Introduction To Criminology Prelim 2

OBE-Based
Introduction
to
Criminology
A Course Module for Students
Burauen Community College
For Internal Use Only
ii
Introduction to
Criminology
A Course Module for Students
Written and designed by:

Paul Anthony I. Cano, RCrim. MSCJ
Lyka S. Gabrieles, RCrim
Edited by:
Michelle B. Macalam, RCrim
Joepet M. