integrated approach under
their own watershed development programmes. In 1993-4, an afforestation programme was
started with the help of forest department on 400 ha of land, which involved contouring of the
hills to reduce loss of topsoil and better water retention. Afforestation was also taken up on
private lands. Nearly 10.5 lakh trees have been planted in the past decades.
The villagers set up following rules and regulations for themselves and for the management of
the area:
 Certain areas were demarcated as no-grazing areas and grazing was permitted only
in certain patches.
 Tree felling was completely stopped.
 It was realized that bore wells lead to rapid depletion of groundwater and unequal
distribution of water. This led to a decision prohibiting digging bore wells for the
purpose of irrigation.
 Water-intensive crops such as sugarcane and banana were also prohibited, unless
irrigated by drip or sprinkler system.
 Selling of land to outside landlords or to industrialists was banned.
 The Gram Sabha also decided to ban hunting in the forest.
The village adopted the Adarsh Gaon Yojana (AGY) (Ideal Village Scheme).
Under the AGY the village under the leadership of Popatrao Pawar focused on restoring the
natural environment around the village, mainly by addressing the problem of soil and water
conservation. Due to heavy deforestation, the meagre rainfall received by the area was all lost
in surface run-off. The first steps were to help this water percolate into the earth, so that wells
could be recharged and vegetation could grow again.
38 | P a g e
Most of this was made possible because of the discipline that the villages agreed to impose
upon themselves and adhere to. In addition to the rules mentioned above, the village decided
to follow five thumb rules to ensure overall development:
1. No intake of liquor and other addictive substances (nasha bandi)
2. No free grazing in forest lands (charai bandi)
3. No tree felling (kulhad bandi)
4. No large families, i.e., the need for family planning (nas bandi)
5. Providing voluntary labour for community welfare (shramadaan). (Nearly a third of the
work that has gone into rebuilding the village has been done through voluntary labour offered
by the villagers).
Impacts
Farming is largely organic, since the villagers find it cheaper and more productive to use cow
dung (which is now available in plenty because of stall-feeding) and locally produced vermin
compost. The increased fodder available has improved the yield of milk from livestock. Milk
production has reached 2200 litres per day, as compared to a mere 150 litres per day in the mid-
90s. Fodder in the forest now is enough to meet all the village needs and those of the
surrounding villages.
The number of wells has increased from 97 in 1999 to 217 in 2006. 600 ha of land has been
brought under irrigation as against 120 ha in 1999.
The number of families living below the poverty line has reduced from 198 in 1999 to 53 in
2006. The village has paid serious attention to formal and informal education of the youth. In
addition to achieving 99 per cent literacy rate (as against 30 per cent in 1999), they also
organize debates, education camps, essay writing competitions, etc. for the village youth.
There has been a considerable decline in alcoholism and the crime rate.
Out-migration has declined sharply due to the cultivation of more than one crop per year. The
spirit of cooperation and success of the programme has increased the self-confidence of the
villagers. Bio-gas plants have been established for the purpose of meeting fuel wood
requirements. Villagers claim that the number of wild animals has increased since the ban on
hunting. As recognition of their efforts, Hiware Bazaar received the Gram Abhyan Puraskar
1995-6, the Adarsh Gaon Award in 1997, the National Productivity Award in 1998-9 and the
Maharastra Vanashree Puraskar in early 2000.
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METHODOLOGY
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3.1 Vision
To inspire hope and contribute to quality living in village communities.
3.2 Aim
To foster holistic development of Mukkollupadu village.
3.3 Objective
1. To understand the socio-economic profile of the village.
2. To optimize the effectiveness of land and agricultural resources.
3. To upgrade the infrastructure scenario of the village by providing basic amenities
4. To identify the existing problems and recommend lasting solutions.
3.4 Village Planning Through Participatory Planning & Techniques

A good micro-level planning methodology should be
a) Based on an assessment of the local situation,
b) Client sensitive and participative
c) Replicable, and
d) Easy to institutionalize.
Development endeavors in different parts of country, both within government and NGO sectors
have shown that the use of participatory tools and techniques during village level micro
planning improves awareness, community mobilization and empowerment. Village micro
planning entails a series of experiences in which the villagers assess their own situation,
analyze this situation, and explore alternatives and potential actions and finally develop a plan
and take action and monitor progress.
The methodology for micro-level planning comprises of:
a. Quick sample survey of households in the community
b. Analysis of this data to assess the levels of coverage, unmet needs and its reasons, as well as
analysis to study their distribution in the community
c. Diagnosis of underlying causes of poor or good performance and reasons for unmet need
and identifying remedial interventions
d. Developing plans for interventions to reduce unmet need and to increase the quality of
services.
e. Implementing the plans, and
f. Resurvey at the end of the plan period to assess the change. (PMAGY Report)
41 | P a g e
3.5 NSSO Research Methods & Survey
The household survey format was designed to collect overall information from all households
of the Mukkollupadu village. In order to get authenticate data; the responses were taken mostly
from the women. The household survey format enabled collection of data on demographic
aspects, land use pattern, livelihood, farming system component, access to basic and public
services etc. The purpose of the household survey was to identify the micro level problems that
are critical to the holistic and integrated development interventions.
42 | P a g e
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Mukkollupadu
Figure 9 Inter and Intra connectivity maps
The major nearby district roads from Mukkollupadu are Tiruvuru road(3.2km) and Eluru
road(13.02km). Ramanakapatta is towards North of Mukkollupadu while towards south is
Potthireddi Palli. Annavaram is towards East side of Mukkollupadu while Chintanavalli is
towards West.
% increase 4.1 Demographic Profile

1991-2011
As per Census 1991, the total population of
INDIA 43.04
Mukkollupadu was 1854 and the year 2001, it was
ANDHRA
PRADESH 22.18 2632. Thus there has been a population growth rate
KRISHNA
of 41.96% from 1991-2011. The decadal growth rate
DISTRICT 22.44
of Mukkollupadu is being depicted in the table.
NUZVID 37.26
(CENSUS INDIA, 1991, 2001, 2011)
MUKKOLUPADU 41.96
Table 11 Comparative population increase from 1991-2001
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4.1.1 Decadal Population Growth
3000
2632
2500 2239
2000 1854
1500
1000
500
0
1991 2001 2011
Graph 1Decadal population growth
Observation
It is Observed that the total population of village has increased 41.94% from 1991 to 2011 i.e.
more than more than Nuzvid (37.26%), Krishna district (22.44%) and Andhra Pradesh(22.18%)
but less than India(43.04%).
Inference
This decadal increase due to the increase in population of Nuzvid i.e. municipality, thereby
having a greater impact on the surrounding villages including Mukkollupadu.
4.1.2 Change In Population

1600
1400 1342
1290
1200 1124 1115
1000 941 913
800
600
400
200
0
1991 2001 2011
MALE FEMALE
Graph 2 Change in population
44 | P a g e
Observation
It is observed that from 1991-2011, male population has increased by 42.61% and female
population has increased by 41.29%.
Inference
As per the male/female population increase i.e. from 1991 to 2011, the population growth in
equivalent (42.61% for male and 41.29% for female). So, as per our understandin, there is no
case of female discrimination in the village Mukkollupadu.
4.1.3 Change In Sex Ratio
995 992
990 2011
985
980 INDIA 943
975 970
ANDHRA
970
965 961 PRADESH 992
960 KRISHNA
955 DISTRICT 997
950
945 NUZVID 997
1991 2001 2011
MUKKOLUPADU 961
Graph 3 Change in sex ratio Table 12 Comparative sex ratio
Observation
It is observed that from 1991 to 2001, there is an increase in sex ration from 970 to 970 which
thereby decreases to 961 by 2011. The sex ratio of Mukkollupadu (961) is more than Indian
average (943). Sex ratio is increasing from 1991-2001 but decreasing from 2001-2011.
Inference
In case of change in population i.e. from 1991-2011, it was observed that male population has
increased by 42.61% and female population has increased by 41.29%. The difference between
number of males and females is 52. As per the analysis from primary survey and the secondary
data, it may be analysed that there is no social reason for the decrease in sex ratio.
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4.1.4 Change in Literacy Rate
MUKKOLUPADU 53.76
NUZVID 82.37
KRISHNA DISTRICT 74.37
ANDHRA PRADESH 67.41
INDIA 74.04
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Graph 4 Change in literacy rate
Observation
The literacy rate of Mukkollupadu is 53.76% in 2011. This is lower than the literacy rate of
India (74.04%), Andhra Pradesh (67.41%), Krishna District (74.37%) and Nuzvid (82.37%).
Thus, the Literacy rate of Alwar is lowest among India, Andhra Pradesh, Krishna district and
Nuzvid. It is observed that from 1991 to 2011 the male literacy rate has increased by 236.16%
and female literacy rate has increased by 362.93%.
LITERACY RATE
800 753
700 662
600
501
500
400 372
300
224
200 143
100
0
1991 2001 2011
Male
Graph 5 Literacy Female
rate male and female
46 | P a g e
Inference
The reason for low literacy rate in the study area (Mukkollupadu) is due to lack of available
institution facilities. As per the data analysis i.e. with regards to the secondary data as well as
the household data, no case of female discrimination noticed in Mukkollupadu.
4.1.5 Caste Distribution
1000
30
800
25
600 20
400 15
200 10
5
0 0
1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011
Graph 67 SC popualtion
population Graph 67 ST population
Observation
It is observed that from 1991 to 2001 there is a drastic change in SC population i.e. From 129
to 736 and then since 2001 to 2011, slight change occurs i.e., from 736 to 886. As we see in
case of ST population, its completely comes to zero from 25 in 1991 to 2001 and from since
there were no SC people in present scenario.
Inference
51% population from SC people following OC & BC people by 25% & 24% respectively. As
SC population continuously increasing from 1991 to 2011 as per census of India. As per our
primary Survey the Village is dominated by SC population. ST population reduced to 0 in 2001
and is 0 as per 2011.
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4.2 Economic Profile
4.2.1 Distribution of Occupation
2%
1%
8%
49%
39%
1%
FARMING INDUSTRIAL DAILY WAGE LABOUR
BUSINESS GOVT PRIVATE
Graph 8 Distribution of occupation
Observation
A total of 49% villagers doing agriculture as their main occupation as they have their own land
and animals to do work in Land-condition is favorable for agricultural growth. 39% people are
daily wage labours as they surviving on daily work income by selling Chickens and milk got
from their own animals. Remaining 12% people were surviving on private, government, small
business and industrial work.
Inference
Nearly half (49%) of the people were indulged in farming activities and also there are some
people who perform agriculture for 6 months and indulge in daily wage activities for the rest
of the year.
4.2.2 Change in Work Force
1500
1000
500
0
1991 2001 2011
Total Male Female
Graph 9 Change in work force
48 | P a g e
Observation
There is a significant increase in male and female work force from 199-2001.
Inference
Total work force in increased due to the implementation of MNREGA under which they get
daily wage labour.
4.2.3 Change in Non-Working Population
1500
1215
1000
677
538
500
0
Total Male Female
2001 Non worker 2011 Non-Worker
Graph 10 Change in non-working population
Inference
Non-working population is increasing as the population of the dependents is also increasing.

The total non-working population accounts for nearly half of total population.
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LAND USE AND UTILISATION
This village is agriculture based village with a total area of 3197.67 acre. There are 7 hamlets
in the village which are divided based on the caste. Major irrigation sources from the past are
devanna, cheruvu and peddi cheruvu. Major crops cultivated are rich and maize. The total
settlement area is 76.29 acres.
5.1 Land Use Distribution

Type of areas Area (acre) Percentage (%)
Residential area 70.92 2
agricultural land 1713.74 54
water body 50.84 2
bare land 145.75 5
hilly area 83.39 3
uncultivated land 80.53 2
forest 79.02 2
Plantation 966.09 30
industry 6.24 0
commercial 0.03 0
public & semi public 0.61 0
Total 3197.16 100
Table 13 Land Use Distribution
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Settlement names Area (acre) Percentage (%)
Nehru Nagar 5.07 6
Gollagudem 27.39 36
Mallapalli 7.53 10
Kothuru 16.64 22
Pathuru 14.55 19
Madigagudem 5.11 7
Total = 76.29 100
Table 14 Settlements Area
5.1.1 Mukkollupadu Settlements Area
PATHARU(OC) KOTHURU(OC+BC) GULLA GUDDEN(BC)

MALLA PALLI(SC) MADIGA GUDEM(SC) NEHRU NAGARAM(SC)
6%
7% 19%
10%
22%
36%
Graph 11 Mukkollupadu Settlements Area

Observations
Settlement area is not sufficient to accommodate the increasing population. Decadal growth of
population is 41.94% and in last five years’ number of new houses is 50, but population
increased by around 390 persons. Plantation land has increased from 1991-2001, which shares
29% of the total land because of less water availability.
51 | P a g e
Inferences
Very less commercial area almost 0% percent. Need to be increased so that they don’t have to
travel long distance. Very less industrial area almost 0%. So industries are required. Agriculture
and plantation is done on most of the land and is their main source of income so schemes should
be there to increase their productivity and hence their per capita income. Public and semipublic
area like schools, community hall, hospitals, post offices, aganwadi are not enough. So has to
be proposed. Major shift is from agriculture to tree plantations of Guava, Palm, Mango and
Coconut for more income.
5.1.2 Land Utilization
Residential area agricultural land water body baren land

hilly area uncultivated land forest plantation
industry commercial public & semi public
0% 0% 0% 2%
30%
54%
2%
2%
3% 5% 2%
Graph 12 Land Utilization

Observations
Major portion of land is agricultural land that is 54% of the total land, as it is also prominent
that major population of the village is dependent on agriculture for occupation. The second
major portion is covered by tree plantation that is 30% of the total area.
Inferences
Other land is occupied by public and semipublic places, hilly areas, water bodies, forest,
industrial area, commercial area, etc. accounts for negligible area as a whole.
52 | P a g e
5.1.3 Contour of Mukkollupadu
Figure 10 Contour Map of Mukkollupadu

