DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG
Doornfontein Campus

SCISSOR LIFT

by Y.Sindelo Student No: 20045430

Supervisor(s): Mr. Stachelhaus

Subject: Mechanical Design project 3A

Date: 15 March 2023

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 DECLARATION
I (We) confirm that it's the author's original work (s). Any information gained
from other sources, whether directly or indirectly, has been explicitly
acknowledged. Additionally, it represents my (our) personal beliefs rather than
those of the University of Johannesburg..

Signed Date 15 March 2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................................. 6
(a) screw-driven scissors lift. ........................................................................................ 7
(b) screw scissor for supporting the machine parts during their repairand
maintenance. .............................................................................................................. 9
(c) UPRIGHT scissor lift ............................................................................................ 11
(e) Hydraulic Lift Working: ....................................................................................... 15
(f) Launching and unloading platform (southworthproducts.com 2016). .............. 16
g) Mechanical Scissor Lift .......................................................................................... 18
1.2.1 Hydraulic system ................................................................................................. 19
1.2.2 Pneumatic system ................................................................................................ 19
1.2.3 Electrical system .................................................................................................. 20
1.2.4 Mechanical System .............................................................................................. 20
2. DESIGN STRATEGY ............................................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Hydraulic system ................................................................................................. 22
2.2.2 Pneumatic system. ............................................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Electrical system .................................................................................................. 24
3. DEFINATION OF PROBLEM .............................................................................. 27
3.1.1 Aim ....................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.1 Safety Constraints ............................................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Environmental Constraints ................................................................................ 31
3.3.3 Economical Constraints ...................................................................................... 31
4. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 33
5.Design Development.......................................................................................................... 39
6.Description of the Final Design, Conclusion andRecommendation ............................. 58
7.Detailed product Description and life cycle requirements. ........................................... 63
7.1 Bill of materials of indicating prototype budget of Screw Scissor lift ...................... 69
7.2 Comprehensive Cost Analysis....................................................................................... 70
8.Manufacturability ............................................................................................................. 72
I.Designcomplexity………………………………………………………………………...72
II.Tolerances and Precision................................................................................................. 72
III.Prototyping and Testing ................................................................................................ 73
8.1 Environmental impact/sustainability ........................................................................... 74
8.3 Health and safety ............................................................................................................ 76
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8.4 Social, ethical, and political issues ................................................................................ 77
9.Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 78
10.Recommendation ............................................................................................................. 79
References .......................................................................................................................... 80

Table of Figures

Figure 1 Concept of the screw-driven scissors lift (Alkali Babawuya1,*,

Adamu Garba2, 2020)......................................................................................... 7
Figure 2 screw scissor for supporting the machine parts during their repair
and maintenance. (Nitesh H. Chahande*1, Piyush B. Pandey*2, Shubhangi
S. Murekar*3,, 2022)........................................................................................... 9
Figure 3 UPRIGHT scissor lift (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017)........ 11
Figure 4 Mobile lifting platform (Made-in-china.com 2016). (Georgy
Olenin, 2016) ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5 Hydraulic Lift Working: (Sabde Abhijit Manoharrao1, Prof.
Jamgekar R.S.2, 2016) ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 6 Launching and unloading platform (southworthproducts.com
2016). (Georgy Olenin, 2016) ........................................................................... 16
Figure 7 Mechanical Scissor Lift (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017) .... 17
Figure 8 Methodology Flow Chat .................................................................... 20
Figure 9 System Parts ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 10 Design processes ............................................................................... 25
Figure 11 Lower Plate (Research Gate , 2017) ............................................... 32
Figure 12 Scissor Arm (Research Gate , 2017)............................................... 33
Figure 13 Bearing. (Research Gate , 2017) ..................................................... 34
Figure 14 Upper Plate (Research Gate , 2017) ............................................... 35
Figure 15 Lead Screw (Research Gate , 2017) ............................................... 36
Figure 16 Nut (Research Gate , 2017) ............................................................. 36
Figure 17 Link ( (Research Gate , 2017) ......................................................... 37
Figure 18 Pin (Research Gate , 2017) .............................................................. 37
Figure 19 Assembly of a Hydraulic Scissor Lift Mechanics( (Mouray, 2023) 39
Figure 20Assembly of Lead screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table
Mechanism( (Learn Mechanical , 2019)) ........................................................ 42
Figure 21 Assembly of a rough terrain Scissor lift ........................................ 45
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Figure 22 Pneumatic Scissor Lift (Verstil, 2016) ........................................... 48
Figure 23 Reference Guardrail ( (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017) .... 53
Figure 24 Fila Design of a Lead Screw Scissor Lift ....................................... 56
Figure 25 Assembly of a rough terrain Scissor lift ........................................ 57
Figure 26 Final 3D Solid work Design of a Screw Scissor lift mechanism .. 59
Figure 27 Bottom and Top Platform ............................................................... 60
Figure 28 nut...................................................................................................... 60
Figure 29 Lead ................................................................................................... 61
Figure 30 Bearing .............................................................................................. 61
Figure 31 Scissor Legs ...................................................................................... 62

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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

A scissor lift or system is a mechanical device used to raise or position a

platform. As the name indicates, the term "scissor" originates from the
mechanic in which the supporting sections are folded in cross-X patterns.
Extension displacement motion is achieved by the application of force to one or
more supports, resulting in an elongation of the cross pattern. The force applied
to extend the scissors mechanism may be hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical
(via a lead screw or rack and pinion system). There is a significant need for lifts,
and they run into laboratories, workshops, factories, and residential/commercial
buildings to repair streetlights, fix billboards, and replace bulbs. Engineers may
encounter occasional problems when using expanded and less efficient
equipment. The name scissors lift originated from the ability of the device to
open (expand) and close (counter-like a pair of scissors). Assessing the cost of
increasing energy, the results obtained, and the maintenance costs associated
with such a mechanism. This design concept should be adopted for machine
production. The initial idea of design considered was the design of a single
hydraulic ram for heavy-duty vehicles and putting it underneath, but this has
limitations as to height and stability, and someone will be responsible for
controlling it. It turned out that the individual ascending/descending could be
controlling the device himself. Therefore, further research was done to see how
to achieve this aim. A scissors lift is attached to a piece of equipment having a
workstation known as a scissors lift table. This workstation houses the pump,
the reservoir, the generator, control valves and connections, and the motor. A
scissors lift does not reach as high as a boom lift; it sacrifices height for a larger
workstation. Where more height is needed, a boom lift can be used.

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1.1 Classification of different types of scissor lift and lifting platforms

(a) screw-driven scissors lift.

As illustrated in figure 1, a scissor lift uses a crisscross "X" pattern of linked,

folding supports, to enable vertical displacement of a load such as an antenna,
commonly known as a pantograph (or, simply, a scissor mechanism). Scissor
lifts are widely used in industrial applications for lifting a load to the desired
height. This is. This is because it is one of the most economical lift devices
compared with the height assessed. Each arm of the cross is referred to as a
scissor arm or as a scissor member. An actuator (usually hydraulic, pneumatic,
or mechanical) applies force to the outside of one set of supports, elongating the
crossing pattern, and propelling the load upward. However, the positioning of
the actuator, in terms of the point of application of the force on the pantograph,
can affect the force required of the actuator for a given load. Prudent placement
of the actuator can greatly reduce the force required and the stress levels in the
adjacent scissor arms. This mobile scissor lift is portable enough to be carried
on a small bus to the broadcast location.

The connection between this screw scissor and my project is that it has some of
the components that I would like to include in my project such as a screw-
driven component for the elevation and depression of my scissor lift.
Furthermore, this screw scissor also has a locking mechanism which is a
necessary component for the safety of my project. For example, the locking
mechanism will prevent the scissor lift from becoming elevated or depressed
when it is not supposed to, thus ensuring the safety of the user. Also, it consists
of the roller to bring about the motion of the scissor and the handle for control.
The roller in a scissor lift helps to move the scissor lift and down. It is attached
to the scissor arms and is connected to a motor that is used to power the scissor

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lift's movement. The roller is essential for providing smooth and accurate
operation of the scissor lift.

Figure 1 Concept of the screw-driven scissors lift (Alkali Babawuya1,*, Adamu Garba2,
2020)

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 (b) screw scissor for supporting the machine parts during their repair
and maintenance.

Based on the current industrial scenario, the aerial work platforms employed in
the application perform as expected. The use of hydraulic scissor lifts is nearly
as common as that of pneumatic scissor lifts in today's industries. These kinds
of lists are highly efficient and convenient. Hydraulic and pneumatic lifts lack
the convenience of use, the affordability, and the safety. Therefore, it is
necessary to include some accessories, and safety measures, and to think of
alternative mechanisms for operating aerial scissor lifts. The Mechanically
Operated Scissor Lifts can be operated using two different Mechanisms, i.e.,
Rack & Pinion Method as well as Lead Screw Method. Many machines such as
an aerial lift, boom lift, scissor lift, man lift, tail handler, and towable lift are
utilized to move machinery and workers in different directions. This is based on
the requirement. A scissor lift is a portable, easily extended and compressed,
safe operating machine used for the transportation of medium-sized components
to their expected position. Using crisscross 'X' pattern scissor arms, a scissor lift
moves vertically. The required elevation of the lift is achieved based on the
number of crisscross 'X' pattern scissor arms attached. The scissor lift
mechanism is based on linked arms in a crisscross 'X' pattern which can be
folded or extended in different directions, as with the pan typograph, which can
fold and extend in different directions. It is required to design a screw scissor
for supporting the machine parts during their Service and repairs. It should be a
general-purpose jack with a load carrying capacity of 50KN and a maximum
lifting height of 0.3m. The jack is to be operated by means of a D.C motor.
Selection of Materia

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Figure 2 screw scissor for supporting the machine parts during their repair and maintenance.
(Nitesh H. Chahande*1, Piyush B. Pandey*2, Shubhangi S. Murekar*3,, 2022)

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 (c) UPRIGHT scissor lift

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by the name

"UPRIGHT". Upright was founded by an engineer, Walkie Johnson who
created and sold the first platform which was called a "scissor lift” due to the
steel cross bricking that supported the platform giving it the product name
“magic carpet”. The magic carpet was able to provide instant revenue for the
young company due to its quick popularity among its companies. UPRIGHT's
scissor lift is an aerial work platform that is used to elevate personnel and
materials to heights that are otherwise inaccessible. It is powered by an electric
motor, and its platform is raised by a scissor mechanism, which extends and
retracts to provide a stable and safe work platform. For example, the UPRIGHT
scissor lift can be used to access high-level tasks such as cleaning windows and
painting walls or to lift and transport materials to inaccessible areas. This allows
workers to access areas that are otherwise too high for them to reach,
eliminating the need for ladders or scaffolding, which can be dangerous and
time-consuming to set up. The UPRIGHT scissor lift also has safety features,
such as a guardrail, that provide an added layer of protection against falls.
Additionally, it has an adjustable platform height, so workers can customize the
lift to meet their specific needs. Advantages of UPRIGHT's scissor lift include
its safety features for protecting against falls. It also has an adjustable platform
height to meet specific needs. In addition, it can access heights that are
otherwise inaccessible. Additionally, it is powered by an electric motor, making
it easy to use and efficient, and it eliminates the need for ladders or scaffolding,
which can be dangerous and time-consuming to set up.

Connection between UPRIGHT scissor lift and my project is the safety of the
Load that is being lifted. The guardrail its one of the components that I would
like to include in my Project for the safety of the Load from falling this will also
reduce the cost of damages due to fall of the Loads.

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Figure 3 UPRIGHT scissor lift (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017)

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 (d) Mobile lifting platform (Made-in-china.com 2016).

A mobile lifting platform, also known as a material lift or scissor lift, is a device
used to raise or lower heavy loads or personnel. It consists of a platform or a
deck, which is raised and lowered by a hydraulic or pneumatic system. The
platform is mounted on a set of scissor arms, which are connected to an electric,
hydraulic, or pneumatic power source. The electric power source powers the
hydraulic or pneumatic system, which in turn moves the scissor arms to raise or
lower the platform. The scissor arms are connected to a control system that
allows the operator to control the speed and direction of the lift platform. The
power source can be a motor, an engine, a battery, or another energy source. A
chain elevator, a screw elevator, a telescopic elevator, and a lever elevator are
all types of elevators. A chain elevator is a type of elevator that uses a chain-
and-pulley system to raise and lower the platform. The chain is connected to a
motor that powers the system and is guided by a track or guide rails, allowing
the lift to travel up and down. A screw elevator is a type of elevator that uses a
screw-and-nut system to raise and lower the platform. A motor is used to rotate
the screw, which is connected to a nut that is attached to the platform. As the
screw rotates, the nut is pushed up or down, causing the platform to move up or
down. There are three types of drive elevators: electro-mechanical,
electromechanical, and mechanical hydraulic. Arms of pick-up services and
elevators are divided into three categories: console, platform, & frame.
Stationary elevators are established in a defined place, often without
specialization on a floor. To install a telescopic elevator, a special basement is
required (Stroytech-ms.rus.ru 2016). Racks move in elevators that are part of
the mobile category. The main advantage of mobile elevators is their mobility -
the possibility to install them serially on various posts and in various
technological zones of the enterprise (Stroytech-ms. run 2016)

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The elevators that move racks are classified as mobile. The main advantage of
mobile elevators is their mobility - the possibility to use them serially on
various posts and in various technological zones of the enterprise (Stroytech-
ms.ru 2016).

Figure 4 Mobile lifting platform (Made-in-china.com 2016). (Georgy Olenin, 2016)

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 (e) Hydraulic Lift Working:

A hydraulic lift table is a device used to raise and lower heavy objects in a
controlled manner. It uses a hydraulic system to generate a lifting force which is
then applied to a platform, allowing it to be raised or lowered. Hydraulic lift
tables are widely used in many industries, such as manufacturing, warehousing,
and construction, for the transportation and handling of heavy loads. The lift
table's up speed and capacity determine the amount of work the motor must do.
The lift table is lowered by opening a down valve that allows fluid out of the
cylinder at a controlled rate. The down speed of a lift table is controlled by a
flow control valve, which is pressure compensated and matched to the speed of
lift tables. This feature prevents the lift table from lowering if there is a power
failure. The scissor lift has multiple levels of cross bars, which convert a linear
displacement into a vertical displacement. The amount of force required by the
actuator is amplified, resulting in large forces required to lift even a moderate
load.

Figure 5 Hydraulic Lift Working: (Sabde Abhijit Manoharrao1, Prof. Jamgekar R.S.2, 2016)

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 (f) Launching and unloading platform (southworthproducts.com 2016).

The portable elevators divided into several mobile lifting platform, a couple of
tractor-lift platforms, improved car lifting platform, AC-DC dual-use working
out with a platform, self-elevating podium, crank-type raise platform, foldable
arm lift platform, packages cylinder lift platform, lightweight aluminum lift
platform, working out with height from 1-30 m. he portable elevators are
divided into several mobile lifting platforms, a couple of tractor-lift platforms,
an improved car lifting platform, an AC-DC dual-use working out with a
platform, a self-elevating podium, a crank-type raised platform, a foldable arm
lift platform, packages cylinder lift platform, lightweight aluminum lift
platform, working out with height from 1-30 m. A tractor-lift platform is a type
of portable elevator that is mounted on a tractor, allowing it to be transported
easily to different sites. It is typically used to reach heights of up to 30 meters
and can be used for a variety of construction and maintenance tasks. An AC-DC
dual-use working out with a platform is a type of portable elevator that has both
AC and DC power sources, allowing it to be used in both indoor and outdoor
settings. It is typically used to reach heights of up to 30 meters and can be used
for a variety of construction and maintenance tasks. A self-elevating podium is
a type of portable elevator that is designed to be used in a variety of indoor
settings. It is typically used to reach heights of up to 10 meters and can be used
for a variety of presentations and other events. It is typically made of
lightweight aluminum and can be easily transported to different locations. For
instance, self-elevating podiums are commonly used in theatres, auditoriums,
and sports arenas to allow the presenter to stand at the same level as the
audience.

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Figure 6 Launching and unloading platform (southworthproducts.com 2016). (Georgy Olenin,
2016)

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g) Mechanical Scissor Lift

Construction sites often use mechanical scissors lifts to lift materials. Scissor
lifts have been improved in this way in recent years. A belt drive system is
connected to a load screw that creates the "X" pattern on tightening and expands
it on loosening. With the help of the lead screw, the applied force from the
wheel is converted into the linear motion of the lift. The working equipment can
be raised to a height with this. It is important to note, however, that general
knowledge regarding screws reveals the loss resulting from friction in the
screw. Consequently, this device has low efficiency due to friction losses. The
machine is also powered manually, which requires a great deal of energy to
produce the desired result. Its suitability, however, cannot be overemphasized as
it can be used in almost every part of the country whether there is availability of
electricity or not.

Figure 7 Mechanical Scissor Lift (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017)

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1.2 System functions

1.2.1 Hydraulic system

A hydraulic system is a type of mechanical system that uses pressurized fluids

to generate power and motion. It uses a hydraulic pump to convert hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy to move objects. The hydraulic pump pressurizes
the fluid and sends it throughout the system, where it is used to power actuators,
such as cylinders and motors, to create motion. The advantages of using a
hydraulic system include its ability to provide a large amount of force in a small
package, its ability to generate large amounts of torque, its ability to provide
smooth and precise control, and its ability to operate in a wide range of
temperatures. In addition, hydraulic systems are relatively inexpensive, easy to
maintain, and require minimal energy to operate. For instance, hydraulic
systems are used in a variety of applications such as construction,
manufacturing, and automotive industries as they can generate a significant
amount of force and torque with a small amount of energy.

1.2.2 Pneumatic system

A pneumatic system is a system that uses pressurized gas, usually compressed

air, to power machines and mechanical devices. This gas is used to power tools
and machinery and is especially useful in applications where high-force and/or
high-speed power is needed. Examples include hydraulic lifts, air compressors,
and air-powered engines. The advantages of pneumatic systems include their
ability to provide high force, power, and speed at relatively low cost, as well as
their low noise levels and low maintenance requirements. They are also
relatively safe to operate, as the pressurized air is contained within the system,
and thus cannot cause injuries or property damage. For example, pneumatic
systems are often used in automotive production lines because air-powered
pressurization is both fast and safe for workers compared to motorized press.

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1.2.3 Electrical system

An electrical system is a set of components that work together to generate,

distribute, and use electrical energy. It includes the power source (generator),
wiring, outlets, switches, and other components that allow electricity to be
safely used in a building. Electrical systems are used in a wide variety of
applications, including powering tools, machinery, and appliances. The
advantages of an electrical system scissor lift are that it is more efficient and
reliable than manual systems. It is also safer, as it eliminates the need for
manual picking and the risk of damage. Additionally, it is more cost-effective,
as it requires less maintenance and is more energy efficient. For instance, an
electrical scissor lift offers a faster lifting speed than manual systems, allowing
for more efficient operation and shorter working times.

1.2.4 Mechanical System

Mechanical system scissor lift. A mechanical system is a device or combination

of devices that uses energy to perform a task. A scissor lift is an example of a
mechanical system that uses pistons and mechanical linkages to raise and lower
an object or platform. It is commonly used in construction and industrial
settings to lift and move heavy objects. Advantages of a scissor lift include its
low cost, reliable and efficient performance, and the ability to move in a vertical
direction. It is also easy to operate and can be used in a variety of applications.
Additionally, it provides a stable platform for workers to perform tasks safely at
heights. For instance, a scissor lift can be used to move a large piece of
equipment up to a higher floor in a building or to lift workers to the ceiling for
maintenance.

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2. DESIGN STRATEGY

2.1 Methodology flow Chat

Figure 8 Methodology Flow Chat

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2.2 System functions

2.2.1 Hydraulic system

A hydraulic system is a type of mechanical system that uses pressurized fluids

to generate power and motion. It uses a hydraulic pump to convert hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy to move objects. The hydraulic pump pressurizes
the fluid and sends it throughout the system, where it is used to power actuators,
such as cylinders and motors, to create motion. The advantages of using a
hydraulic system include its ability to provide a large amount of force in a small
package, its ability to generate large amounts of torque, its ability to provide
smooth and precise control, and its ability to operate in a wide range of
temperatures. In addition, hydraulic systems are relatively inexpensive, easy to
maintain, and require minimal energy to operate. For instance, hydraulic
systems are used in a variety of applications such as construction,
manufacturing, and automotive industries as they can generate a significant
amount of force and torque with a small amount of energy.

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 Figure 9 System Parts

2.2.2 Pneumatic system.

A pneumatic system is a system that uses pressurized gas, usually compressed

air, to power machines and mechanical devices. This gas is used to power tools
and machinery and is especially useful in applications where high-force and/or
high-speed power is needed. Examples include hydraulic lifts, air compressors,
and air-powered engines. The advantages of pneumatic systems include their
ability to provide high force, power, and speed at relatively low cost, as well as
their low noise levels and low maintenance requirements. They are also
relatively safe to operate, as the pressurized air is contained within the system,
and thus cannot cause injuries or property damage. For example, pneumatic
systems are often used in automotive production lines because air-powered
pressurization is both fast and safe for workers compared to motorized press.

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2.2.3 Electrical system

An electrical system is a set of components that work together to generate,

distribute, and use electrical energy. It includes the power source (generator),
wiring, outlets, switches, and other components that allow electricity to be
safely used in a building. Electrical systems are used in a wide variety of
applications, including powering tools, machinery, and appliances. The
advantages of an electrical system scissor lift are that it is more efficient and
reliable than manual systems. It is also safer, as it eliminates the need for
manual lifting and the potential for injury. Additionally, it is more cost-
effective, as it requires less maintenance and is more energy efficient. For
instance, an electrical scissor lift offers a faster lifting speed than manual
systems, allowing for more efficient operation and shorter working times.

2.2.4 Mechanical System- Mechanical system scissor lift. A mechanical system

is a device or combination of devices that use energy to perform a task. A
scissor lift is an example of a mechanical system that uses pistons and
mechanical linkages to raise and lower an object or platform. It is commonly
used in construction and industrial settings to lift and move heavy objects.
Advantages of a scissor lift include its low cost, reliable and efficient
performance, and the ability to move in a vertical direction. It is also easy to
operate and can be used in a variety of applications. Additionally, it provides a
stable platform for workers to perform tasks safely at heights. For instance, a
scissor lift can be used to move a large piece of equipment up to a higher floor
in a building or to lift workers to the ceiling for maintenance.

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2.3 Design strategy through Addition and subtraction

The design strategy that I am going to use for Designing my Scissor lift is the
addition and substitution strategy. For instance, looking at figure 3 UPRIGHT
Machine I am proposing to substitute the hydraulic system for a motorized
system and Use a Mechanical system instead (add a Screw) to reduce the Cost
of Power usage. This new design strategy should result in a cost-effective and
efficient scissor lift, while still maintaining stability and performance.
Additionally, I am proposing to add a safety feature to the scissor lift such as a
brake system to ensure that the lift remains stationary and secure when not in
use. This will help to prevent any potential accidents or injuries from occurring.
Additionally, I am considering adding a roller system to the scissor lift to make
it easier to manoeuvre it around. This will help increase the manoeuvrability of
the scissor lift, allowing it to move more quickly and efficiently. The roller
system will also help reduce the amount of force needed to move the lift,
making it easier to use and more user-friendly. I will use a guardrail to ensure
the safety of the operators using the scissor lift. The guardrail will be installed
around the perimeter of the lift platform to ensure that the operator does not fall
off the lift. Additionally, the guardrail will be equipped with a locking
mechanism to ensure that the lift cannot be operated without the guardrail in
place.

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2.4 Engineering Design processes steps

Figure 10 Design processes

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3. DEFINATION OF PROBLEM

3.1 Problem statement

Unlike the past, many of the self-things are done by machines, not only by
humans. The reason behind all of this is simply that as time went on it became
clear that using humans for so many things, if not everything, was not good
because it exposed one to so many dangers and complications. It was then
deemed a great idea to simplify all of this and turn it into a machine, which
would eliminate all the problems, complications, and dangers. Repairing and
servicing a machine is better than repairing and servicing human life, which
cannot be repaired or serviced once lost.

The problem we are facing today is that Warehouses and Markets are spending
a lot of money on forklifts and other types of Material Moving Machine
operators and for the repairing of the Machines and Maintenance. The problem
with forklifts is that they are costly to maintain and operate and can be
dangerous if not operated correctly. Forklifts require regular servicing and
maintenance to ensure they are functioning safely and correctly, and these costs
add up over time. Additionally, forklifts can cause serious accidents if not
operated by qualified and experienced operators, leading to potential injury or
death. As such, employers must invest in regularly scheduled maintenance as
well as to ensure that all operators are properly trained and qualified to prevent
the risks associated with their forklifts, as well as ensure that all operators are
properly trained and qualified to prevent the risks associated with operating a
forklift.

Problem with using people in warehouses and markets to pack stock and move
materials on high shelves? One of the biggest concerns is safety. People are
more prone to manual handling injuries when they are asked to lift, move, or

27
pack heavy materials on high shelves. Additionally, these types of tasks can be
tedious and time-consuming, and not all employees might be physically capable
of doing them. These issues can lead to worker fatigue, which can in turn lead
to mistakes, poor performance, and even accidents. It is important to ensure that
safety protocols are in place to minimize the risks associated with these tasks.
For instance, employers should provide employees with appropriate training and
equipment, such as lifting straps and carts, to reduce the strain of lifting and
moving heavy materials.

A scissor lift is one that follows a certain path that is created. Scissor lifts can
help with the transportation of heavy materials, making it easier and more
efficient to move them around the facility. They also make it easier to reach
things stored at higher levels, saving time and effort. Additionally, they are a
great way to improve safety by providing a stable working platform for
employees. Using scissor lifts in warehouses, supermarkets, and factories can
increase productivity, efficiency, and safety - all while taking less time and
effort. Compared to forklifts, scissor lifts are more maneuverable and able to
access tight spaces. They also require less training to operate and are much
quieter, making them ideal for indoor use. Additionally, they are less expensive
than forklifts and require less maintenance. For example, scissor lifts can be
used to reach high shelves and inventory, as well as to set up elevated
workstations, making it easier to access higher areas without the need for
ladders.

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3.1.1 Aim

The Aim is to design a Scissor Lift that will help Warehouses, Supermarkets,
and factories to transport and Lift Materials and Goods in high Shelves.

3.2 Design Requirements.

• Loading Capacity of 500kg

• The heigh the rise 3.5 m
• Rising time of 60 seconds
• Lowering time of 60 seconds
• Initial heigh depends on the heigh of the scissor lift body design from the
ground.
• Use a Screw instead of Gasoline, Battery, Water or Air.
• Durability
• Reliability
• Ease of assembly, disassembly and repairing parts is very important.
• The material must be lightweight, corrosive resistant, recyclable and
available for purchase on the market.

The screw scissor lift should be designed to be able to hold a specific amount of
weight, have a reliable motor and other components, have a reliable braking
system, and be able to be adjusted to different heights. It should also be
designed to be safe for use in an industrial setting. Additionally, the screw
scissor lift should be constructed with a steel frame for extra durability and
rigidity. It should also have a powder-coated finish for improved corrosion
resistance. For instance, the lifting mechanism should be designed to

29
automatically engage and disengage the brake when the platform reaches the
desired height.

3.3 Design Constraints

3.3.1 Safety Constraints

• The Scissor lift must be stable, and the platform must be large enough to
safely hold the load.
• The lift should also have a guardrail to prevent accidents, as well as other
safety features such as non-slip flooring and safety handles.
• Additionally, the lift should be designed to shut down automatically if an
overload is detected, and a safety latch should be installed to prevent the
platform from lowering unexpectedly.
• Furthermore, the lift should be inspected regularly to identify any
potential hazards and to ensure that all safety features are functioning
properly.
• It is important to ensure that the operator is properly trained in the use of
the scissor lift. For example, the operator should understand the weight
capacity of the lift, as well as the proper procedures for safely operating
the lift, such as how to raise and lower the platform, how to position the
stabilizers, and how to properly secure the load.

30
3.3.2 Environmental Constraints

• The Scissor lift is limited to the outdoor environment it will be operating

in.
• The Size of the Scissor lift should be (4m x 1.5m), and the size of the
scissor profile is determined as 80×40×5 mm.
• It can only be used on relatively flat, even surfaces and it will require a
certain amount of clearance to properly operate.
• It will need to be operated on a stable surface with no loose soil or debris,
as this could be a hazard to both the operator and the equipment.
• Furthermore, inclement weather can limit their use as slippery or wet
surfaces can be unsafe to operate on, and strong winds can make them
unstable.
• In addition, the scissor lifts can’t be used on uneven terrain as this can
cause them to tip over and become unstable. For instance, uneven
surfaces such as on a slope can cause the lift to tip over, which can result
in serious injury or death.

3.3.3 Economical Constraints

• The cost of purchasing must be within the University or Business Budget

of R20000
• maintaining and operating a scissor lift can be prohibitive for many
companies.
• The initial purchase cost is often R35000, and the associated costs of
maintenance, training, and safety equipment can add up quickly.
• The parts must be manufactured by ManTech, RS Components, or
Builders Warehouse.

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 • The cost of labor associated with operating the machine can be
significant.
• cumbersome to move around, requiring specialized transportation and
additional personnel.
• There will be no testing expenses associated with the design.

3.3.4 Design Criteria

• The Scissor must be capable of lowering labor expenses during operation.

• High efficiency
• Low maintenance
• Simplicity of usage and operation
• It must consume less energy and be ecologically beneficial by keeping
the warehouse floor essentially untouched.

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4. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Lower Plate

provides a stable foundation for the scissors lift. It supports the weight of the
Upper plate and scissor arms, as well as any load placed on the lift. The Lower
Plate is also responsible for providing a stable foundation for the lift to move
freely, without any shaking or wobbling. It must also be strong enough to resist
any force applied to it while in operation. For instance, the lower plate must be
bolted to the floor so that it can remain securely in place while the lift is used to
carry heavy loads. The Lower plate can also be fitted with wheels to allow it to
be moved easily from one place to another, allowing it to be used in multiple
locations.

Figure 11 Lower Plate (Research Gate , 2017)

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4.2 Scissor Arm
The scissors' arms are the main components of the scissors lift. They are
responsible for supporting the platform, as well as providing the mechanical
force necessary to raise it. Hence based on strength, stiffness, plasticity, and
hardness. Stainless steel is recommended. The arms are connected to the base
platform and the top platform, and they are responsible for transferring the
weight of the top platform and any load placed on the lift to the base platform.
The arms are subjected to both compressive and tensile forces and must be
strong enough to resist these forces without breaking. The arms must also be
stiff enough to allow the lift to move freely without any shaking or wobbling.

Figure 12 Scissor Arm (Research Gate , 2017)

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4.3 Bearings
Essential component of the scissors lift, they provide the necessary support and
reduce friction between the moving parts. They are used to constrain the
movement of the arms and help them move with less resistance, while also
providing support and stability. Bearings are also used to reduce the noise and
vibration that can be generated by the lift during operation. For example,
tapered roller bearings are often used to reduce friction between the arms of a
scissors lift and help ensure smooth, low-noise operation.

Figure 13 Bearing. (Research Gate , 2017)

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4.4 Upper Plate
The upper plate of the scissors lift is the portion of the lift where the workman
stands while performing his tasks. It is designed to be durable and able to
support the weight of the workman and any tools or materials they may be
handling. It is typically made of a strong material such as steel or aluminum to
ensure that it can withstand the weight of the workman and their equipment.
Additionally, it is designed to be slip-resistant, providing the workman with a
secure and stable platform for their work. For example, the surface of the
platform is often textured to provide greater traction and prevent slipping, while
also having a guardrail system to provide extra protection for the workman.

Figure 14 Upper Plate (Research Gate , 2017)

4.5 Lead Screw

The Lead screw is a threaded rod that is connected to the Upper Plate. When the
screw is turned, it exerts a force on the Upper Plate and causes it to move up or
down. This enables the lift to adjust its height to accommodate different tasks
and to raise and lower the platform as needed.

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 Figure 15 Lead Screw (Research Gate , 2017)

4.6 Nut
The Nut is a component that is connected to the Lead Screw and is responsible
for providing resistance to the movement of the Lead Screw. The Nut is
tightened or loosened to adjust the amount of force that is exerted by the Lead
Screw, enabling the lift to move up and down at different speeds.

Figure 16 Nut (Research Gate , 2017)

4.7 Link
The Link connects the Lead Screw to the Lower Plate and is responsible for
transferring the force generated by the Lead Screw to the Lower Plate. This
allows the Lower Plate to move up and down in response to the movement of
the Lead Screw, allowing the lift to adjust its height and move the platform up
and down.

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 Figure 17 Link ( (Research Gate , 2017)

4.8 Pin
The pin is used to connect the Upper Plate to the Lower Plate and to the Lead
Screw. It is a critical component of the lift because it ensures that the Upper
Plate and the Lower Plate move in unison and that the Lift operates safely and
efficiently.

Figure 18 Pin (Research Gate , 2017)

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5. Design Development

Concept generation

Concepts for this project were generated using various techniques. These
techniques included brainstorming, mind mapping, and data analysis, as well as
drawing inspiration from other successful projects. This allowed me to come up
with creative ideas that could be applied to the project. One of the techniques
was to analyze some existing concepts and use some of the unique ideas to
generate a concept. In addition, morphological analysis was used, in which
existing concepts were combined with their features. Lastly, there is
S.C.A.M.P.E.R. (Substitute. Combine. Adapt. Through this technique, I was
able to brainstorm different ways of looking at the project and create something
unique. For example, I looked at the existing concepts and substituted materials
or processes to create something new. I also combined different concepts to
create something unique and adapted existing concepts to fit the project.
Finally, I used S.C.A.M.P.E.R. to come up with even more creative solutions.
Modify. Put to other uses. Eliminate. Rearrange or reverse). When designing a
Scissor Lift, focus on components such as the platform, Base, the driving
mechanism (Pneumatic/hydraulic Cylinder), scissors legs, and motor or other
Alternative Power sources.

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Concept 1 Hydraulic Scissor Lift mechanism

Figure 19 Assembly of a Hydraulic Scissor Lift Mechanics( (Mouray, 2023)

Hydraulic Scissor Lift Mechanics. They are responsible for servicing and
repairing hydraulic scissor lifts, which are commonly used in a variety of
industries for lifting and maneuvering large, heavy objects. This includes
diagnosing problems, inspecting, and replacing components, and
troubleshooting electrical and hydraulic systems. By understanding the basics of
hydraulics and electrical systems, these mechanics can provide reliable,
efficient repairs and maintenance on hydraulic scissor lifts, ensuring that the
lifts meet safety and performance standards. For example, a mechanic may
inspect the lift’s hydraulic cylinders and hoses, and if they are found to be worn
or leaking, they would replace them to ensure optimal performance and safety.