Contour lines of the village vary from 80 to 150 the highest point of the hills; the wetland shares
65 % of the whole village land. The settlements are located at normal contour 100 and 90. The
agricultural fields are within the contours of 70-90.
53 | P a g e
5.2 Irrigation
In 1991 the village was served only by the pond irrigation, % share of unirrigated land was
found to be 69% because null usage of bore wells during that time. Later on, this made a major
shift from agriculture to tree plantations of Guava, Palm, Mango and Coconut.
The major irrigation sources in 1991 for the village were Devanna cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu.
They irrigated an area of 232.89 acres which was approximately 8% of the total available land.
Later on after 1991 the government had introduced a scheme known as CLDP, under which
every 10 acres of land was provided with a bore well and a transformer, which resulted an
increase in the irrigated area from 8% to 25% of area. The transformation helped in increasing
the crop production. Maximum share of water usage is from the ground water that is 75%. The
depth of groundwater presently is >300 ft.
Agricultural land Agricultural Area

Agricultural land Area land (acres)
utilization Area utilization utilization
(acres) (acres)
(1991) (2015)
(2001)
Plantation 966.1
Irrigated land land
232.4 Plantation land 1029.8 Irrigated area 1169.5
Un irrigated land Unirrigated 843.3
2465.8 Irrigated area 993.2 area
Uncultivated 80.5
Un cultivated land 867.9 Unirrigated area 1100.3 area
Total Area 3565.8
Uncultivated area 442.4
Total Area 3565.8
5.2.1 Area Change from 1991 - 2015
3000
2500
2000
1991
1500
2001
1000
2015
500
0
Plantation Land Irrigated Area Unirrigated Area Uncultivated Area
Graph 13 Scenario of Area Change from 1991-2015
54 | P a g e
Observations
This shows that presently 53% source of irrigation is bore well and other includes well and
pond irrigation. The water is extracted majorly from the ground water except rainfall months
Inferences
As it is clearly seen there is a major inclination towards the bore well irrigation is due to the
fact that there was introduction of CLPD to the village as mentioned earlier. The pond irrigation
is limited to areas in proximity to the two ponds and the canal.
5.2.2 Sources of Irrigation

Source of AREA
Source of AREA Source of AREA
irrigation (acres) irrigation (acres)
irrigation (acres)
(2001) (2015)
(1991)
Tank/Pond 232.9 Well 506.6 Well irrigated 239.6
irrigated
irrigated
Bore well 253.2 Bore well 617.8
irrigated
irrigated
Tank 235.6
Tank irrigated 312.1
irrigated
Total 995.4 Total Irrigated 1233.9

Irrigated
area area
700
600
500
400 1991
300 2001
2015
200
100
0
Well Irrigated Borewell irrigated Tank irrigated
Graph 14 Scenario of Sources of Irrigation Usage from 1991-2015
55 | P a g e
Observations
This shows that presently 53% source of irrigation is bore well and other includes well and
pond irrigation. The water is extracted majorly from the ground water except rainfall months.
Inferences
As it is clearly seen there is a major inclination towards the bore well irrigation is due to the
fact that there was introduction of CLPD to the village as mentioned earlier. The pond irrigation
is limited to areas in proximity to the two ponds and the canal.
5.2.3 Electricity Usage and Costing

Engine Power of each bore well = 5hp
1 hp = 746 watts
Therefore,
Electricity usage per hour by a 5 hp bore well is = (746 X 5)/ 1000
= 3.73 units
Cost of agricultural electricity per unit = Rs 3.5
Cost of electricity by a 5 hp motor borewell per hour = Rs 3.5 X 3.73 units = Rs 13.05/-
Issues and Threats
The inclination towards bore well irrigation source has become a threat in near future as there
is heavy dependency on ground water for irrigation for agriculture as well as domestic usage
which has led to depletion in underground water levels. The village has been over exploited in
terms of underground water level as CGWB, AP. The major reason behind this loss is No
proximity to ponds and canals as seen in the land use map of the village. Also, the electricity
usage by the village is increasing because of consumption by the bore wells which is ultimately
becoming a burden on our natural resources.
Also lack of awareness amongst the people about the irrigation scheme is adding to the
problem. Water logging problems can be converted to rain water harvesting techniques if
considered properly.
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5.2.4 Groundwater Level
350
300
250
Level (ft)
200
150
100
50
0
1991 2001 2015
Year
Graph 15 Change in Groundwater Level from 1991-2015

Observations
As seen in the graph above we see the depleting ground level of the village from 1991 to 2015.
The level went down drastically from 90 ft to 350 ft over the past two decades.
Inferences
The major reason behind this is the increase in the number of bore wells across the village.
District Boundary
Mandal Boundary
Figure 11 Krishna District Groundwater Usage
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All the mandals in the district are categorised as safe except Musunuru and Nuzividu mandals,
which are categorized as over exploited mandals and are not even under poor. The depth of the
groundwater bore wells depth ranges from 300-450 ft in this region. Mukkollupadu is
experiencing very deep groundwater levels falling in the Nuzividu region.
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5.3 Crop Distribution
5% 2%2% 3%
43%
45%
Tobacco Corn Paddy Mango Chilli Guava
Graph 16 Crop Distribution

Observations
The major crops cultivated are maize and rice because of the need of the village people. Rest
includes Mango, Chilli, Guava, Corn, Coconut, etc.
Inferences
The climatic and soil conditions are suitable for maize and paddy
Crops Climate Temperature(°F) Soil No .times

Cultivated in
an year
Tobacco Warm 68-86 Loamy 2

(Silt)
Corn Warm 65-80 Alluvial 2
Paddy Humid 60-100 Alluvial 2
Mango Sub-Tropical and 75-86 Alluvial 1

Tropical
Chilli Warm and Humid 68-77 Black 1
Guava Sub-Tropical and 75-86 Medium 4

Tropical Black
Table 15 Suitability of Crops
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5.4 Agriculture Landholdings
5%
28% 37% 0-0.1 Ha 0.1-2 Ha
2-5 Ha 5-10 Ha
30%
Graph 17 Size of Agriculture Landholdings

Observations
Major land holdings are shared by small farmers i.e. 67 % in total, which shows major
population is depending upon agriculture.
Inferences
Due of irrigation facilities available for one season the working population is moving towards
non agriculture works. Medium and large farmers share very low share of landholdings, which
shows very less agriculture labourers
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5.5 Productivity
5.5.1 Paddy Productivity (kg/acre)
1800
1600 1537.2
1480.2
1400
1213.2
1150.1
1200
1000
DISTRICT
800
VILLAGE
600
400
200
0
KHARIF RABI
Graph 18 Paddy Productivity
Observations
Mukkollupadu has lesser paddy production than Krishna district. Also, there is more
production in rabi season as compared to Kharif season in both Mukkollupadu and Krishna
district.
Inferences
This shows there is a need of improvement in techniques for increase in production.
5.5.2 Maize Productivity
3500
2976.2 2900.1
3000
2500
2000 1853.9
1735.4
DISTRICT
1500
VILLAGE
1000
500
0
KHARIF RABI
Graph 19 Maize Productivity
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Observations
We can see that maize production is also lesser than Krishna district in both Kharif and Rabi
season. Also, there is more production in rabi season as compared to Kharif season in both
Mukkollupadu and Krishna district.
Inferences
Similarly, there is need of improvement of production by low cost improved technologies.
5.5.3 Cash Crop Productivity (kg/acre)

3000
2678.5
2518.5
2500
2000
1500 DISTRICT
1187.7 1187
VILLAGE
1000
500
0
TOBACCO CHILLI
Graph 20 Cash Crop Productivity
Observations
Cash crop productivity is more in Mukkollupadu is more as compared to Krishna district.

Tobacco productivity is almost same but chilli has greater productivity comparatively.
Inferences
This shows there is a shift in trend in Mukkollupadu from traditional crop to cash crop.
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5.5.4 Plantation Productivity (kg/acre)
70000 64623 64500
60000
50000
40000
DISTRICT
30000 VILLAGE
20000
10000
1161 1250
0
GUAVA MANGO
Graph 21 Plantation Productivity
Observations
The plantation productivity goes hand in hand for both village and district for Guava and
Mango plantation. There is ample amount of opportunities for tree plantation in Mukkollupadu.
Inferences
It is one of the strengths of the village which can be utilised in an improved manner for the
development of the people of Mukkolllupadu.
5.5.5 Chilly Productivity (kg/acre)

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800 1525.1
600 1153.4
400
200
0
KHARIF RABI
Graph 22 Chilly Productivity
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Observations
The chilli productivity of Mukkollupadu in Kharif season is greater than Rabi season.
Inferences
This is because the fact that Kharif season is more suitable for Chilli production.
5.5.6 Cost of Paddy and Maize (Rs/quintal)

3000
2500
2500
2000
1500
1500 1360 PADDY
1250
MAIZE
1000
500
0
GOVERNMENT MARKET
Graph 23 Comparative Costing of Paddy and Maize
Observations
The cost of maize and paddy value in the market is more than government value because
government supports farmers. The value is difference of only 1000/- and 110/- Rs/quintal
respectively.
Inferences
Here it is being seen that there is less exploitation of farmers from the market perspective.
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5.6 Livestock
5.6.1 Livestock Record
Households having livestock

49%
51% Households not having
livestock
Graph 24 Record of Livestock\

Observations
51% Households having livestock which includes cattle, goat and hen. But, major area of
concern is rest 49% doesn’t have any livestock.
Inferences
OC colony has cattle in majority whereas BC colony have hen and goat in majority.
5.6.2 Animal Husbandry
0% 5%
Goat Cattle
36%
59% Hen Others
Graph 25 Livestock Assets for Animal Husbandry

Observations
Diagram show that hen livestock is more than goat and cattle, where major portion 59% of total
livestock is hen; cattle and goat constitute for rest 36% and 5%ressspectttively.
65 | P a g e
Inferences
This shows that most of the people cannot afford costlier livestock. Share of the hens is high
because of poultry farms in the village. There is one poultry farm is run by OC family in
Pathuru. Two more small diaries are being run by OC families in Kothuru.
5.6.3 Livestock Shelter Facilities
44% 37% Inside

Open
Separate
19%
Graph 26 Livestock shelter Facilities

Observations
Most of livestock have shelter outside the home in verandah that is 44%. The shelter made for
livestock is Kutcha house made up of the materials like leaves, grass, bamboos and sometimes
tin sheets. 37% are being kept inside the same house.
Inferences
This causes unhygienic conditions for dwellers. Also, 19% which itself is a major concern
because livestock are kept in open without any roof or shelter for protection from weather. This
causes livestock to suffer and become ill ultimately affecting their productivity. Share of the
hens is high because of poultry farms in the village.
Figures showing Livestock shelters
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5.7 Land Use Mapping of Mokkulupadu Village
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Recommendations
1. Artificial recharge of ground water through the integrated water resources

development scheme by identifying the water logging areas in the village.
Artificial recharge is the process by which the ground water is augmented at a rate much higher
than those under natural condition of replenishment.
Surface water Recharge through Basin & Percolation Tanks
This is the most common method for artificial recharge. In this method, water is impounded in
series of basins or percolation tank. The size of basin may depend upon the topography of area,
in flatter area will have large basin. The most effective depth of water in basin is 1.25 m because
lesser or greater depths resulted in reduced rate of infiltration.
Sub-surface water Recharge through Dug wells
Dug wells can be used as recharge structure storm water and other surplus water from canal
etc. can be diverted into these structures to directly recharge the dried aquifer. The water for
recharge should be guided through a pipe to the bottom of well to avoid entrapment of bubbles
in the aquifer. The source water should be silt free.
Irrigation: “JAL GRAM YOJANA”, A program under JAL KRANTH ABHIYAN
Under this activity, water conservation and water security schemes are to be taken up to ensure
optimum and sustainable provision of water to at least one water stressed village in each 672
districts of the country with effective involvement of stakeholders.
One village, in every district facing acute water scarcity, shall be selected as “Jal Gram”.
Activities proposed under Jal Gram Yojana
• Repair, Renovation & Restoration of existing and abandoned water bodies (reservoirs,
tanks, ponds etc.) along with its distribution system within its command.
• Rainwater harvesting and Artificial recharge of ground water
• Recycling of waste water
• Mass awareness program for active participation of farmers
• Micro irrigation for water use efficiency
• Reclamation of water logged areas through bio‐drainage etc.
• Community based water monitoring
71 | P a g e
• Innovation and Technology application
• Pollution abatement (Surface and ground water)
• Capacity building of Water User Associations and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI’s).
Crop production
Proposals for areas with unusual rains (untimely, unseasonal etc) (for both rained and irrigated
situations)
Suggested contingency measure
Crop
Crop Flowering
Vegetative stage maturity Post-harvest
stage
stage
Drain the water as early Drain the Drain the Drain out
as possible Apply 20 kg N water as early water as water and
+ 10 kg K /ha after as possible early as spread
draining water Take up Apply 20 kg N possible Take sheaves
gap filling either with + 10 kg K /ha up suitable loosely in field
available nursery or by after draining plant or field bunds
splitting the tillers from water Take up protection where there is
the surviving hills Take up suitable plant measures in no water
suitable plant protection protection anticipation stagnation
Measures in anticipation Measures in of pest & Spray
Rice
of pest & disease out anticipation of disease out common salt
breaks pest & disease breaks at 5% on
out breaks panicles to
prevent
germination
and spoilage
of straw from
moulds
Thresh after
drying the
72 | P a g e
sheaves
properly
Ensure proper
grain
moisture
before storing
Drain the water as early Drain the Drain the Harvest the
as possible Apply 20 kg N water as early water as cobs after the
+ 10 kg K /ha after as possible early as they are dried
draining water Take up Apply 20 kg N possible up properly.
inter cultivation and at + 10 kg K /ha Allow the Dry the grain
optimum soil moisture after draining crop to dry to optimum
Pink stem borer, sheath water Spray completely moisture
blight and KNO3 1 % or before condition
Turcicum leaf blight water soluble harvesting before storing
condition to loosen and fertilizers like
aerate the soil and to 19-19-19, 20-
Maize
control weeds Earthenup 20-20, 21-21-
the crop for anchorage 21 at 1% to
Spray KNO3 1 % or water support
soluble fertilizers like 19- nutrition Take
19-19, 20-20-20, 21-21- up timely
21 at 1% to support control
nutrition Take up timely measures for
control measures for sheath blight
and post
flowering stalk
rots
73 | P a g e
Horticulture
crops –
Fruits
Drain the water as soon Drain the Drain the Store the
as possible Spray 1% water as soon water as soon fruits in well
KNO3 or Urea 2% as possible as possible ventilated
solution 2-3 times. Spray 1% Harvest the place
KNO3 or Urea mature temporarily
Mango
2% solution 2- produce in a before it can
3 times clear sunny be marketed.
day’ Market the
fruits as soon
as possible.
Drain the water as soon Drain the Drain the Store the
as possible Spray 1% water as soon water as soon produce in
KNO3 or Urea 2% as possible as possible wellventilated
solution 2-3 times. Spray 1% Harvest the place
KNO3 or Urea mature temporarily
Guava 2% solution 2- produce as before it can
3 times. soon as be marketed.
possible Market the
produce as
soon as
possible.
Horticultural
crops -
Vegetables
74 | P a g e
Drain the water as soon Drain the Drain the Dry the pods
as possible Spray Urea 2% water as soon water as soon on concrete
solution 2-3 times. as possible as possible floor
Topdressing of booster Spray Urea 2% Harvest the immediately
dose of 15 kg MOP + 30 solution 2-3 matured after the
kg Urea per acre as soon times. fruits in a appearance
as possible. Topdressing clear sunny of sunlight
Gap filling may be taken of booster day. (or). Use poly
up if the dose of 15 kg house solar
plants are two weeks old MOP + 30 kg driers for
and sowing Urea per acre quick drying
Chillies window is still available as soon Grade the
for the crop. as possible. pods and
In case of severe damage market
(considered as soon as
as complete economical possible.
loss), and Do not store
the contingency period is such produce
between for long
June to August, sowing of periods.
best
alternative crop must be
taken up.
Crop Monitoring and Productivity enhancement:
A team of Subject Matter Specialists (SMS) was set up at state level to monitor the condition
of diseases & pests and for effective surveillance and for improving productivity. Focus was
on training and extension and coordination between department and university to increase
productivity.
75 | P a g e
District Agriculture Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centers (DAATTC)
They were established at all district headquarters to advise and train the farmers and staff of
the department on productivity related issues.
Farm mechanization:
Farm mechanisation accelerates the pace of the growth in agriculture sector. Focus will be to
make available the best machinery for farming operations like land preparation, sowing, inter
cultivation, harvesting and post harvesting. Establishing Custom Hiring Centers (CHC) and
Implement Hiring Stations (IHS) which facilitates the availability of high cost machinery to
small and marginal farmers on hire basis will be a priority item.
Organic farming:
To ensure healthy agricultural produce and to save the soil, extensive program will be taken up
for encouraging the organic farming program by coordinating programmes of both agriculture
department and SERP.
Livestock
Rural Backyard Poultry Development
it is a Government of India assisted programme under Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 100%
grant for distribution of chicks to beneficiaries and 20% subsidy for establishment of Mother
Units.
Following three components are covered under the programme.
• Establishment of Mother Units on 20% subsidy for rearing Day-OldChicks (DOC) to

3-4 week old growers.
• Distribution of 3-4 week old chicks (@ Rs. 30 per chick) of lowinput-technology to the
beneficiaries of BPL families.
• Establishment of Mother Units Demonstration Centers at Central assisted state farms
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
It is being implemented in all the districts with Central assistance during the year 2012-13 to
increase the production from livestock sector.
Augmentation of Milk production is one of the approved projects under RKVY and the
following components have been taken up under augmentation of milk production.
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• Induction of 2 milch animal’s units.
• Induction of Medium Dairy Units with 20 milch animals.
Landholdings
More than 60 per cent of the holdings belong to small and marginal farmers now.
Diversification to the non-farm sector has been very high. Among the agricultural workforce,
more than 20 % percent are registered as agricultural labor and the rest as cultivators below
15%. The agricultural labors and cultivators are to be encouraged with modern techniques of
cultivation, good irrigation measures.
Water Requirement of Different Crops
Amount of water required by a crop in its whole production period is called water requiremrnt.
The amont of water taken by crops vary considerably.
Crop Water Requirement (mm) per acre
Rice 2000-2500
Wheat 450
Maize 500-800
Tobacco 400-600
Chillies 500
Banana 1200-2200
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No .times Land to be irrigated Water
Cultivated in (acres0 requirement
Crops
an year
In Rabi In Kharif (litres0
season season
Tobacco 2 51 51 61200
Maize 2 736 736 1177600
Paddy 2 770 770 3850000
Mango 1 85 51000
Chilli 1 34 17000
Guava 2 68 61200
Total water requirement for the crops grown is 5218000 litres p.a
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PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1 Water supply
 Direct water supply
 Indirect water supply
Types of water supply sources:
A. Surface water resources
 Pond
 Over-head tank
B. Underground water resources
Types of storage tanks
Direct and indirect use of shared connections
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6.1.1 Drinking water sources
1% TAP
19%
40% BORE WELL
HAND PUMP
40%
TANKER
Graph 27 Drinking Water Source
Observations
The source of Drinking Water for 40% of the households is hand pumps and bore well. The
villagers are mainly dependent on bore wells and hand pumps for source of water.19% of
households are dependent on tap water either individual or shared connections.
Inferences
There is proper water supply for domestic use and dependent on ground water.
6.1.2 Type of Connection
43%
57% Individual Shared
Graph 28 Type of Connection

Observation
There are more individual connections then shared according to primary data
Inferences
There is a need of increase in individual connections.
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6.1.3 Water Sources for Agriculture
30%
Borewells
60% Water Channels

10%
Rain
Graph 29 Water Sources for Agriculture

Observations
The main source of agriculture in Mukkollapadu is mainly dependent on borewell that is of

60% and 30% on rain, rest on others sources like water channels.
Inferences
There is no distribution of water from Panchayat. Also, there is lack of irrigation facilities from
canal.
6.1.4 Duration of water supply
24% 1 HR
45% 1-2 HRS

2-3 HRS
17%
>3HRS
14%
Graph 30 Duration of Water Supply
Observations
45% of households have water supply more than 3 hours daily, 24% of households are getting
water around 1 hour whereas 17% are getting around 1-2 hours and rest 14% are around 2-3
hours.
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Inferences
Mostly, Nehru Nagar SC households are getting 1-hour water supply. The backward
communities are derived of equal opportunities for water supply.
6.1.5 Complaints
quality
40% quantity
52%
leakage
2%
6% no problem
Graph 31 Complaints
Observations
52% of households have no complaints related to water and 40% have complaints regarding
the quality of water. 6% face several leakages in their pipelines. Moreover, only 2% of the
households face issues related to quantity of water.
Inferences
The quality of is poor in monsoon and there is a change in colour and other characteristics of
water. There are no major complaints as such related to water supply.
6.1.6 Satisfaction level on water supply services
9%
9% good
poor
bad
82%
Graph 32 Satisfaction Level on Water Supply Services

Observations
82% of households are satisfied by the water supply services in the village and 9% of people
were not satisfied with the level of services.
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Inferences
This is due to some parts of BC colony people were unsatisfied by the service whereas the
colony of SC community was unsatisfied.
6.1.7 Number of water sources
Water Sources Description Numbers
No of Tanks 4
• 20000 litres 2
• 40000 litres 2
Individual Connections 123
Shared Connections 80
Public Handposts 7
Tanks for School 1/ per school
Table 16 Number of water sources
There are 4 tanks in the village. The supply of water is of 4 hours a day. Two hours in the
morning and Two in the evening. There are 3 bores two fill these tanks worth of capacity 10
hp and 15 hp motors, it takes 1-2 hours to fill these tanks. This water is supplied only for
domestic purpose. Ground water level has reduced to 300 metres in village.
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Parameter Domestic Drinking
Source Bore wells, taps Individual taps, hand pumps wells

(community /individual)
hand pumps, wells
Distribution Public and individual taps Public and individual taps through
overhead tanks
Duration 3 hours 1 hours
Quality Good Good
Overhead tanks No of motor capacities fo 2 no 20000 & 2 no 40000 liters

10 hp is 3 and 15 hp is 1
no
Storage Overhead tank capacity is One overhead tank capacity is 20000 liters
40000 kilo liters
Frequency of Daily Daily

Supply
Charge Drinking water Charge ---

for mineral water -5rs per
20 liters
Table 17 Details of water supply system
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6.2 Sewerage or Drainage
The village doesn’t have a sewerage system.
 Sanitation is one of major issues faced by the villagers, as 65% of HH doesn’t own a
toilet.
 The individual toilets are with septic tank facilities. Which they clean in every 2 years.
There are no particular open defecation points in the village. They do it in open spaces in and
around their households.
6.2.1 Type of Toilet
35%
Individual
Open Defecation
65%
Graph 33 Type of Toilet
Observations
Only 5% of the total area of the village are covered with drainage network. All are open drains
and water logging is not observed in the drains. There are only 35% of population have
individual toilets.
Inferences
Open defecation is one of the major area of concern for Mukkollupadu which can lead to
hazardous diseases in future due to unhygienic conditions developed. This is a major threat in
monsoon season.
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6.2.2 Open Defecation
Water logging ponds of the village
The One source of insanitary condition in rural areas is the drainage of waste water from
bathing and cooking areas of dwellings over the kutcha roads and lanes having inadequate
slopes.
Places of Open defecation
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The situation is further aggravated due to the movements of carts and animals which result in
the creation of pot holes and ditches that gets filled up with dirty stagnant water. The
mosquitoes and flies find good breeding centres in these places and spread diseases.
Furthermore, the agricultural waste and domestic refuse collect in drains obstructing the flow
of water and ultimately, all these things appear on the streets. This requires cleaning of the pit
and involves considerable expenditure. The high cost of construction and costly maintenance
make it beyond the reach of the poor.
The urban type of underground drainage system was not found suitable because of the
settlement of silt and ash in drains; insufficient quantity of water for self-cleaning of the drains;
high maintenance and running cost. The lack of interest in the maintenance of community
services leads one to conclude that the proposed system should be such that it should make the
individuals responsible to run their own waste water disposal system. The villagers dump their
solid waste in the open drains in front of their houses causing stagnation of water giving rise to
health problems in the surrounding areas.
Considerations:
In addition to these basic criteria the following requirements have to be considered while
proposing any excreta disposal system for developing countries:
• Daily operation should require minimum education and guidance to users of all ages.
• Cost of the system should be within the reach of users.
• Construction of the system should be based mainly on the use of local materials and its
maintenances should be possible with semi-skilled labour, available in the areas.
• Requirement of water for transport and treatment should be minimum.
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Awareness
Sanitation practices (related to gender, age and socio-economic groups)
 Existing defecation practices

 Cleansing and ablution materials and practices (also prevalence of bathing in latrines)
 Beliefs and restrictions related to latrine use (e.g. location, sharing)
 Latrine cleaning and maintenance practices
 Latrine emptying and sludge reuse practices
 Wastewater and solid waste disposal practices
 Food storage, handling and preparation practices
 Household/kitchen hygiene
 Availability and use of soap for personal hygiene
 Obstacles to adoption of improved practices
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6.3 Solid Waste Management
The village of Mukkollupadu doesn’t have a proper solid waste management system which is
troubling the residents of village in the issues of environment pollution, health and hygiene.
The objective of studying solid waste management in this village is to collect waste at the
source of generation, recovery of recyclable materials for recycling, conversion of organic
waste to compost and secured disposal of remaining waste.
6.3.1 General Characteristics of Solid Waste

Solid waste generated in the village consists of organic and inorganic waste materials
produced by households, commercial and institutional establishments that have no economic
value to the owner. The inorganic wastes are of two types: recyclable and non-recyclable.
Bio- Degradable Non- Bio degradable

Recyclable Recyclable Non-Recyclable
Kitchen Waste Plastics – carry bags, milk Nitrogen sealed packing for
covers PVC pipes etc. chips
Syringes, Glucose bottles
etc. Cotton and nylon cloth
Tyres & Tubes
Food Cow dung/animal Shampoo Bottles, Glass, Tetrapacks, Thermo-cal,
waste ,Agricultural Leaves, Books/notebook, Wires Carbon paper, Plastic coated
Egg shells, Henna paste Caps of mineral water visiting cards, Sachets,
Vegetable Peels, meat, bones bottles, Plastic Tin can, Modern packing materials
Dead animals Paper Wood Metal, Ash/dirt (plastic) for food packing,
PET mineral water bottles
Table 18 General Characteristics of solid waste
6.3.2 Existing system and Practice of the waste management in the village
OPEN OUT SIDE

36%
DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION
62%
DISPOSED ON THE ROAD SIDE
2%
DESIGNATED DUMPING YARD
Graph 34 Waste Disposal Method
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Observations
Only 36% of the households use a designated dumping yard for making compost. Rest 62%
dump waste on open outside and 2% on roadside.
Inferences
The village of Mukkollupadu doesn’t have a Panchayat or an N.G.O dealing with the solid
waste management. The waste is dumped in the backyards or open lands. This leads to
unhygienic conditions in the village.
6.3.3 Waste Generation

Generation of solid waste in rural areas ranges between 50 gm/cap /day and 250 gm / cap / day
as mentioned below:
• Rural (Peri-urban or Urban outgrowth) 150 to 250 gm / cap / day.
• Rural (Remote /Tribal) 50 to 150 gm / cap / day.
There are total 618 households in the village. So the total waste generated in the village per
day can be calculated by considering it as the Peri-urban I as follow:
Total waste generated = No. of Residents x Waste generated per person per day
= 2618 x 0.25 =65.45 kg of which 36% of the households use their

waste for composting where the remaining 64% population’s waste go untreated in the open
yards The poultry farm generates organic waste which can be used for composting but no
proper use is made of it.
6.3.4 Collection
There is no provision of door to door waste collection observed in the village. People dump
their wastes in open lands and there are neither community dust bins nor proper waste
collecting points in the village.
6.3.5 Transportation of waste