Platform

The platform of a hydraulic scissor lift. The platform is mounted on the scissor
lift arms, which are connected to a hydraulic cylinder. As the cylinder pushes on
the arms, the platform is raised, allowing the user to reach high places. The

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platform of a hydraulic scissor lift is made of metal, such as aluminium for
durability and strength. It is designed to hold the weight of the user and any
materials needed for the task. For instance, the aluminium platform of a
hydraulic scissor lift can withstand up to 1000 kg of weight, allowing the user to
safely complete their task.

Base

The Base of a hydraulic scissor lift. The base is a flat platform mounted on
hydraulic cylinders. The cylinders are connected to a hydraulic pump that lifts
the platform. The platform is usually operated with foot pedals, or a lever
connected to a hydraulic pump. The function of the base of a hydraulic scissor
lift is to provide a stable platform for the lift and to provide the necessary force
to lift the platform when the hydraulic pump is activated.

Driving Mechanism (Hydraulic Fluid)

The scissor lift control system of this hydraulic lift moves the hydraulic to the
operating cylinders. The hydraulic cylinder pushes outwards for upward
movement and causes the scissor legs to push apart, raising the platform.

Scissor Legs
The Scissor legs of a hydraulic scissor lift. These legs provide stability and can
be extended or retracted as needed. They also support the weight of the lift,
allowing it to be easily moved from one location to another. For instance, when
the lift is used to reach high places, the legs can be extended and locked into
place to ensure the lift remains stationary while in use.

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Motor or other Alternative Power sources
Power Source of a Hydraulic Scissor Lift. Hydraulic scissor lifts are powered by
an electric motor. The motor powers a hydraulic pump which then pressurizes
the hydraulic fluid, allowing the lift to move up and down. For instance, electric
motors used to power the hydraulic pump can range from 5HP to 10HP,
depending on the size of the lift and the load it is expected to carry.

Advantages
• easy to operate and maintain.
• support heavy loads and provide a stable platform for working at height.
• very versatile and can be used in many different applications.

Disadvantages
• noisy and can be dangerous if not operated correctly.
• require regular maintenance to ensure that they are working properly.
• expensive to purchase and operate.

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Concept 2 Lead screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table Mechanism

Figure 20Assembly of Lead screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table Mechanism(
(Learn Mechanical , 2019))

Lead screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table. This type of lifting table
uses a lead screw mechanism to move the platform up and down. The lead
screw is connected to a motor, which rotates the screw and moves the platform.
The advantages of this type of lifting table include its low cost and reliable
operation. For instance, the lead screw mechanism is simple and requires
minimal maintenance, and its motor can be set to move the platform at different
speeds.

Platform
The platform of this Lead Screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table is
designed to provide a stable and secure surface for materials and objects to rest
on. It is made up of a pair of scissor arms that are connected to a lead screw,
which is used to raise and lower the platform. The lead screw is operated by a
motor which is controlled by a drive system. For example, the motor's speed

43
and direction can be adjusted manually or remotely, allowing the platform to be
moved in a smooth and precise manner.

Base
The Base of this Lead Screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table is made up
of two plates welded together. The plates are mounted on the lead screw, which
is then turned to raise or lower the table. The plates have guide slots that allow
the lead screw to move freely while keeping the plates in place. The plates are
designed to provide a stable foundation for the table and offer precise control
over the height with the use of the lead screw.

Driving Mechanism (Lead Screw)

The Driving Mechanism this Lead Screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting is a
lead screw that is connected to a motor. The lead screw rotates, which causes
the scissor arms of the lifting table to move up and down. As the lead screw
rotates, the scissor arms move, which lifts or lowers the table. The rotational
motion of the lead screw is converted into the linear motion of the scissor arms,
allowing the lifting table to move up and down as desired. For example, when
the motor turns clockwise, the lead screw rotates, which causes the scissor arms
to move up and the table to be lifted. An advantage of using a lead screw as a
driving mechanism for a lifting table is that it provides precise and accurate
control over the lifting/lowering motion. It also does not require a large amount
of energy, making it energy efficient. Additionally, the use of a lead screw is
relatively low cost compared with other types of mechanisms.

Scissor legs
The Scissor Legs of this Lead Screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table are
hinged together at two points and connected by a lead screw that is turned to
move the legs closer together or farther apart to raise or lower the platform. The

44
lead screw is connected to a motor which provides the power to raise or lower
the platform. One advantage of this type of lifting table is that it is very stable
and can support heavy loads. The lead screw ensures that the platform is raised
and lowered in a controlled and consistent manner. Additionally, the motor
provides a reliable and consistent source of power to raise and lower the
platform.

Motor or other Alternative Power sources

The Lead Screw Operated Simple Scissor Lifting Table generate power from
the lead screw when an external Torque is Applied by the user through rotation
which lead in lifting the weights this can easily and quickly operate the table
with minimal effort, This can make operating the table less expensive since
there’s no power needed. The lift table can be equipped with safety features
such as overload protection, emergency stops, and interlocks to ensure safe
operation.

Advantages
• It is fast and efficient.
• easy to install and offers greater precision and control in positioning.
• low profile, making it suitable for use in areas with limited space.

Disadvantages
• slow
• operated manually, so it takes a long time to move the table up and down.
• it requires a lot of maintenance due to the lead screw wearing out over
time.

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Concept 3 rough terrain scissor lift

Figure 21 Assembly of a rough terrain Scissor lift

Rough terrain scissor lift. This type of lift is designed for use on uneven
surfaces, such as rocky or hilly terrain. It is equipped with special features, such
as increased ground clearance, heavy-duty tires, and four-wheel drive, that
allow it to traverse difficult terrain. It is perfect for outdoor construction and
maintenance tasks, allowing you to work safely and efficiently even in rough
terrain. For example, you can use a rough terrain scissor lift to access hard-to-
reach places like the top of a steep hill or rocky outcropping.

Platform
The platform of a rough terrain scissor lift. The platform of this scissor lift is
constructed with steel guardrails and mid-rails to provide a safe working
environment. This secure working environment is further enhanced by the

46
addition of anti-slip treads on the platform deck. The platform of a rough terrain
scissor lift is designed with a wide stance, allowing it to be used on uneven and
rough surfaces. Its heavy-duty construction and four-wheel drive system
provide the stability and traction needed for challenging worksites. For instance,
its non-marking tires and four-wheel drive system allow the lift to safely
traverse over muddy and bumpy terrain while keeping the work area clean.

Base
The base of a rough terrain scissor lift. The base of this lift is designed to be
wide and stable, to prevent the lift from tipping over when it is elevated and in
use. The base also has large, rugged tires to help it traverse uneven terrain and
handle the weight of the load it is carrying. The base also has an adjustable
stabilizer to provide extra stability when the lift is in use. The base is equipped
with a safety system to prevent the lift from collapsing if it encounters an
obstacle. The base also has a braking system to prevent the lift from rolling
when it is stationary.

Driving mechanism (hydraulic and mechanical linkage)

The Driving mechanism of a rough terrain scissor lift. The scissor lift is driven
by hydraulic cylinders and mechanical linkages. It is designed to perform well
on uneven surfaces and has a high load capacity. The hydraulic system provides
the power and precision to traverse rough terrain. The system is designed to
operate efficiently and safely, even in tight spaces. The design allows it to be
easily maneuvered and rotated, providing greater flexibility. It is also designed
to be lightweight and easy to transport.

Motor or the alternative power sources

The Power source of this rough terrain scissor lift. This rough terrain scissor lift
is powered by either an internal combustion engine or an electric motor. The

47
motor is connected to the hydraulic pump, which in turn powers the four scissor
arms. This allows the lift to be raised and lowered safely and efficiently. The
electric motor is the power source for the pump, which provides the hydraulic
pressure needed to raise and lower the lift. This power source is critical to the
lift's operation and ensures its safety and reliability in a wide range of
environments.

Scissor legs
The Scissor legs of this rough terrain scissor lift. These legs are designed to
provide stability on uneven and unsteady surfaces, allowing the lift to be used in
a wide range of outdoor applications. The scissor legs provide greater stability
and safety than other types of lifts, making them a popular choice for rough
terrain applications. The scissor legs also feature robust construction and
durable materials, ensuring they can withstand the demands of tough outdoor
worksites. This makes them suitable for a variety of applications, from
construction and landscaping to agricultural and industrial task.

Advantages
• maneuvering in difficult, uneven, or hilly areas.
• stable, secure access to elevated work areas
• provide a smooth ride even over rough terrain.