There wasn’t any system adopted for transportation and transfer of waste. There weren’t any
community waste collecting vans, Pedal Tricycles, handcarts or any other waste transportation
systems adopted in the village.
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6.3.6 Treatment and Disposal:
Disposal: As mentioned above, the waste disposal is usually done in some open barren lands,
roads, backwards and fields in this village. Even the recyclable waste generated in the poultry
farms is not made use of. There isn’t any dumping yard in the village for now but there is a
proposal for dumping yard in survey area 160 in the village.
Treatment: About 36% of the households use their waste for composting where the remaining
64% population’s waste go untreated in the open yards and backwards creating environmental
pollution. There isn’t any garbage processing plant or a proposal, existing in the village
Recommended Practices
For a successful practice of solid waste management in the village, the following things need
to be practiced in the village:
• Household segregation (organic and inorganic: Recyclables / Non recyclables.)
• Household Storage (In plastic containers)
• Containerized collection (House to house)
• Community dust bins/waste composting pits
• Transportation (Pedal Tricycle / Handcart / other types)
• Transfer or recyclables / recycling
• Treatment and disposal
Creating Awareness
Creation of awareness among people regarding the advantages of SWM in rural areas and its
potential in health & environment protection, recycling and reuse of waste, generating
employment, and providing energy security
Segregation and Storage
Waste management should primarily be focused at household level for sustainability and cost
effectiveness. Certain elements which cannot be managed at the household level should be
managed at the community level. Waste segregation, collection and storage at house hold level
is to be done by creating awareness about treatment at house hold level like educating about
Vermi composting, bio gas plant etc. Households may be encouraged to keep such waste
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separately and sell to the rag pickers and kabadiwalas and keep the non-recyclable products for
subsequent transportation for community level management.
Collecting and Transfer of waste
A provision for collection and transportation of segregated waste at the household level to a
place identified at the community level (in cases where household level treatment is not
possible) should be made in the village. The Panchayat or the self-help groups should come
forward and take initiative for the collection and transfer of the solid waste.
Inorganic recyclable solid wastes are to be collected separately from residential houses through
sensitization and motivation. Recyclable items would be sold to generate fund. Even some
items could be recycled in the village through motivated self-help group.
Treatment/management of biodegradable waste
As it is observed that the most of the waste generated is organic, composting can be identified
as one major way for treatment of solid waste in the village both in household and community
level. In composting process, the organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting
in the formation of humans like material called compost. Following are the types of
composting:
•Household level composting
•Vermi composting
Bio gas plants can also need to be set up at household or community level as renewable energy
resource.
Treatment/management of non-biodegradable waste:
The non-bio degradable waste may be further sorted into various categories (e.g. plastic, paper,
metals, cloth etc.). Those which are recyclable may be sold to kabadiwalas or recycled at the
community level by adopting suitable crafts or technologies. Those waste materials which can
neither be recycled nor sold can be used for land filling for disposing non-recyclable inorganic
waste.
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6.4 Electricity
As per central electricity authority (CEA) of India 100% of village in Andhra Pradesh are
electrified. Being Mukkollupadu as one the village out of 16158 village sin Andhra Pradesh is
also fully electrified for domestic use. In present scenario, the village experiences 3-4 hours of
power cuts on daily basis. But there is no specific timings followed for the power cuts.
6.4.1 Monthly Electricity Bills
8%
100-200 Asset ownership of the village (in %)
16%
48% 200-300
Bulbs 100
28%
Fan 80
300-400
Cooler 4
>400 Refrigerator 12
TV 58
Graph 35 Monthly Electricity Bills Table 19 Assets of village
Observations
The average bill paid by the villagers for domestic use is ranges between 100-200
rupees/month, which signifies the consumption pattern of the village is low.
Inferences
As per the data represented in above table, every HH in the village is having electricity. The
consumer of fan and television are 80% and 60% respectively, whereas the consumer for cooler
and refrigerator are very less in number. As these assets are majorly used in urban areas.
Out of 49% HH involved in agricultural sector for their livelihood, 60% of them are having
separate electricity connection for the agriculture purpose.
6.4.2 Access to Electricity for Agriculture
40%
60% yes no
Graph 36 Access to Electricity for Agriculture
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Malapalli Hamlet
Figure 12 Land use of electricity
The streets light are placed at every settlement at a distance ranging between 50-100 meters.
These lights are mostly provided in wider streets and inner streets are left empty. As in the
above map of Malapalli hamlet, the internal streets which are mostly kutcha are the dark palaces
without any streets lights whereas these areas are surrounded by the residential land uses.
Recommendations towards sustainable power generation and use
India permits FDI up to 100 percent in the sector in Renewable Energy Generation and
Distribution projects. 10 years’ tax holiday for renewable energy plants.
1. Going Biogas
Considering the potential of Mukkollupadu village, where more than 50% of the HH are having
livestock as one of their source of income, the sustainable power generation can be practiced
by converting cow manure into methane biogas, the hundreds of cattle in the village would be
able to produce 1000 kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power at least a hamlet with 50
HH.
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Figure 13 Biogas Plant
“In fact, one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kilowatt hours of
electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of electricity are needed to power a single 100-watt light
bulb for one day. Furthermore, by converting cattle manure into methane biogas instead of
letting it decompose, global warming gases could be reduced by 99 million metric tons or 4%.”
(World Energy Council, 2011)
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6.5 Transportation and Roads
6.5.1 Connectivity by Roads
Mukkollupadu is located at a distance of 49.4 kms from Vijayawada and 7.9 kms from Nuzvid.
The distance from Eluru is 36.8 kms. There is no direct bus facility to Mukkollupadu from
Vijayawada. A change in buses is required at Nuzvid to reach the village. It is the same, when
travelling from Eluru.
Figure 13 Route map from

Vijayawada, Nuzvid and Eluru
Distances to nearby towns and villages:
It is 4.3 kms from Tiruvuru road. The nearest village is Kottapalle, which is 2.5 kms far from
the village. The other nearby villages are Korlagunta (4km), Digavalli (5km), Turpu Digavalli
(5km), Venkatayapalem (5km), and Chintalavalli (6km).
Bus facility:
There is only one government bus that provides transportation to the villagers, which comes
once in the morning and once in the evening. There are no other private bus services to the
village. However, two private school buses come into the village in the morning and in the
evening to pick up and drop the children coming from Mukkollupadu.
Other means of transport on road:
Two wheelers (cycles and motor-cycles) owned by the residents and autos.
6.5.2 Connectivity by Rail

There is no railway station near to Mukkollupadu in less than 10 km. However, Vijayawada
Junction Railway Station is a major railway station, 50 KM near to Mukkollupadu. There is
also another minor station at Hanuman Junction.
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Figure 14 Route to Vijayawada and
Nuzvid Railway Station
6.5.3 Hierarchy of Roads

There are three types of roads in Mukkollupadu village:
1. Bituminous Tar Road - This type of roads appeared only on the main roads, from the
nearby towns and villages. These roads were in an average condition with no major
potholes; however, the roads become unapproachable when it rains.
2. Cement Road - This type of roads was few in no. and are present only in the BC hamlet
of the village. These were in a relatively average condition.
3. Kutcha Road - This type of roads was present nearly for all the internal roads of the
entire village. Most of these roads are in a bad condition, which become impossible to
access when it rains.
Images of the types of roads present in the village:
BT Tar road Kutcha road
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Comparison between IRS standards and the existing scenario in the village
S.No Item IRC Standards Existing
1 Carriageway width 3.75 m-3 m 3m-3.5m
2 Approach road width 6m 6m
3 Speed limit 30 kmph 30. kmph
Table 20 IRS Stanbdards and Existing Scenario
Roads in the entire village
S.No Type of road Percentage Length Width

1 BT Tar road 60 15.5 km 6m
2 CC road 5 1.2 km 3m
3 Kutcha road 35 8.9 km 2-1m
Table 21 Roads Length and Width
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Figure 15 Base Map
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Roads in each hamlet
Figure 16 Roads in Pathuru and Kothuru
The percentage of roads: The percentage of roads:

BT Tar road; 28.16 BT Tar road: 44.47
Kutcha road: 71.84 Kutcha road: 55.53
The percentage of roads:

BT Tar road: 20.55
Kutcha road: 79.45
Figure 17 Roads in Gollagudem
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Figure 18 Roads in Malapalli and Madigagudem
The percentage of roads: The percentage of roads:

BT Tar road: 0 BT Tar road: 0
Kutcha road: 100 Kutcha road: 100
The percentage of roads:

BT Tar road: 0
Kutcha road: 100
Figure 19 Roads in Nehru Nagar
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6.5.4 Types of Roads
BT Tar road CC road Kutcha road
35%
60%
5%
Graph 37 Types of Roads
Observation
The percentage of BT Tar roads, when compared to the total area of roads is 60%.
The percentage of CC roads, when compared to the total area of roads is 5%.
The percentage of Kutcha roads, when compared to the total area of roads is 35%.
Inferences
Major roads are BT roads which are not maintained and Kuthca which are inaccessible in
monsoon.
6.5.5 Minimum Landmark Distances
Sr. No. Services Minimum Time taken to travel
5 mins 5-10 mins
1 Grocery shop •
2 Ration shop •
3 Post office •
4 Vegetable market •
5 Dispensary •
6 Medical shop •
7 Bank •
8 Community center •
9 Police station •
10 Park/playground •
Table 22Minimum time travel
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6.5.6 Modes of Transport
19
46 10
32 31
Walk Auto rikshaw Bus Motor cycle Cycle NA
Graph 38 Types of Modes

Observations
Mukkollupadu has only one Govt. bus service twice daily, on which 31% of the villagers
depend upon. 19% prefer to walk to their respective places, this mostly includes children
attending the government school in the village and villagers working as daily labor in the
village on others agriculture land. The people taking auto rickshaws, are the ones going to the
nearby towns for work, consist of 10%. 2% have their own motor cycles, use them to attend
their jobs in private sectors. While 3% depend on cycles to travel to work or to avail other
services.
Inferences
Rural Road connectivity is a key component of rural development, since it promotes access to
economic and social services, thereby generating increased agricultural productivity, non-
agriculture employment as well as non-agricultural productivity, which in turn expands rural
growth opportunities and real income through which poverty can be reduced.
Recommendations
 Up gradation of the Tar roads under PMGSY. There are many schemes under PMGSY,
through which the internal Kutcha roads can be converted into Tar roads.
 Low cost marginal and industrial waste materials may be promoted for rural road
construction. This will help in reducing the overall construction costs for all the roads
in the village. ‘All-weather roads’ should be constructed for the approach road.
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6.6 Telecommunications
Rural telecommunications are part of the process through which the lives of rural people are
further linked with broader national and global transformation. Telephones are highly valued
by villagers as part of their own conceptions of development and improved quality of life.
Telephone facilities are used for migration of work and study, mitigating disruption of social
networks and helping in maintaining or increase social capital. Telephones aid coordination
and reduces travelling time in delivery of public services. The economic logic of
telecommunication cost structure, as well as social goals, support further expansion of private
service using the same network as rural public telephones and major reduction of long distance
tariffs. A better understanding of the pathways through which changes facilitated by
telecommunications flow clarifies some of the ways in which globalization processes work
themselves out at the local level.
The telecom services have been recognized the world over, as an important tool for the
socioeconomic development of a nation. In addition to fulfilling the basic need of
communicating with each other, telecommunication is a prime support sector for rapid growth
and modernisation of various other sectors of the economy. It has become especially important
in the recent years because of enormous growth of information and communication
technologies and their significant potential for the impact on the rest of the economy.
(Recommendations on Telecommunications Infrastructure Policy, 2011)
According to primary data

No of houses Uses of media
63 Television
76 Mobile Users
10-15 Radios
Each hamlet consists of an area for discussion, in which information is transferred to people.
A post-office is available and there is no Bank or other banking facilities present in the village.
According to afro-mentioned data most of the people depend upon mobile phones and
television for the information. The post office is used as an other means of communication.
Public gathering, meeting and seminars are also the ways for communicating and sharing of
information.
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6.6.1 Percantage of Mobiles and Television users
houses Houses
30% having having
mobiles 42% television
Houses not 58% Houses not
70% having having
mobiles television
Graph 39 Mobile and Television Users
Observations
More than half of the households in Mukkollupadu have mobiles and television set and accessto
it.
Inferences
The households who do not have mobiles or television is due to their low incomes and
prevailing poverty in backward communitites.
Reasons
Telecommunication services are out of reach for most of the rural poor. These services
continued to remain expensive because of an inadequate number of consumers while potential
consumer cannot afford the current prices.The problem of poverty is exacerbated by a lack of
public policies to support the introduction and extension of telecommunication networks and
services in village.
Issuses
Sr..no Facilities not available in village
1. Daily news papers
2. Banks
3. Broadband network
4. No proper schemes available for communications like Grameen Telecom ,Grameen
banks.
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There is no bank or banking facilities in the village. To avail any service related to Banking,
the villagers have to travel to the near by towns.
The literacy rate in the village is very low. The villagers are no aknowledged to the methods of
extracting information using Broadband. Thus, there is no demand for Broadband services in
the village. However, learning to oprerate can be advantageous in cases of Banking, innovative
methods in agriculture for better yeild and for the possibilities available outside the village.
There are no updata information regarding the policies and schemes released by government
for the villages. The Panchayat should take up the initiative to educate the villagers regarding
the various schemes available for the villagers.
When such telecommunication services are made available to the villagers, the rate of literacy
could increase, the yeild in agriculture will increase, the employment opportunities will raise
and the awareness towards health will also increase.
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6.7 Housing
A house is the third most important basic need for a human being, and in the village the
situation of general housing is found to be in a poor condition.
6.7.1 Ownership Status
1%
97% 3%
2%
Own Rented SC Rented OC

Graph 40 House Ownership Status
Observations
97% of the total population is living in their own houses while 3% of the population is living
in rented houses. Out of this 3%, 2% of the people living in rented houses belong to the SC
category, and 1% in OC category.
Inferences
Most of the people living in the rented houses do not pay rent since the house they are living
in belongs to their relatives.
6.7.2 Classification of Houses Among Various Caste Sections
29%
40% Pucca
Semi Pucca
Kutcha
31%
Graph 41 Classification of Houses
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60
Percentage of population
50
40
30 Pucca
20 Semi Pucca
Kutcha
10
0
SC BC OC
CASTE
Graph 42 Caste Wise Classification of Houses