Disadvantages
• slow and have limited reach.
• require higher maintenance.
• very expensive.
Concept 4 Pneumatic Scissor Lift

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Concept 4 Pneumatic Scissor Lift

Figure 22 Pneumatic Scissor Lift (Verstil, 2016)

A Pneumatic Scissor Lift is a platform that is powered by compressed air and

can be used to raise and lower people and goods, making it an ideal tool for
industrial and construction settings. It is an efficient and safe way to get people
and materials to higher levels without having to use ladders or other manual
methods. One of the main advantages of using a pneumatic scissor lift is that it
is very easy to operate and does not require a lot of manual labour. It is also
much safer than using ladders or other manual methods as it reduces the risk of
injuries due to falls.

Platform
The platform of this Pneumatic Scissor Lift is a self-contained, telescoping
device that is used to elevate personnel or materials to a desired working height.
It is powered by compressed air and consists of a platform, base, and vertical
column which is connected to a hydraulic pump. When compressed air is

49
introduced into the system, the hydraulic pump is activated, raising the platform
to the desired working height.
Base
The base of this pneumatic scissor lift is the foundation of the lift and provides
support to the lift and its components. It is designed to be strong and durable
enough to handle the weight of the lift and the load it is carrying. It also serves
as the platform for the lift’s controls and operating system. For instance, the
base of a pneumatic scissor lift often consists of heavy-duty steel channels or
cast alloy plates and is mounted to the floor with an array of bolts or other
fasteners.

Driving Mechanism (Pneumatic)

The Driving Mechanisms of this Pneumatic Scissor Lift is typically powered by
an air compressor which is used to fill the lift's cylinders with air, providing the
force necessary to raise and lower the lift platform. The air pressure is
controlled by a valve, allowing the operator to precisely adjust the lift's height.
The valve is key to the functioning of the lift, as it allows the operator to control
the air pressure and thereby the height of the platform, ensuring a safe and
successful operation. For example, the scissor lift's platform can be lowered to a
specific height to precisely place large and heavy objects, and then raised to a
safe working height to reduce the risk of injury to the operator.

Scissor Legs
The Scissor Legs of this Pneumatic Scissor Lift are designed to spread out and
hold the weight of the lift while it is in motion. The legs also provide stability,
allowing the lift to move safely and efficiently in a straight line. For example,
the legs of a pneumatic scissor lift can be adjusted to provide a wider base for
additional stability when the lift is in motion on an uneven surface.

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Motor or other Alternative Power sources
Power Source of a Pneumatic Scissor Lift. Pneumatic scissor lifts are powered
by a pressurized air supply. This pressurized air is used to lift the platform
and/or drive the scissor lift mechanism. It can also be used to control the speed
and direction of the lift. The pneumatic scissor lift is a highly efficient power
source, providing fast and precise lifting control while requiring minimal energy
input. For example, the pneumatic scissor lift can be used to move heavy loads
in a manufacturing environment, while still providing the operator with precise
control of the lifting speed, direction, and height.

Advantages

• easy to operate and require minimal maintenance.

• highly stable, making them ideal for use in a variety of applications.

• incredibly versatile and can be used in tight spaces.

Disadvantages

• No Durability

• difficult to maneuver in certain areas.

• require a constant source of compressed air, which can be costly.

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 Concept evaluation
As a result of generating our four concepts, we used a decision matrix to
compare them side by side against our needs and specifications. From our
background research, we compiled a list of all the specifications of the scissor
lift. Each specification was rated from 1-3 based on its importance. Every
concept was judged based on how it would potentially meet the specifications.
Each Scissor lift concept was graded with 1 = low, 2 = Medium, 3 = High and
N/A= 0 which indicated how well the concept.

Table 1 Decision Matrix

Scissor Hydraulic Lead screw Rough terrain Pneumatic Scissor

Concept Scissor Lift Operated Simple scissor lift Lift
Mechanism Scissor Lifting
Table Mechanism

Assembly

Light weight 2 3 1 1
less than
500kg
Flexibility 2 2 3 1
Durability 2 1 3 2
Safety 2 1 3 2

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Ease of 2 3 1 1
manufacture
Independently 2 3 1 2
usable

Cost of 2 1 3 3
Production

Uniform 2 3 3 3
stress
Concentration
Total 16 17 21 15

Upon completion of this analysis, two of the concepts could be eliminated

quickly. The Pneumatic Scissor Lift scored low because they have inherent
complexities that make manufacturing difficult. The Hydraulic scissor lift
mechanism concept scored lower than lead screw due to stress concentration
compared to the screw lead Scissor lift concept. The Rough terrain scissor lift
scores the highest and meet almost every specification. The two highest-scoring
design concepts were the rough terrain and Lead screw scissor lift. Since both
concepts scored well above the others, I have to consider other factors to choose
one over the other.

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Concept evaluation of the Guardrail
The table below shows two concepts of the Guardrail for a Scissor lift and are
compared according to their specifications, type of material used, parts and
structural assemblies. These concepts are rated across different criteria using
decision matrix which are: ease of manufacturing, safety, height reached,
Material type being used, durability, Force withstand and portability. The
Stainless Guardrail A was found to be rated higher and it was selected to be
used in my scissor lift because it has specifications that we need the concept
rating scale that was used is shown below.

Concept rating scale

Table 2 Rating Scale Table

Relative performance Rating

Much worse the 1
reference
Worse than the 2
reference
Same the reference 3
Better than the 4
reference

Our Reference concepts.

Figure 23 Reference Guardrail ( (Amr Awadelkarim Mahmoud, 2017)

53
 Table 3 Decision matrix for Guardrail

Concepts
Stainless Steel Guardrail A Mild Steel Guardrail B
Selection weight Rating Weighted Rating Weighted
criteria score Score
Height 10% 3 0.3 3 0.3
reached.
Ease to 23% 3 0.69 4 0.92
manufacture 20% 4 0.8 3 0.6
Material 18% 4 0.72 4 0.72
used. 15% 4 0.6 3 0.45
Durability 4% 3 0.12 3 0.12
Force 10% 4 0.4 3 0.3
Withstand
Portability
Safety
Total 3.63 3.41
ranking
score
Continu
e

Assemblies

Specificatio Stand sheet Minimum of two uprights

n Handrail with Top rail and mid-rail
/Component Top platform in between them
s 2mm thickness Handrail
Mounted with fasteners. Locker
Corrosion resistant Minor door
Height of 1100mm Stand sheet.
Handle Load of minimum Fastened to the floor to
45kN prevent lift from tipping
over.
Mounted to the lifts
frame.
Height of 1066.8mm
Handle Load of minimum

54
 2.22kN
3.175mm thickness
Type of Stainless Steel Mild Steel
material

55
Two Top Concepts

This concept evaluation is on our top two design concepts from the Scissor lift
scoring: The rough terrain Scissor lift and the lead screw scissor lift table
mechanism. The following parameters are used for this evaluation: technical,
marketing feasibility and financial.
Lead Screw Scissor Mechanism

Lead Screw Scissor Lift Table mechanism. I decided to make this concept my
prototype, but it has some innovative systems within it. I changed the type of
material used, instead of wood material they used I used mild steel and I have
increased the surface area of the bottom base and I’ve included a Top platform
onto it to carry the Lord. Another component that I have added to the concept is
the Guardrail for protection of the Load from falling and rise in wastage cost.
The prototype is a much simpler and straight forward concept compared to the
rough terrain Scissor Lift. The prototype is at an estimated cost of R 10 000.

Figure 24 Fila Design of a Lead Screw Scissor Lift

56
Terrain Scissor Lift

Figure 25 Assembly of a rough terrain Scissor lift

57
6. Description of the Final Design, Conclusion and
Recommendation

6.1 Justification of the proposed Design

6.1.1 Necessity of the Scissor Lift Design and what it will do for the Society?

The necessity of the scissor lift and what it will do for society? The scissor lift is
a tool used for a variety of tasks. It is particularly useful in construction and
repairs that require workers to reach high places. It also allows workers to work
safely and efficiently by providing a stable platform from which to work.
Furthermore, it can be used to move materials and equipment around a work site
easily. Providing a stable platform from which to work will also allow workers
to complete jobs quickly and safely. This will save time and money while
ensuring workers' safety. For instance, a scissor lift can be used to quickly
transport materials and equipment to the top of a tall building, allowing
construction workers to complete the job in a fraction of the time and with much
less risk of injury.

6.1.2 Benefits of the Scissor lift Design?

Benefits of the Scissor lift? The Scissor lift will save time and money as it can
be used for a variety of tasks, such as performing maintenance and repairs,
painting, and other construction-related activities. It will also reduce the risk of
injury by eliminating the need for workers to climb ladders or use other unstable
platforms. Additionally, it provides a higher level of safety and accuracy than
other lifting methods. By using a scissor lift, workers can work efficiently and
securely while saving time and money. For example, It can be used to paint the
interior of a tall building quickly and safely without having to use ladders or
scaffolding.