Observations
60% of the total population is living in Semi – Pucca or Kutcha houses and rest in Semi Pucca
houses.
Inferences
Comparing to the other categories, BC population has 50 % of the Pucca houses. OC population
has a higher number of Semi Pucca houses, when compared to the other two categories and SC
population majorly owns Kutcha houses.
6.7.3 Types of Roof Among Various Caste Sections

\
9%
Tatched
32% Asbestos
28%
Cement
Other
31%
Graph 43 Roof Types
50
the population
Tatched
Percentageof
40
30 Asbestos
20
Cement
10
0 Other
SC BC OC
Caste
Graph 44 Caste Wise Roof Types
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Observations
Thatched, asbestos and cement roofing has equally been used in around 91% of the houses.
The remaining 9% of the houses use mostly Mangalore tiles for roofing.
Inferences
OC community have maximum as asbestos roof types and BC have cement type roofs whereas
SC community have tatched roofs mostly. There are varied materials used among different
caste sections.
6.7.4 Age of Houses Among Various Caste Sections
7% 3%
<5
5 to 10
17%
10 to 20
54% 20 to 30
19%
More than 30
Graph 45 Age of Houses
70
60
the population
Percentage of
50
<5
40
5 to 10
30
20 10 to 20
10 20 to 30
0 More than 30
SC BC OC
Caste
Graph 46 Caste Wise Age of Houses

Observations
Half of the population in the village is living in houses which are more than 30 years old, while
only 7% of the total population is living in houses which are five or less than five years old.
Most of the houses in different castes are old and very few are newly built that is only in OC
community.
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Inferences
This shows that in the past five years the number of new houses that have been built is only
around 50, but the population has increased by around 390 persons. It also depicts that newer
houses need to be constructed in the village to accommodate this increase in population.
6.7.5 Finance for Construction of Houses Among Various Caste Section
3% Own Built
Govt. Financed - SC
90% 10% 5% Govt. Financed -BC
2% Govt. Financed -OC
Graph 47 Finance for construction of Houses

Observations
90% of the houses in the village have been self-finances, while the remaining 10% has been
built with government finance.
Inferences
The small share of government funding has led to a shortfall in the number of houses. Out if
this 10 %, most of government loans to built the houses have been allocated to the people in
the OC category and only 3% and 2% of the SC and BC categories have had access to
government funding.
6.7.6 Number of Rooms in a House Among Various Caste Sections
12% 21% One

Two
Three
33% Four
26% More than four
8%
Graph 48 Number of Rooms in a House
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40
35
the Population
30
Percentage of
25
20 SC
15 BC
10
OC
5
0
One Two Three Four > four
Number of Rooms
Graph 49 Caste Wise Number of Rooms in a House

Observations
21% of the population is living in single roomed houses leading to congestion among other
problems. 60% of the houses have two to four rooms and this is spread almost equally among
all the castes.
Inferences
As we can observe that SC community have smaller houses with less number of rooms as
compared to other communities due to its backwardness and financial conditions.
6.7.7 Toilets Facilities Among Various Caste Sections
33%
Individual
O. D.
67%
Graph 50 Toilet Facilities

100
the population
Percentage of
80
60
40 Individual
20 O. D.
0
SC BC OC
Graph 36 Caste Wise Toilet Facilities
Caste
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Observations
Almost 70 % of the population does not access to a proper toilet. Most of the remaining 30%
of the toilets are individual and belong mostly to the O.C. category populations.
Inferences
There is an urgent need to building individual toilets to each households especially among
backward castes so that there is hygiene maintain within the city and comfort zone for women.
6.7.8 Fuel Used for Cooking Among Various Caste Sections
2%
Gas
K-Oil
39% 48%
Firewood
Others
11%
Graph 51 Fuel Used for Cooking
70
60
the population
Percentage of
50
40
SC
30
20 BC
10 OC
0
Gas K-Oil Firewood others
Fuel Used
Graph 52 Caste Wise Fuel Used for Cooking

Observations
Gas id used predominantly by the OC and BC castes by almost 60% of the total population of
them. Fire wood is used majorly by the SC category population. Second on the list for fuel
consumption come Kerosene oil.
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Inferences
Bio gas is also used by about 2% of the OC population and need for creaatinf awareness and
implementation of the renewable energy (non-conventional) sources is must.
6.7.9 House Hold Size
25
20
the population
Percentage of
15
10
0
One Two Three four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
Graph 53 Household Size
Observations
Commonly found house hold sizes in the villages are up to 5, with four being the most common.
However household sizes even up to 10 with people living in cramped conditions were also
found.
Inferences
There is need of awareness about family planning and birth control among SC community
especially.
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Issues in the housing sector and their probable Solutions
ISSUES SOLUTIONS & SCHEMES

About 37.5 % of houses are kutcha  National Housing Policy (1998)
in the SC category.
 Materials and skills – must be upgraded.
 Usage Non erodible mud plaster developed by

CBRI should be popularized.
32% of houses have thatched roof.  Fire proofing of thatched houses:2 stage
treatment
39 % of houses use firewood and 11  National Biomass Cook stoves Programme

%
 (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)
of houses use kerosene as fuel for  Unnat Chulha Abhiyan Programme.
cooking
Only 33% of people have  Construction of “Sulabh Shauchalaya” (NGO)
individual toilets.
 Swacch Bharat Abihyaan Scheme
 Awareness regarding government Fund for

toilets
54% of houses are more than 30  Indira Awas Yojana.

years of age.
Table 23 Issues in the housing sectors and their solutions
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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Social Infrastructure is a subset of the infrastructure sector and typically includes assets that
accommodate social services.
Community facilities like schools, hospitals, police/fire/ambulance stations, child-care

centres, youth facilities, cultural facilities like libraries and theatres, recreation and
sporting facilities*, facilities for older people including accommodation, public
transport, pedestrian/walking trails and bikeways, and social (non-private) housing.
Community services like health services, children's and family services, aged care
services, disability services, multicultural services, youth development, welfare and
support services, housing services, and employment and training services
Work in this area will draw on the findings of previous local government open space
and recreation studies.
7.1 Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning knowledge, skills, values, beliefs,
and habits of a group of people are transferred to other people, through storytelling, discussion,
teaching, training, or research.
Need for rural education
Education enables an individual to look at society and its aspects with a wider perspective.
Without education, people are unable to develop the basic sense required. Around three fourth
of the country's population belong to the rural area. With literate and educated rural Indians,
our country might emerge as a developed nation.
The essential goals of providing education in the rural sector of India is to
 Create a platform for education to rural people.

 Encourage children to pursue and continue studying higher education/further studies/
jobs.
 Provide learning, guidance and develop education.
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7.1.1 Education system and no of schools
There are 5 schools in Mukkolupadu out of which 4 No.of Schools
are functioning.
6
1. Nehru Nagar: The School in this community 4 No.of
is not working due to very low strength. 2 Schools
Instead it is being used as a social gathering 0
1991 2001 2011
point.
Graph 54 No of Schools
2. Golla Gudem: The Upper Primary School
in this community is having 50 students with
3 teachers.
- Teacher: Student Ratio = 1:17
Figure 20 Nehru Nagar School
Amenities: There is a Single toilet provided in the school

which is common for both boys and girls. Another toilet
proposed in the school is under construction.
Infrastructure: There are black boards, Tables and chairs for

the teachers. No benches are provided in the class rooms for
students.
Figure 21 Gollagudem School
Number of rooms in the School: 2 Class rooms, 1 kitchen, 1 toilet.
3. Malapalli: The Upper Primary School in this

community is having 25-30 students with 2
teachers.
- Teacher: Student ratio = 1: 12
Amenities: 2 NEW TOILETS are under
construction.
Infrastructure: There are black boards, Tables and
Figure 22 Malapalli School
chairs for the teachers. No benches are provided in
the class rooms for students.
No. of rooms in the School: 1 Class room
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4. Madiga Gudem : The Upper Primary School in this
community is having 5 students with 1 teachers.
- Teacher: Studio Ratio = 1: 5
Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure facilities running only for

kinder garden children
No. of rooms in the School: 1 Class room. Figure 23 Madiga Gudem School
5. Kothuru: The Middle School in this community is

having 128 students with 6 teachers.
Teacher: Student ratio = 1: 21
No. of rooms in the School: 3 Class rooms, Office room, 1

Kitchen.
There was a model school established in the in school in Figure 24 Mid-Day Meal
Kothuru to train girls on making handicrafts and stitching.
(Under Sarva Siksha Abihyan).
Anganwadi: Anganwadi workers form as self-help

organization in the village. They are well versed with basic
Medication and also acts as care takes for small kids in the
village.Anganwadi Bhavan is a play school for Children
below 5 years with a single teacher in the class room
associated with Anganwadi workers.
Figure 25 Anganwadi School-
WASH- WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE: Gollagudem
WASH is launched in August, 2013 by UNICEF in India.
It is a joint initiative organized by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, the
Administrative Staff College of India and UNICEF.
The course aims to increase the capacity of local and national actors working in WASH in
schools (Win’s) interventions under the Normal Bharat Abhiyan (Total Sanitation Campaign)
The overall objective is to contribute to the realization of children’s rights to survival and
development through promotion of the sector and support to national programmes that increase
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equitable and sustainable access to, and use of, safe water and basic sanitation services, and
promote improved hygiene.
TARGETS:
 The proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
 Ensure that all schools have adequate child-friendly water and sanitation facilities, and
hygiene education programme.
UNICEF works towards making schools healthier and more attractive to children, especially
girls, through WASH in schools programmes. Healthier children are more effective learners,
and girls who spend less time fetching water have more time for school. Helping to build
separate and decent sanitation facilities in schools can reduce dropout rates, especially among
girls. And hygiene promotion in schools creates conditions where children themselves are
agents of change in their families and communities.
(www.unicef.org, n.d.)
Mid-Day Meal: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the government
of India designed to improve the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide. The
programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary
classes in government schools.
The objective of the scheme is to help improve the effectiveness of primary education by
improving the nutritional status of primary school children.
Every school has been provided with a kitchen in order to achieve mid-day meal program.
The central and state governments share the cost of the Midday Meal Scheme, with the centre
providing 75 percent and the states 25 percent. The central government provides grains and
financing for other food. Costs for facilities, transportation, and labour is shared by the federal
and state governments.
(www.mdm.nic.in, n.d.)
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Integrated Child Development Services:
ICDS was launched on 2nd October 1975. Today, ICDS Scheme represents one of the world’s
largest and most unique programmes for early childhood development. ICDS is the foremost
symbol of India’s commitment to her children – India’s response to the challenge of providing
pre-school education on one hand and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity,
reduced learning capacity and mortality.
ICDS is an Indian government welfare programme which provides food, preschool education,
and primary healthcare to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. These services are
provided from Anganwadi centres established mainly in rural areas and staffed with frontline
workers. In addition to fighting malnutrition and ill health, the programme is also intended to
combat gender inequality by providing girls the same resources as boys.
(www.icds.gov.in, www.childlineindia.org.in, n.d.)
Objectives
 To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6 years;
 To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the
child;
 To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout;
 To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various
departments to promote child development; and
 To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional
needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.
The above objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of services comprising:
 Supplementary nutrition,
 Immunization,
 Health check-up,
 Referral services,
 Pre-school non-formal education and
 Nutrition & health education
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7.1.2 Problems in schools
There are many aspects about rural schools that make them less fortunate than other
types of schools. The actual environment of rural schools sometimes makes it hard for
their students to succeed.
Present Scenario of Schools in Mukkollupadu Village:

 Schools in all the settlements have poor infrastructure.
 There is a need for the students to vacate the classes during rainy season as the water
seeps into the classes through main doors and windows.
 There are no proper toilet facilities available at school.
 No secondary education available.
 No qualified faculty.
 Students who are into high school are going till Nuzvid for better schooling.
 Schools lack the funding needed to improve the quality of their school environment and
give the students the resources they need to succeed.
 Although the funds are provided there is an improper usage of the funds as the
construction of the toilets proposed in certain schools are stopped at foundation level.
Reasons for Dropouts:

 There is no proper awareness about studies and its importance in life.
 The basic reason for drop outs of the girl children are lack of proper Sanitation facilities.
 Most of the girls are forced to sit at homes and are added as source to their family
income.
 Girl children are not encouraged to go to nearby high schools located at Annavaram,
Nuzvid as they need to travel to 32 km a day.
Suggestions for the current issues:
 Proper use of the funds provided.