58
6.1.3 What are the positive effects of the scissor lift design?

The scissor lift design will offer several advantages. It is much easier to
maneuver than traditional lifts, making it ideal for tight spaces. It is also much
lighter than traditional lifts, making it easier to transport. Additionally, it is
much safer than traditional lifts, as the platform is always level and can be
operated from the ground with remote control. These factors make the scissor
lift design an ideal choice for many lifting and transportation operations,
offering a safe and efficient solution with several advantages.

6.2 Overall Design

Figure 26 Final 3D Solid work Design of a Screw Scissor lift mechanism

59
6.2.1 Components

Figure 27 Bottom and Top Platform

Figure 28 nut

60
Figure 29 Lead

Figure 30 Bearing

61
Figure 31 Scissor Legs

62
 6.3 Discussion and suggestion for improvements

mechanical device that is going to be used to raise and lower objects. It works
by connecting a threaded rod and a nut connected to a scissor mechanism,
which is then attached to a platform. As the rod is turned, the nut moves up and
down the rod. This causes the scissor mechanism to open and close, thus raising
or lowering the platform. It is widely going to be used in many industries, such
as automotive, aerospace, and construction because they are companies that
mostly lift heavy loads over long distances and are a great way to move items
quickly and efficiently. They are also very reliable and safe, making them a
great choice for many applications. The improvement that needs to be done is to
install a Guardrail. A metal barrier is going to be installed alongside a scissor
lift to provide a protective barrier for workers. It is to be designed to prevent
workers from falling off the platform and is an essential safety feature of any
scissor lift. Guardrails should be installed on all sides of the platform and
inspected regularly to ensure they are in good condition.

7.Detailed product Description and life cycle requirements.

The product is a mechanical device used to vertically raise or lower heavy loads
or people within various industrial, commercial, or construction settings. It
operates on the principle of a screw mechanism, where the rotational motion of
a threaded screw is converted into linear motion, causing the scissor structure to
expand or contract. These lifts are valued for their stability, simplicity, and
ability to lift substantial loads to specific heights. Here's a detailed product
description of a typical screw scissor lift:

Product Name: Screw Scissor Lift

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Key Features:

Load Capacity: The product is available in a range of load capacities, from a

few hundred kilograms to several tons, catering to diverse lifting needs.

Vertical Lifting: The primary function of the product is vertical lifting. It can
raise loads to various heights, depending on the specific model, with smooth and
controlled motion.

Compact Design: This lift features a compact and space-saving design, making
it suitable for installations in limited workspace environments.

Stability: The product is known for its exceptional stability during lifting and
lowering operations. The scissor structure, guided by multiple support points,
ensures minimal wobbling or swaying.

Safety Features: Most modern screw scissor lifts come equipped with safety
features such as emergency stop buttons, safety rails, overload protection, and
mechanical or hydraulic fail-safes to prevent accidents.

Customization: They can often be customized to meet specific application

requirements, including platform size, load capacity, lifting height, and control
options.

Controls: Screw scissor lifts can be operated using various control methods,
including manual controls, push-button controls, remote controls, or integrated
automation systems, depending on the model.

Materials and Finishes: The construction of the lift typically involves robust
steel or aluminium components to ensure durability and longevity. They may
also come with corrosion-resistant coatings for use in harsh environments.

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 Applications:

Products application in a wide range of industries and settings, including:

Warehouses: For the vertical transport of heavy pallets and materials.

Manufacturing: To facilitate assembly, positioning, and maintenance of
machinery.
Construction: For elevated work platforms, material handling, and personnel
access.
Agriculture: For tasks such as crop harvesting, maintenance, and storage.
Automotive: In car repair shops, showrooms, and production facilities.
Retail: To access high shelves, displays, and storage areas.
Theatre and Entertainment: For stage setups and lighting rigs.
Aviation and Aerospace: For maintenance and inspection of aircraft and
equipment.

Safety Considerations:

Users and operators of the lift should follow safety guidelines and receive
proper training. Some essential safety precautions include:

• Regular maintenance and inspection to ensure safe operation.

• Properly securing the load being lifted.
• Using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Adhering to weight capacity limits.
• Avoiding sudden or jerky movements during lifting and lowering.

The product is a valuable tool in various industries due to its reliability,

versatility, and safety features. When properly used and maintained, it can
enhance efficiency and safety in vertical lifting applications.

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 Life cycle of requirements

1. Initiation and Conceptualization:

• Identify Stakeholders: Determine the key stakeholders, including end-users,

engineers, safety experts, and regulatory authorities.
• Gather Initial Requirements: Conduct interviews, surveys, and research to
collect initial requirements and understand the project's scope and objectives.

2. Requirement Elicitation:

• Stakeholder Collaboration: Engage stakeholders in discussions, workshops,

and meetings to elicit their needs and preferences.
• Document Requirements: Create a comprehensive Requirements Specification
Document (RSD) that captures all gathered requirements, ensuring clarity and
traceability.

3. Analysis and Prioritization:

• Requirement Analysis: Evaluate the feasibility and impact of each

requirement, considering factors such as cost, safety, functionality, and
regulatory compliance.
• Requirements Prioritization: Rank requirements based on their criticality and
importance to the overall project.
•

4. Design and Development:

System Design: Engineers and designers create detailed system designs for the
screw scissor lift, covering structural, mechanical, electrical, and control
aspects.

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• Prototyping: Develop prototypes or models to validate the design and ensure it
aligns with the documented requirements.
• Manufacturing and Assembly: Construct the screw scissor lift according to
the approved design, adhering to the documented requirements.

5. Testing and Validation:

• Verification: Perform verification tests to confirm that the screw scissor lift
meets each requirement as specified in the RSD.
• Validation: Conduct validation tests under various conditions and scenarios to
ensure the lift performs as expected and meets stakeholder needs.

6. Review and Change Control:

• Change Requests: Manage change requests that may arise during development,
ensuring they are properly evaluated and documented.
• Impact Analysis: Assess the impact of proposed changes on existing
requirements, design, budget, and project schedule.
• Change Approval: Based on the impact analysis, approve, or reject change
requests, updating the RSD as necessary.

7. Deployment and Operations:

• Deployment: Install and integrate the screw scissor lift into its designated
environment.
• Operation and Maintenance: Provide ongoing maintenance, support, and
training to ensure the lift continues to meet its requirements throughout its
operational life.

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•

8. Monitoring and Feedback:

• Performance Monitoring: Continuously monitor the screw scissor lift's

performance, collecting feedback from users, operators, and maintenance teams.
• Issue Resolution: Address any issues, deviations from requirements, or
maintenance needs promptly, making necessary adjustments.

9. End-of-Life and Decommissioning:

• Retirement Planning: Develop a plan for the lift's retirement and, if applicable,
replacement.
• Documentation Update: Update documentation to reflect the decommissioning
process and any changes in requirements for the replacement equipment.
•

10. Documentation and Knowledge Management:

• Maintain Requirement Documentation: Keep the requirement documents up

to date throughout the life cycle.
• Archiving: Archive project documentation, including lessons learned, for future
reference and continuous improvement.

The life cycle of requirements for a screw scissor lift is a dynamic and iterative
process that ensures alignment with stakeholder expectations, regulatory
standards, and evolving industry practices. Regularly reviewing and updating
requirements is essential to accommodate changes in technology, regulations,
and user needs over time while maintaining safety and performance.

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 7.1 Bill of materials of indicating prototype budget of Screw Scissor lift

1. Scissor Mechanism:
• Scissor Arms (Qty: 4)
• Pivot Pins (Qty: 8)
• Brackets and Mounting Hardware
• Estimated Cost: $500

2. Screw Mechanism:
• Lead Screw (Qty: 1)
• Nut Assembly (Qty: 1)
• Bearings and Bushings
• Estimated Cost: $300

3. Platform and Frame:

• Steel Frame Components
• Platform Decking Material
• Estimated Cost: $800

4. Safety Features:
• Guard Rails
• Safety Interlocks
• Estimated Cost: $300

5. Fasteners and Hardware:

• Bolts, Nuts, Washers
• Screws
• Estimated Cost: $200

6. Paint and Finish:

• Paint, Primer, and Coatings
• Surface Preparation Materials
• Estimated Cost: $150

7. Documentation and Manuals:

• User Manuals
• Assembly Instructions
• Estimated Cost: $50

8. Contingency (10% of Total Estimated Cost):

• Allowance for unexpected expenses or variations
• Estimated Cost: $350
Total Estimated Budget: $2650 in Rands = R47700
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 7.2 Comprehensive Cost Analysis

1. Design and Engineering Costs:

• Research and development

• Engineering and design personnel
• CAD software and tools
• Prototyping costs
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on project complexity.