 Extension of school up to 10th standard.
 Appointment needed for more qualified faculty.
 Construction of new toilets.
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7.2 Health
 There is no hospital or clinic present in the village.
 There is a Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP), visits the village once in a while
for treatment. He carries basic medicines and some injections with him and his
workplace which is at Gollagudem. All the people in the village have his contact
number in case of emergency.
 Most Common heath problem in the village is viral fever. It is due to the
unhygienic conditions like no toilets, open drainage and dumps etc.
 There is a Veterinary doctor, he sometimes works from a room near panchayat or
else he visits the houses directly to see the cattle.
 There is an ANM (Auxiliary nursing midwife), she visits the village when needed,
mostly for maternity purpose.
 Anganwadi workers are there for taking care of children and newly born babies in
village, as monthly injections facilities and polio camps are held in village
anganwadi.
 There is no PHC (Public Health Center) in village. There is a government PHC in
west Digavalli which conducts medical camps regularly.
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7.3 Panchayat Office
The rural local government in India is called the panchayat, which literally means an assembly
of five persons. These five elderly, nominated persons, over the course of time, were vested
with sacred authority and with judicial and executive powers. These village3 communities were
the centres of administration and the custodians of social harmony.
Panchayat in present India has inherited though little from those native local institutions of
Indian society which was predominantly rural in character in the mediaeval period.
Panchayats can reach where the bureaucrats can’t. India has accepted this fact with grace. Each
village has its own set of issues, which only the locals can understand. Members of a Panchayat
are far more cognizant of the region-specific problems, and thus they are capable of taking a
more informed decision in favour of the people of their village or tehsil.
MUKOLLUPADU village consists of:
A Panchayat office which houses the following:
- Secretary
- President
- MPTC
- Panchayat clerk
- Electricians
Figure 26 Panchayat Office
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7.4 Worship Places
India is a vast country, peopled with diverse and ancient civilizations, and its religious
geography is highly complex. To grasp the complexity of the situation, it is important to
consider two aspects of Indian life: its characteristic of being an ethnic and cultural mosaic,
and the ancient rural foundations of many of its religious and cultural patterns.
Temples, Churches, masjids are considered as sacred places and thus religious visitors to the
temples may be described as pilgrims.
WORSHIP PLACES IN MUKOLLUPADU:
In Mukkollupadu village, there are temples and churches in each settlement which are
mentioned below:
TEMPLES -
There are 4 Hindu temples.
 Kothuru-
- 1 Rama temple.
- 1 Saibaba temple.
Figure 27 Temples in Mukkollupadu
 Pathuru-1(Rama temple)
 Gollagudem-1(Rama temple)
 Nehru nagar – 1 (Hanuman Temple)
CHURCHES - There are 7 churches.
 Gollagudem-2
 Madiga Gudem- 1
 Mallapalli-2
 Nehru nagar – 2
Figure 28 Churches in Mukkollupadu
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7.5 Community Hall
Community halls are public locations where members of a community tend to gather for group
activities, social support, public information, and other purposes.
There are two community hall in village and another one is proposed in Gollagudem.
 Mala Palli and Paturu each have community centre.
7.6 Police Station

 8 kms away in Nuzvid
 2 – 3 Constables visit every night on patrol.
7.7 Bank
 Indian bank (Nuzvid)
7.8 Bus Stop

 Kothuru
 Pathuru
 Madiga gudem
 Mallipali
 Gollaguden
 No stop at Nehru Nagar
7.9 Weekend Fair

 Cattle fair held at Hanuman junction (30 kms) on every Tuesday and Wednesday
7.10 Ration Shop

 Ration shop is situated in OC colony (Kothuru)
7.11 Polling Booths

 Malapalli (upper primary school)
 Gollagudem (upper primary school)
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Figure 29 Social Infrastructure Map
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Figure 30 Site Map
Figure 31 Activity Mapping
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7.12 Social Infrastructure Mapping of Mokkulupadu Village
LEGEND
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SCHEMES
8.1 Latest Schemes Being Implemented in The Village of Mukkollupadu
There are very less schemes which are actually being implemented in the village of
Mukkollupadu, which are as follows:
Comprehensive Land Development Programme under RIDF IX & X (CLDP)

[Indira Prabha]
CLDP programme was launched in the year 2004 with an objective to develop the poor quality
of assigned lands of SC, ST, BC and other poor beneficiaries and to enhance and diversify
livelihood options of the poor by bringing these lands under diversified farming systems.
Maximum physical and financial benefits have been targeted to be achieved in favour of SC
and ST beneficiaries. The Department of Rural Development is implementing INDIRA
PRABHA under NABARD funded RIDF with a financial out lay of Rs. 670 crores to develop
6.17 lakh acres of assigned land belonging to 3.84 lakh of poor SC, ST, BC and other families.
The RIDF-IX (2004-09) and X (2005-10) projects have benefited 2.65 lakh families by
developing 3.49 lakh acres of assigned lands with an expenditure of Rs. 33 crores. The RIDF-
XIII (2008) is under progress with financial outlay of Rs. 150.26 crores for covering 1 lakh
families by developing 1.79 lakh acres. The project is being implemented under convergence
with NREGS (Rs.183.02 crores). So far, an expenditure of Rs. 146.00 crores have been
incurred (Rs. 97 crores under NABARD and Rs. 49 crores under EGS). Also, RIDF-XV (2009)
is under progress with financial outlay of Rs. 70.83 crores for covering 0.3 lakh families by
developing 0.5 lakh acres. The project is being implemented under convergence with NREGS
(Rs.101.38 crores). So far, an expenditure of Rs. 5.5 crores are incurred, i.e., Rs. 5 crores under
NABARD and Rs. 0.5 crores under EGS.
The various works taken up under CLDP with NABARD funds include land development
works requiring use of machinery such as bush clearance, land levelling, boulder removal,
drilling of bore wells, installation of motors and energization in addition to other SMC works
approved under MGNREGS. Since 2007-08, the State Government re-oriented the programme
in such a way that it is implemented in convergence with MGNREGS, APMIP and State
Horticulture Mission. All labour oriented works are now taken up under MGNREGS which is
followed by investment under NABARD for drilling and energization of bore wells, works that
involve use of machinery like boulder removal, heavy brush clearance etc. Enhancement in
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irrigation facilities, incomes and awareness levels about adoption of proper agronomic
practices are some of the outcomes of these schemes.
So far, an amount of Rs. 498.89 crores have been released by NABARD since its inception
under all the projects and an expenditure of Rs. 441.65 crores have been incurred till date.
Under EGS, an expenditure of Rs 50 crores has been incurred. So far, the beneficiaries break
up is; SCs (49.25%), STs (20.4%), BCs (24.4%) and others (6%).
Current Year Programme – Out of an allocation of Rs. 25.00 crores during 2011- 12, an
amount of Rs. 6.25 crores were released and an expenditure of Rs. 8.30 crores were incurred.
8.1.1 Indira Jala Prabha

In addition to the above, a project named as “INDIRA JALA PRABHA” to irrigate 10 lakh
acres of land at an estimated cost of Rs. 1600 crores, with prime focus on SC/ST lands and
other assigned lands taken up for development under MGNREGS is prepared and Detailed
Project Reports have been submitted to Government for approval. The project will be
implemented under convergence with NABARD(RIDF-XVII) (Rs. 800 crores) and
MGNREGS (Rs. 800 crores). Proposals under IJP have been obtained from all the districts and
submitted to NABARD and Finance for consideration under RIDF-XVII.
The status of various RIDF schemes under CLDP are shown below.
Sl. No. Item RIDF-IX RIDF-X RIDF- RIDF- Total

XIII XV
1 Project Period 2004-09 2005-10 2008-11 2010-13
(completed) (completed) (ongoing) (ongoing)
2 Total project
cost
(Rs. Crores)
NABARD 200.31 248.6 150.26 70.83 670.01
EGS 0 0 183.02 101.38 284.38
Total 200.31 248.6 333.29 172.21 954.39
3 Assigned land 1.85 2.04 1.82 0.56 6.27
sanctioned
(lakh acres)
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4 Assigned area 1.73 1.76 0.03 0 3.52
developed
(lakh acres)
5 Releases- 498.89 498.89
NABARD
(Rs. Crores)
6 Expenditure
(Rs. Crores)
NABARD 152.29 184.78 98.80 5.00 440.87
NREGS 0 0 49.50 0.50 50.00
Total 152.29 184.78 148.30 5.50 490.87
7 Families 1,29,140 1,36,633 95,184 28,356 3,89,313
benefited (no.)
Table 24 RIDF schemes under CLDP
Specifications as Per Mukkollupadu: Under this scheme every 10 acres of cultivable land in
the village is provided with a bore and a transformer for irrigation of the fields for marginal
farmers. This scheme has become a huge success in the village of Mukkollupadu and the
monthly profit is around Rs. 50,000 from every 10 acres of land.
8.1.2 Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM)
The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the government of India designed to
improve the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide. The programme supplies free
lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government,
government aided, local body, Education Guarantee Scheme, and alternate innovative
education centres, Madarsa andMaqtabs supported under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, and
National Child Labour Project schools run by the ministry of labour. Serving 120,000,000
children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, it is the largest
such programme in the world.
Under article 24, paragraph 2c of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which India is
a party, India has committed to providing "adequate nutritious foods" for children. The
programme entered the planning stages in 2001 and was implemented in 2004. The programme
has undergone many changes and amendments since its launch.
(District Rural Development Authority, 2008)
Specifications as Per Mukkollupadu: Mid-day meal scheme is quiet active in the village
school.
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8.1.3 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA)
Previously called Total Sanitation campaign (TSC) is a program following the principles
of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and was initiated by Government of India in 1999.
It evolved from the limited achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation
in India, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which had minimal community participation
and was not following the principles of CLTS.
OBJECTIVES
 Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas.
 Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Nirmal
Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status.
 Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions for promoting
sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health
education.
 To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
(SSA) and Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with proper sanitation facilities
and undertake proactive promotion of hygiene education and sanitary habits
among students.
 Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and
sustainable sanitation.
 Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on
solid & liquid waste management overall cleanliness in the rural areas.

(District Rural Development Authority, 2008), (District Handbook , 2008)
Specifications as Per Mukkollupadu: Each household was allotted a fund of Rs. 10,000 for
the construction of the individual household latrines but only four latrines have been
constructed so far within the timeframe of 18/09/2012- 10/08/2015.
Report for the work: individual household latrine (report from 18/09/2012-10/08/2015)
Sr. Work Name of the Jobcard C Work Status Estimated amount (in Expenditure amount (in
No code benefeciary no. a Name Rs.) Rs.)
st EGS funding NBA EGS funding NBA
e Fundi funding
ng
Unski Mater Mater Unski Mater Material
lled ial ial lled ial
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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1 060822 Pedda 06082230 B Individual Comp 2980 1520 4600 2199 2371 4600
305003 Venkateswara 50030104 C household leted
001803 Rao Bandaru 1301 latrine
(GO No.-
250)
2 060822 Bhulakshmi 06082230 B Individual Comp 2980 1520 4600 2228 2328 4600
305003 Challaa 50030104 C household leted
001804 6801 latrine
(GO No.-
250)
3 060822 Sambasiva 06082230 B Individual Comp 2980 1520 4600 2984 2420 4600
305003 Rao 50030101 C household leted
001815 Vakkalagadda 4101 latrine
(GO No.-
250)
4 060822 Veerakumari 06082230 B Individual Comp 2980 1520 4600 2980 2420 4600
305003 Bandari 50030104 C household leted
001835 0503 latrine
(GO No.-
250)
Table 25 Report for inidvidual household latrine
8.1.4 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)
It is a flagship scheme of the Ministry of Rural Development to provide houses to the poor in
the rural areas.
Objective
The objective of the Indira Awaas Yojana is primarily to help construction/ upgradation of
dwelling units of members of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers,
minorities in the below poverty line category and other below poverty line non-SC/ST rural
households by providing them a lump sum financial assistance.
Funding Pattern
Indira Awaas Yojana is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme funded on cost-sharing basis between
the Government of India and the State Governments in the ratio of 75:25. However, in the case
of North-Eastern States and Sikkim, funding will be shared between the Government of India
and these States in the ratio of 90:10 respectively. In the case of Union Territories, the entire
funds under this Scheme are provided by the Government of India.
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Target Group
The target groups for houses under the IAY are below poverty line households living in the
rural areas, belonging to Scheduled Castes/Scheduled tribes, freed bonded labourees,
minorities in the BPL category and non-SC/ST BPL rural households, widows and next-of-kin
to defence personnel/paramilitary forces killed in action residing in rural areas (irrespective of
their income criteria), ex-servicemen and retired members of paramilitary forces fulfilling the
other conditions.
Earmarking of Funds for SC/ST/Minority Beneficiaries

The available resources under the Scheme in a district are earmarked for various categories as
under:
(i) At least 60% of the total IAY funds and physical targets should be utilized for
construction/upgradation of dwelling units for SC/ST BPL households.
(ii) A maximum 40% for non-SC/ST BPL rural households.
(iii) IAY funds and physical targets will be earmarked for BPL minorities in each State as
indicated by the Ministry.
(iv) 3% of the above categories are for physically and mentally challenged persons.
If any particular category is exhausted or not available in a district, allocation can be utilized
for other categories as per priorities given in the Guidelines after it has been certified to this
effect by the Zilla Parishad/DRDA concerned.
Identification of Beneficiaries
The District Panchayat/Zilla Panchayat/District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) on the
basis of allocations made and targets fixed shall decide the number of houses to be constructed
/ upgraded Panchayat-wise under IAY, during a particular financial year. The same shall be
intimated to the Gram Panchayat concerned. Thereafter, the beneficiaries, restricting to this
number, will be selected from the Permanent IAY Waitlists prepared on the basis of BPL lists
in order of seniority in the list. The Gram Panchayats may draw out the shelter less families
from the BPL List strictly in the order of ranking in the list. A separate list of SC/ST families
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in the order of their ranks may be derived from the larger IAY list so that the process of
allotment of 60% of houses under the scheme is facilitated. Thus, at any given time, there
would be two IAY Waitlists for reference, one for SC/ST families and the other for non-SC/ST
families. Once the lists are prepared, they need to be approved by the Gram Sabha to be
attended by a government servant who would be a nominee of the Collector. Selection by the
Gram Sabha is final. No approval by a higher body is required. Zilla Parishads/DRDAs and
Block Development Offices should, however, be sent a list of selected beneficiaries for their
information. The Permanent IAY Waitlists so prepared will be displayed at a prominent place
either in the Gram Panchayat office or any other suitable place in the village. The lists will also
be put on the website by the concerned DRDAs.
Priority in Selection of Beneficiaries

Prioritization of beneficiaries will be as follows:
 Freed bonded labourers

 SC/ST households
 SC/ST households who are victims of atrocity
 SC/ST households, headed by widows and unmarried women.
 SC/ST households affected by flood, natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone and
man-made calamities like riot.
Other SC/ST households
(iii) Families/widows of personnel from defence services/paramilitary forces, killed in action.
(iv) Non- SC/ST BPL households.
(v) Physically and mentally challenged persons.
(vi) Ex-servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary forces.
(vii) Displaced persons on account of developmental projects, nomadic/semi-nomadic, and de-

notified tribal families with physically/mentally challenged members.
The selection of the beneficiaries will be subject to the condition that the households of all the
above categories except (iii) are Below Poverty Line (BPL).
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Unit Assistance for Construction of IAY Houses and Upgradation
The ceiling on grant of assistance per unit cost under the Indira Awaas Yojana for construction
of a new house and upgradation of an unserviceable kutcha house is given as under: -
Table 26 Grant under IAY
Specifications as Per Mukkollupadu

136 users have been sanctioned under this scheme in the village.
8.1.5 Anganwadi
The word Anganwadi means "courtyard shelter" in Indian languages. They were started by the
Indian government in 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development Services program to
combat child hunger and malnutrition. A typical Anganwadi centre also provides basic health
care in Indian villages. It is a part of the Indian public health-care system. Basic health-care
activities include contraceptive counseling and supply, nutrition education and
supplementation, as well as pre-school activities. The centres may also be used as depots
for oral rehydration salts, basic medicines and contraceptives. As many as 13.3 lakh
Anganwadi and mini-Anganwadi Centres (AWCs/ mini-AWCs) are operational out of 13.7
lakh sanctioned AWCs/ mini-AWCs, as on 31.01.2013. These centres provide supplementary
nutrition, non-formal pre-school education, nutrition and health education, immunization,
health check-up and referral services of which later three services are provided in convergence
with public health systems.
Supervision
Every 40 to 65 Anganwadi workers are supervised by one Mukhya Sevika. They provide on
the job training to these workers. In addition to performing the responsibilities along with the
Anganwadi workers they have other duties such as keeping a check as to who are benefitting
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from the programme from low economic status specifically those who belong to the
malnourished category, guide the Anganwadi workers in assessing the correct age of children,
weight of children and how to plot their weights on charts, demonstrate to these workers as to
how everything can be done using effective methods for example in providing education to
mothers regarding health and nutrition, and also maintain statistics of Anganwadis and the
workers assigned there so as to determine what can be improved. The Mukhya Sevika then
reports to the Child development Projects Officer (CDPO)
Benefits
 India is a country suffering from overpopulation, malnourishment, poverty and high

infant mortality rates. In order to counter the health and mortality issues gripping the
country there is a need for a high number of medical and healthcare experts.
Unfortunately, India is suffering from a shortage of skilled professionals. Therefore,
through the anganwadi system the country is trying to meet its goal of enhanced health
facilities that are affordable and accessible by using local population.
 In many ways an Anganwadi worker is better equipped than professional doctors in
reaching out to the rural population. Firstly, since the worker lives with the people she
is in a better position to identify the cause of the various health problems and hence
counter them. Hence she has a very good insight of the health status in her region.
Secondly though Anganwadi workers are not as skilled or qualified as professionals
they have better social skills thus making it easier to interact with the people.
 Moreover, since these workers are from the village itself they are trusted easily which
makes it easier for them to help the people.
 Last but not the least, Anganwadi workers are well aware of the ways of the people,
are comfortable with the language, know the rural folk personally etc. which makes it
very easy for them to figure out the problems being faced by the people and ensure that
those problems are solved.
In Mokkulupadu:
 1 main centre- in Kottur (backside of primary school)

 3 sub-centres- scattered across
 There are 21 workers in the main centre and 3 supervisors.
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 Supervise the SHG’s. There are 61 SHG in the village and each SHG gets a loan of Rs
50,000- Rs 60,000 at the interest rate of 2 paise per day.
 For pregnant woman- 4 eggs/week
 After delivery- 16 eggs/month, rice and oil.
 One ANM nurse is there who visits the village and gives vaccination to the infants and
women.
 Training for handicrafts- empowerment.
 Supervisors of the Anganwadi and SHG’s take part in the meetings held by the district
commissioner and the CDPO.
8.1.6 Gopal Mithra

Gopal Mitra programme was initiated by the Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development
Agency (APLDA) under the National Project for Cattle & Buffalo Breeding of the Government
of India. Livestock Sector in Andhra Pradesh during the period from 1994 to 2004
During 1994-2004, various innovative, institutional and policy interventions adopted by the
Government resulted in improving the socio economic standards of the poor rural farmers
engaged in Livestock rearing activities. For example, the programs like “Gopal Mitra” was
launched for upgrading the genetic potential of the non-descriptive cattle and buffaloes resulted
in perceptible improvement of the breed. Andhra Pradesh became a role model in the country
for other States in implementing the scheme.
 Breed Up-gradation activities were intensified through provision of doorstep Artificial

Insemination facilities through Gopal Mitra Scheme (From Zero during 1999-2000 to
1116 during 2003-04).
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Table 27 Progress under APLDA
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Table 28 Gopal Mitra Functioning
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Table 29 Releases and Expenditure under Schemes
145 | P a g e
Table 30 Budget for Projects Related to Buffalo and Cattle Breeding
IN MOKKULUPADU
 One veterinary centre is there in the Panchayat area, where the livestock are treated if
any disease or ailment.
Figure 32 Veterinary Centre
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8.1.7 Paniki Aahara Pathakam (Nrega)
Food for work programme for women in Mukkolupadu village has been implemented
under the NREGA scheme.
8.1.8 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWACRA)

1. The special scheme for Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
(DWCRA) aims at strengthening the gender component of IRDP.
2. It was started in the year 1982-83, on a pilot basis, in 50 districts and has now been
extended to all the districts of the country.
3. DWCRA is directed at improving the living conditions of women and, thereby, of
children through the provision of opportunities for self-employment and access to
basic social services.
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) introduced in 1982-83 in a
sub-scheme of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) at district level. The primary
objective of the scheme is to focus attention on the women members of rural families below
the poverty line to provide them the opportunities of self-employment on a sustained basis. The
programme was initially introduced in 50 selected districts. Later, it was extended to more
districts in a phased manner all over the country.
The following are the objectives of the scheme at micro level-
To improve the quality of life of women and children.
To involve rural women and children to understand their wants like hygienic environment,
clean drinking water, nutritious food, schooling facilities etc.
To provide an opportunity for income generating activities for individual through a group of
women by building the existing skills and occupations, utilization of locally available resources
and providing suitable marketing facilities, and Self-subsistence even after help is withdrawn.
8.1.9 Velugu Pathaka Scheme

SHG’s for men are formed under this scheme.
 Loan for agriculture- crop loan or subsidies to the groups.

 Loan waivers are also considered in some cases.
147 | P a g e
GOVERNANCE
Figure 33 Organogram
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At State Level
Secretary, Rural Director
management and Panchayat
developement
At District level
Zilla panchayat District

elected headed by zilla collector
adhashya
At village level
Gram panchayat
Sarpanch
Panch
Gram Sevak
Gram Sabha
Figure 34 Flow Chart of Elected Representatives
149 | P a g e
A gram panchayat is the cornerstone of a local self-government organisation in India of
the Panchayati raj system at the village or small town level, and has a Sarpanch as its elected
head. The members of the Gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years. The seats are
reserved for Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and women. The members of the Gram
Panchayat are elected by the members of Gram Sabha.
9.1 Sarpanch
Sarpanch is directly elected fron people by election system conducted in every five years by
local government body and Head of the five decision makers of the gram panchyat of the
village. Time duriation for sarpanch is five years. He/ She is elected by all the people of the
village. Sarpach has initiative to take any decision supporting for development of village.
Sarpanch is mediator between villagers to government and has power to take decision in favour
to development of village.
(Ministry of Panchyati Raj, Government of India, n.d.)
9.1.1 Functions of Sarpanch
 Maintaining street lights, construction and repair work of roads in villages and also the
village markets, fairs, collection of tax, festivals and celebrations
 Keeping a record of births, deaths and marriages in the village
 Looking after public health and hygiene by providing facilities for sanitation and drinking
water
 Providing free education
 To organise the meetings of gram sabha and gram panchayat
 Providing health services and facilities
 Implementing development schemes related to agriculture and animal husbandry
 Planting trees in and around the village and to protect the environment
 Maintaining public parks and playgrounds, etc.
 Implementing various government schemes
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9.2 Panch
A gram panchayat consists of between 5 and 21 members, elected from the wards of the village,
and they are called a "panch". People of the village select a panch, with one-third of seats
reserved for female candidates. To establish a gram panchyat in a village, the population of the
village should be at least 300 people of voting age.
9.2.1 Number of Panch for gram panchayat
 below 300 (population): 5 members

 300-500: 7
 500-1500: 9
 1500-3000: 11
 3000-5000: 13
 5000-10000: 15
 10000-15000; 17
 15000-20000; 19
 20000-25000; 21
9.2.2 Functions of Panch
 Implementing development schemes related to agriculture and animal husbandry

 Planting trees in and around the village and to protect the environment
 Maintaining public parks and playgrounds, etc.
 Implementing various government schemes
People of the village select a Panch, with one-third of seats reserved for female candidates. To
establish a gram Panchyat in a village, the population of the village should be at least 300
people of voting age
Powers of Panch is to solve the people problem and public problems
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9.3 Gram Sevak
The Gram Sevak, also known as Gram Vikas Officer or Village Development Officer, is the
communicator in government and village panchayat and works for the Sarpanch.
9.3.1 Functions of Gram Sevak
It takes the development schemes to be implemented for the next planning year from respective
panchayat samitis submitted by Gram Sevaks of different villages under that panchayat samiti.
9.4 Gram Sabha

The Gram Sabha includes all the adult citizens of the village. It is empowered to elect the Gram
Panchayat. The Sabha can influence decisions taken by the Panchayat and can modify weak
decisions whenever they feel.
Its Gram Sabha has to conduct a meeting whenever needed but conduct atleast two meetings a
year according to Sec. 6 (3) of Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act. There are various
committees, viz. Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Public Works, Social Welfare, and Health
and Sanitation, within each Gram Sabha.
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SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITES THREATS
 Poultry  Absence of  Improved  Spread of
 Agriculture natural water farming diseases/epidemics
 Ample number bodies for techniques will due to open
of Worship irrigation. be helpful for defecation
places  No increasing the  Ground water is
 Ample amount implementation production of depleting fast of
of water of water and land paddy and maize whole Nuzvid
availability conservation and Mandal
 100% access to techniques Mukkollupadu  Agricultural
electricity for  Open Drains and can become the productivity is
domestic use water logging leading producer going down of
and 60% for  People practice village of paddy whole Nuzvid.
agriculture. open defecation. and maize
 Majority of the  Lack of  Effective
village has the awareness of administration
potential to pay government and
for public schemes and its communication
transport implementation among people.
 Not far from  All the internal  Proximity to
major towns in roads become Industrial estate
Nuzvid Mandal inaccessible after in Nuzvid.
and moderate and  7.9 kms from
municipality heavy rains. Nuzvid Mandal
 Most of them  There is no  Tourism through
have access to frequent access upcoming
mobiles and to public Museum in
television transport village
 Majority people  Lack of
are willing to awareness of
construct their usage of non-
own houses if conventional
land is sources of energy
provided. like biogas plant,
solar energy, etc.
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ISSUES AND SUGGESTIONS
Parameters & Issues Suggestions
Indicators
Socio-Economic Increase in 41.96% population Awareness of family planning
Profile from 1991 to 2011
Demography
Change in
Population from
1991-2011
Change in Sex Increase in sex ratio from 970 Awareness programs implementation
ratio in 1991 to 992 in 2001 then
decreased in 2011 to 961.
Change in Low literacy rate as compared General awareness for joining schools
Literacy rate to Nuzvid, Krishna district and and providing sufficient infrastructure
from 1991-2011 Andhra Pradesh
Caste Increase in 586.82% SC Effect implementation of PMAGY
Distribution population from 1991 to 2011. scheme
Decrease in ST population Proper family planning awareness
from 25 in 1991 to 0 in 2001
& 2011
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Occupation As 49% people are farmer, Make awareness among them about
Distribution main income comes from advance agricultural techniques and
agricultural work in which technologies.
people also perform
agriculture for 6 months and To identify alternative resources to
indulge in daily wage activities make work more effective and
for the rest of the year. but the productive.
income is less.
Awareness about the government
Unawareness about schemes and facilities given to them.
government agricultural
schemes. To make proper agricultural system to
get profit directly from market value
not involving the middle man (dalal).
Change in non-
working
population from
2001-2011
Income Approximate 59% of people Exclusion of selling of produce via
are having income less than middle men
15000/-
Implementation of improved
techniques for farming for increasing
the productivity and in turn income.
Agriculture and Burden on Ground Water Water conservation practices needs to
land use Dependency on conventional be made aware and implemented.
Sources of energy Solar or other non-conventional source
Irrigation of energy on the basis feasibility of the
same
Crop 20% farmer do plantation Promoting prime crops farming by
Distribution farming improving irrigation and other low cost
farming techniques
155 | P a g e
Agriculture 35% of people have marginal Providing other employment
holdings land opportunities to them.
Productivity Productivity of paddy and Organic manure awareness and

maize is less than Krishna implementation.
district
Time to time quality testing of soil.
Usage of modern agricultural

equipment’s like Tractor, Harvester,
Solar pump set, etc.
Ground water Water level is going down. Water conservation techniques
level awareness and implementation
Livestock Half of them does not have Providing backward communities with
Livestock record livestock opportunities of animal husbandry by
government.
Animal Less number of goats and Providing backward communities with
husbandry cattles opportunities of animal husbandry by
government.
Livestock shelter More than half are devoid of Awareness about the productivity and
shelter health of livestock.
Social Poor Infrastructure Suggestion for provision of
infrastructure Infrastructure
Change in no of No Secondary Education.
school Expansion of Secondary School.
No proper Sanitation facilities
Health No Emergency transportation Necessity for provision of in-house
facilities. Doctor.
No Health Centre. Can have tie-ups with Private Hospitals

for Regular Medical camps.
Village is not supported by any
NGO’s.
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Panchayat Office Need for the Expansion of the office
Poor Infrastructure with better infrastructure.
Worship Places Nil Can be utilised for better social

interaction and unity
Police Station No Police Station Nil

Community Hall Inadequate number of Provision of Community Hall in every
Community Halls. Hamlet.
Bus Stop No bus stop Provision of Bus covering all the
settlements.
No proper public transport
available. Sharing Autos are at
irregular interval of time.
Weekly fair No fair is conducted in the Vocational Classes in the schools may
village. help students to develop their skills
apart from education which also
provides income.
Monthly fairs can be conducted.
Ration shop Located in MIG area Suggestion to relocate closer to LIG
Groups.
Physical Distribution system is weak Awareness among people about their
Infrastructure Coverage is weak rights.
Water Supply
Drinking water
sources
Water supply Many farmers are deprived of The implementation of NSP canal
for agriculture the water sources should be fast tracked.
Water conservation practices
Duration of Poor satisfaction for shared No of individual connections should be
supply connections increased till it attains 100% capacity.
Illegal connections should be remove
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Complaints 40% have complaints in Awareness of importance of low cost
quality during monsoon filtration techniques and
implementation of the same.
Sewerage and 65% of Household don't have Educating people through awareness
Drainage toilets campaigns.
Type of toilet
People practice open The Panchayat or the self-help groups
defecation should come forward and take initiative
for the construction of Toilets.
Open Drainage Open Drains and water The Panchayat should take initiative to
logging, spread of diseases due construct closed drains
to open drainage
Solid Waste Only 36% of households use Educating people through awareness
Management the waste for composting campaigns
Waste
Generation Remaining waste is dumped
on barren lands and roads
causing environmental
pollution
Collection of No community waste The Panchayat or the self-help groups
waste collecting system. should come forward and take initiative
for the collection and transfer of the
There is a scope for solid waste and awareness.
employment and revenue SWACH BHARAT ABHYAN
generation from this sector implementation.
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Bio-degradable The whole process of Need for awareness and sensitization
waste recycling, reusing and energy camps along with the participation of
generation is practiced very self-help groups about composting and
low. bio gas generation techniques.
Non-bio No waste management Recyclable waste can be recycled at the