2. Materials and Components:

• Steel or aluminium for frame and scissor arms

• Lead screws, nuts, and bearings
• Control and electrical components
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on materials and specifications.

3. Manufacturing and Assembly:

• Labor costs for fabrication and assembly

• Machining, welding, and fabrication equipment
• Quality control and inspection
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on project scale and complexity.

4. Testing and Validation:

• Equipment for load testing and safety checks

• Testing personnel and engineers
• Compliance with safety standards
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on testing requirements.

5. Transportation and Logistics:

• Shipping of materials and components

• Transportation of the completed lift
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on location and logistics.

6. Installation and Commissioning:

• Labor and equipment for on-site installation

• Electrical and hydraulic connections
• Safety inspections and commissioning
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on project scope.

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 7. Operational Costs:

• Energy consumption (electricity or hydraulic power)

• Routine maintenance and servicing
• Replacement parts and repairs
• Estimated Cost: Ongoing, based on usage and maintenance schedule.

8. Regulatory Compliance and Certification:

• Costs associated with meeting safety and regulatory standards.

• Certification fees (if required)
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on jurisdiction and standards.

9. Marketing and Sales:

• Marketing materials and campaigns

• Sales personnel and commissions
• Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on market strategy.

10. Administrative and Overhead: - Administrative staff salaries - Office

space and utilities - General business expenses - Estimated Cost: Ongoing

11. Contingency: - Reserve for unexpected expenses and variations - Estimated

Cost: Typically, a percentage of the total budget (e.g., 10%)

12. Depreciation: - Calculated over the lifespan of the screw scissor lift -
Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on accounting method

13. Financing Costs: - Interest payments (if the project is financed) - Loan
origination fees (if applicable) - Estimated Cost: Variable, depending on
financing terms

Total Estimated Cost: Sum of all the above components

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8.Manufacturability

Design complexity

• Load capacity-The load capacity of my Design is a critical factor in design

complexity.
Because it’s a larger lift and is capable of handling heavy loads its will require
more robust structural components and mechanisms, which can increase
complexity.

• Height and Travel Distance-The required vertical travel distance of the lift
also impacts complexity. Greater heights may necessitate additional support
structures and more precise engineering to ensure stability and safety.

• Speed and Efficiency-Designing for specific lift speeds or efficiency

requirements can add complexity. For example, a scissor lift designed for
rapid vertical movement may require more sophisticated drive systems and
controls.

• Environmental Considerations- the lift will be used in a specific

environment, such as outdoors, in extreme temperatures and in corrosive
conditions, the design must address these factors, which can complicate
materials selection and protection measures.

Tolerances and Precision

• Vertical Positioning Accuracy-The primary function of my Design is to

provide precise vertical positioning. To achieve this, all components
involved in the lifting mechanism, including screws, nuts, and guide rails,
must be manufactured with tight tolerances to minimize any deviation from
the desired height.

• Screw Threads- The threads on the screw and nut must be manufactured
with high precision to ensure smooth and efficient operation. The pitch,
lead, and thread form should meet specified standards and tolerances.

• Machining and Fabrication Processes- The machining processes used to

manufacture screw scissor lift components, such as turning, milling,
grinding, and threading, should be performed with precision equipment to
ensure accurate dimensions and surface finishes.

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 Prototyping and Testing

• Conceptualization and Design Review-Review and refine your initial scissor lift
design to address any potential issues or improvements before building a prototype.

• Prototype Construction-Build a physical prototype based on your design. This

prototype may not use the final materials but should replicate the key components
and mechanisms of the scissor lift.

• Assembly and Fabrication-Assemble the prototype components using suitable

fabrication methods, such as welding or fastening. Ensure that the prototype
closely resembles the final design.

• Load Testing-Gradually apply loads to the prototype to assess its load-carrying

capacity. Ensure that it can handle the specified load without structural failure or
excessive deflection.

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8.1 Environmental impact/sustainability

1. Materials Selection:
• Materials that are environmentally friendly, durable, and readily recyclable are
Chosen. Use of recycled or sustainably sourced materials where possible. Avoiding
hazardous materials that can harm the environment.

2. Energy Efficiency:
• Design the lift for energy efficiency. This may involve selecting efficient motors,
hydraulics, or other power sources. Reducing energy consumption during operation
can have a significant positive impact.

3. Lifecycle Assessment:
• Conduct a lifecycle assessment (LCA) to analyse the environmental impact of the
scissor lift from raw material extraction and manufacturing through use and
disposal. Identify opportunities to reduce the overall environmental footprint.

4. Emissions Reduction:
• Implement emission reduction strategies, especially if the scissor lift is powered by
internal combustion engines. Explore alternative power sources like electric or
hybrid systems to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Noise Pollution:
• Design the scissor lift to minimize noise pollution during operation. Quieter
lifts can reduce disturbances in the surrounding environment and improve
working conditions for operators.

6. Recyclability and Disposal:

• Ensure that the scissor lift is designed for easy disassembly and recycling at
the end of its lifecycle. Promote recycling and responsible disposal practices
for lift components.

7. Longevity and Durability:

• Design the lift to be robust and durable to extend its service life. Longer-
lasting equipment reduces the need for frequent replacements, which can be
resource-intensive.

8. Eco-Friendly Lubricants:
• Use environmentally friendly lubricants and fluids in the lift's operation to
minimize the release of harmful chemicals into the environment.

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9. Sustainable Design Practices:
• Employ sustainable design principles, such as designing for disassembly,
modular components, and ease of maintenance to extend the useful life of the
equipment.

10.Compliance with Environmental Regulations:

• Ensure that the scissor lift design complies with environmental regulations
and standards, including emissions limits and hazardous material restrictions.

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8.3 Health and safety

• Regulatory Compliance- I will have to Ensure that the design and

operation of the scissor lift complies with relevant safety regulations and
standards in my region.

• Emergency Procedures- Develop and communicate clear emergency

procedures for situations like power failures, equipment malfunctions,
and rescues.

• Operator Awareness-Promote operator awareness of their surroundings,

including the presence of other workers, equipment, and obstacles.

• Fall Protection- Provide fall protection equipment, such as harnesses and

lanyards, for operators working at heights.

• Ground Conditions-Operators must Ensure that the ground or floor

where the scissor lift will be used is stable and level. Use outriggers or
stabilizers if necessary to maintain stability on uneven surfaces.

• Safety Labels and Instructions-Clearly labels on the scissor lift with

safety instructions, load capacity information, and warnings. Include
instructions for safe use, including the use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) such as harnesses and helmets.

• Regular Inspections-Conduct regular inspections and maintenance to

check for any signs of wear, damage, or malfunction. Address any issues
promptly.

• Emergency Controls-Install emergency stop buttons and controls that

allow operators to quickly halt the lift's movement in case of an
emergency or malfunction.

• Structural Integrity- Ensure that the scissor lift's frame and components
are made from high-quality materials and are designed to withstand the
loads and stresses placed on them.

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 8.4 Social, ethical, and political issues

➢ Worker Safety and Occupational Health:

• Physical Safety - Ensuring the safety of operators and maintenance

personnel working with or around the scissor lift should be a top priority.

• Training- Proper training programs should be in place to educate users on

safe operation.

• Ergonomics-Consider the ergonomic design of the lift's controls and

platform to minimize operator strain and fatigue.

➢ Accessibility:
• Ensure that the lift is designed to be accessible to individuals with
disabilities, in compliance with accessibility laws and regulations.

➢ Product Liability and Insurance:

• Consider the potential liability issues if the lift malfunctions and causes harm.
Adequate insurance coverage should be in place.

➢ Intellectual Property:
• Respect intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, when
designing and manufacturing the lift.

➢ Product Liability and Insurance:

• Consider the potential liability issues if the lift malfunctions and causes harm.
Adequate insurance coverage should be in place.

➢ Intellectual Property:
• Respect intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, when
designing and manufacturing the lift.

➢ Global Supply Chain:

• If the lift is produced internationally, ethical issues may arise concerning labour
practices, environmental regulations, and fair trade.

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9.Conclusion
After analyzing the design of the screw scissor lift, it can be concluded that the
lift is an effective and reliable tool for lifting and transporting a variety of
different materials. Its versatility and strength make it an ideal choice for many
different applications. Furthermore, its compact size makes it easy to store and
transport, making the screw scissor lift a convenient solution for many different
lifting projects. For instance, its design allows it to fit into tight spaces and be
used in a variety of different configurations, making it suitable for a wide range
of lifting tasks.

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10.Recommendation
The design of a screw scissor lift should take into account the size and weight of
the load it is intended to carry, as well as the area in which it will be used. It
should also be designed with safety in mind, to ensure that the lift is stable and
secure when in operation. Additionally, the design should be tailored to the
environment in which it will be used, considering any potential obstacles that
may be present.

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