degradable waste techniques considered or community level by adopting suitable
employed in this area of SWM crafts or technologies.
Non-recyclable waste can be used for

land filling
Monthly No usage of non-conventional More than 50% of the HH owns
consumption sources livestock’s. These can be used for the
pattern of Poor Street lights coverage generation of renewable energy
Electricity through biogas plants.
And
Agricultural
access to
electricity
Public transport There is no frequent access to Up gradation of the Tar roads under
public transport. PMGSY.
Internal roads All the internal roads become Low cost marginal and industrial waste
inaccessible after moderate materials may be promoted for rural
and heavy rains. road construction.
Emergency An ambulance is not always To have a PHC and an ambulance
facility available to reach the nearest 24x7.
hospital in time.
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Tele Not available for all kind of Sanctioning schemes like Grameen
Communications people living in the village. Telecom.
There is no internet access in Providing employment to people.
the village
Housing Due to lack of sufficient land, Government can take proper Land Use
Land Provision 2 generations are living in the measures and redistribute land
same house of 2 rooms. depending on the requirements and
According to present develop the existing conditions.
conditions, the occupancy is 4
(2 adults and 2 children) per
room.
Living Methods People are not aware of People can be made aware of proper
and conditions. improving their living space utilisation and better living
conditions by proper space conditions.
management
Type of houses All the houses are limited to Panchayat should promote the practice
ground floor of constructing higher floors when
sanctioning any type of new
constructions in the village.
Secondary Advanced construction Local training centers can be installed,
source of methods are not followed. teaching the people about advanced
income. construction techniques.
This provide a secondary occupation

for the people to depend upon, and also
help for the future development to go in
a better perspective.
Schemes Irrigation is solely dependent A canal may be channeled out into the
Irrigation on electricity. Hence, huge village from the nearby water body.
schemes- CLDP consumption of power.
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Sanitation Only 4 toilets have been Transparency in governance.
schemes- NBA constructed under this scheme
in 3 years (2012-15) whereas,
funds have been sanctioned for
30 houses.
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CONCLUSION
Mukkollupadu village comes under Nuzvid block in Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh. The
area is divided into six hamlets based on OC, BC or SC caste sections. Situational analysis
study was organized for assessing the community needs and understand the cause and effect
relationship of each problem prevalent currently in the village and relevant data was collected.
After the detailed study and analysis of village according to objectives defined, the major
concern area for the village is the fast depleting ground water level of village and its nearby
areas. Open defecation is leading to unhygienic conditions due to which there are increase
chances of epidemics. Lack of awareness about the different government schemes is
hampering the growth of village. Moreover, proximity to Nuzvid block is playing the major
role in overall development of village There is a list of suggestions mentioned above being
recommended on respective parameters, so as to deal with the corresponding issues prevailing
in Mukkollupadu. Effective execution of the same will lead to better quality of life in
Mukkollupadu.
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REFERENCES
(n.d.). Retrieved from www.unicef.org.
(n.d.). Retrieved from www.icds.gov.in, www.childlineindia.org.in.
(n.d.). Retrieved from www.mdm.nic.in.
(1991, 2001, 2011). Retrieved from CENSUS INDIA: http://www.censusindia.gov.in
(2008). District Handbook . Krishna.
(2008). District Rural Development Authority. Krishna.
Ministry of Panchyati Raj, Government of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.panchayat.gov.in.
(n.d.). PMAGY Report. Kagala Bamori.
(2011). Recommendations on Telecommunications Infrastructure Policy.
(2014). SAGY. India.
(2011). World Energy Council.
163 | P a g e
ANNEXURES
1. Panchayat Map of Mukkollupadu
2. Newspaper article of Hindu
3. Research Method Format
4. PMAGY guidelines
164 | P a g e
165 | P a g e
166 | P a g e
Name of Surveyor: ______________
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Date :______________
School of Planning and Architecture, JNA & FA University
Village Name : ______________
Mahaveer Marg, Hyderabad - 28
House No: Caste; : Religion: Hindu / Muslim / Christian / Others _____ Minority status: yes
OC/OBC/SC/ST No
N Place of Work Distance

Name Sex Age MaritalStatus Education Income Occupation
o (Km)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sex-Male(M)/Female(F) | Marital status-married(1)/unmarried(2)/divorced(3)/widow(4)
Education-Primary/SSC/Intermediate/Diploma/Graduation/Post-graduation/Others
Income- <2000/2000-5,000/5000-10,000/10,000-15,000/15,000-20,000/>20,000
10. Housing
10.1 Type of house Pucca Semi- Pucca Kutcha Flat Others
10.2 Years of Stay <05 05-10 10-20 20-30 >30
10.3 Ownership type? Owner Tenant if rented amount per month _________________
10.4 Age 01 02 03 04 >4
10.5 No. of rooms 01 02 03 04 >4
10.6 No. of windows: No. of ventilators:
10.7 Type of roof Thatched Tarpaulin Wooden Asbestos Cement slab Others
10.8 Type of flooring Mud Brick Stone Cement Tiles Others
10.9 House lighting Electricity connection Kerosene Firewood Others
10.10 Fuel for cooking Gas Electricity Kerosene Firewood Charcoal Others
10.11 Allotted under any
Govt.Scheme?
10.12 If yes, scheme name
and loan amount obtained
10.13 Why do you prefer to
stay here?
10.14 When did you shift
here?
11.Consumer durables
Assets Availability Assets Availability
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11.1 Electric fan Yes No Refrigerator Yes No
11.2 Cooler Yes No Residential telephone Yes No
11.3 Mobile phone Yes No Television Yes No
11.4 Furniture Yes No Sewing machine Yes No
15.Animal husbandry
15.1Do you own animals Yes No Type Hens (No. ) Cattle (No. ) Goat (No. ) Others (No.
)
15.2 Shelter for animals Inside house Separate shed for animals Open field
15.3 Do you have veterinary hospital in your village? Ye No If no, distance from your village:_________KM
16.Agriculture & allied activities

16.1 Land Holdings (in Acres)
16.2 Crops cultivated in a year Earning through
crops:
16.3 Major crop cultivated
16.4 Are you personally farming this land: Yes No
16.5 Is someone else is farming your land? Yes No
16.6 Type of irrigation
16.7 Electricity available for irrigation Yes No
17.Roads & street lights

17.1Type of road in front of the Kutcha CC BT WBM
house
17.2 Availability of street lights Yes No
17.3 Type of street light if available Sodium lamp Tube light
18. Electricity
18.1 Average monthly bill
18.2 Power cuts Yes No
18.3 Power cut hours 1-2hr 2-3 hr 3-4 hr >4hr
19. Water supply

19.1 Main Source of Drinking Water Supply
Tap water Bore well Hand Pump Tanker Other
19.2 If yes? Individual Shared multiple
19.3 If shared no. of families depend on one One Two more than Two
connection
19.4 Frequency Daily Alternative Once in 3days Weekly
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19.5 Duration of supply < 1hr 1-2 hr 2-3 hr >3 hr
19.6 Are you satisfied Yes No
19.7 Type of compliant
Quality Quantity Leakage No water Other
20.sewerage & drainage
20.1Type of toilet in usage?
Individual Community Toilet Public toilets Open defecation
20.2 Type of drainage system?
Open Underground septic tank Soak pit
20.3 If septic tank
20.4 Frequency of cleaning the septic tank
> 6 months Once in a year Once in 2 years > 2 years
21.Solid waste management
21.1 Where is household solid waste disposed?
Method Door to door Disposed in Roadside Bin Disposed at designated open dumping
spot
21.2 If door-to-door collection?
Frequency Daily Alternative Once in 3days Weekly
21.3 Availability of community dust bin? Yes No
22.Education
22.1 Where is your child Govt Private Not studying
studying?
22.2 Distance travel? 0-2kms 2-5kms above 5kms
22.3 Mode of transport? Walk Auto Bus Two wheeler Cycle
22.4 Quality of study?
22.5 Student and teacher ratio
22.6 Toilet facility in the School Yes No
22.7School Infrastructure Good Bad
23.Health:
S Availability
l
. Services
Yes No
n
o
2 Availability of Hospital
3
.
1
169 | P a g e
2 PHC Type:
3
.
2
2 Total number of Hospitals
3
.
3
2 Medical Practitioner: RMP Govt.Doctor
3
.
4
2 Common diseases:
3
.
5
2 Availability of a maternity yard
3
.
6
2 Infrastructure available in Hospital: No Of beds:_____No of Chairs:_____No of tube lights:_____
3
.
7
2 Are the Medicines Sufficient:
3
.
8
2 Cost of medicines
3
.
9
24.Basic services
Availability Time taken (mention mode of transport:________________)
Sl.no Services
Yes No 0-5 min 5-10 min 10-20 min >20 min
24.1 Grocery shop
24.2 Ration shop
24.3 Vegetable market
24.4 Dispensary/ clinic
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24.5 Medical shop
24.6 Banking
24.7 Community centre
24.8 Post office
24.9 Police station
24.10 Park/ Play ground
25.Scheme
25.1 Are you benefited under any scheme? Yes No
Name of the scheme
25.2 Do you have ration card? Yes No
If yes, type of ration card White Pink
Reason for not having ration card
25.3 Do you have any self-help group in your society? Yes No
Name of the self-help group Benefit obtained
25.4 Do you conduct any regular community meetings? Yes No
Where?
25.5 Do you have pensions? Yes No If yes, type of pension
25.6 Any NGO initiative taken Yes No If yes, programmes taken up
25.7 Improvements required:
25.8 What are you expecting from govt side
25.9 Are you aware of development schemes which are implementing for the poor in the village Yes No
25.10 Are you satisfied with the development schemes/programmes implemented by the govt? Yes No
171 | P a g e

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Development Plan of Mukkollupadu Village

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA.

Submitted by: M. Planning, 1st Year (2015)

We express our gratitude to Commissioner Shree Venkateshwar Rao, Sarpanch Shree

Preparation of "Village Development Plan" of Mukkollupadu village in Nuzvid Mandal of

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 12

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 14

LIST OF GRAPHS .................................................................................................................. 15

1.1 What is a Village Development Plan?....................................................................... 17

1.2 Purpose of Village Development Planning ............................................................... 17

1.3 Micro-level Planning ................................................................................................. 18

1.4 Location of Mukkollupadu ........................................................................................ 18

1.5 Village Profile ........................................................................................................... 19

1.6 History ....................................................................................................................... 20

1.7 Why Mukkollupadu? ................................................................................................. 21

2.1 Kagala Bambori- Rajasthan ...................................................................................... 22

2.2 Laxmanpura- Gujarat ................................................................................................ 24

2.3 Asapur- Maharashtra ................................................................................................. 26

2.4 Rajgarh Village- Rajasthan ....................................................................................... 28

2.5 Surangal-Andhra Pradesh .......................................................................................... 30

2.6 Ralegan Siddhi – Maharashtra .................................................................................. 32

2.7 Kondapalli- Andhra Pradesh ..................................................................................... 34

2.8 Case Study of Buckshaw- England ........................................................................... 36

2.9 Case Study of Model Village .................................................................................... 37

2.9.1 Punsari village in Gujarat................................................................................... 37

2.9.2 Hiware Bazar in Maharashtra ............................................................................ 38

3.1 Vision ........................................................................................................................ 41

3.2 Aim ............................................................................................................................ 41

3.3 Objective ................................................................................................................... 41

3.4 Village Planning Through Participatory Planning & Techniques ............................. 41

3.5 NSSO Research Methods & Survey.......................................................................... 42

4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...................................................................................... 43

4.1 Demographic Profile ................................................................................................. 43

4.1.1 Decadal Population Growth ............................................................................... 44

4.1.2 Change In Population ......................................................................................... 44

4.1.3 Change In Sex Ratio .......................................................................................... 45

4.1.4 Change in Literacy Rate..................................................................................... 46

4.1.5 Caste Distribution .............................................................................................. 47

4.2 Economic Profile ....................................................................................................... 48

4.2.1 Distribution of Occupation ................................................................................ 48

4.2.2 Change in Work Force ....................................................................................... 48

4.2.3 Change in Non-Working Population ................................................................. 49

5 LAND USE AND UTILISATION .................................................................................. 50

5.1 Land Use Distribution ............................................................................................... 50

5.1.1 Mukkollupadu Settlements Area........................................................................ 51

5.1.2 Land Utilization ................................................................................................. 52

5.1.3 Contour of Mukkollupadu.................................................................................. 53

5.2 Irrigation .................................................................................................................... 54

5.2.1 Area Change from 1991 - 2015 ......................................................................... 54

5.2.2 Sources of Irrigation .......................................................................................... 55

5.2.3 Electricity Usage and Costing............................................................................ 56

5.2.4 Groundwater Level ............................................................................................ 57

5.4 Agriculture Landholdings ......................................................................................... 60

5.5 Productivity ............................................................................................................... 61

5.5.1 Paddy Productivity (kg/acre) ............................................................................. 61

5.5.2 Maize Productivity ............................................................................................. 61

5.5.3 Cash Crop Productivity (kg/acre) ..................................................................... 62

5.5.4 Plantation Productivity (kg/acre) ....................................................................... 63

5.5.5 Chilly Productivity (kg/acre) ............................................................................. 63

5.5.6 Cost of Paddy and Maize (Rs/quintal) ............................................................... 64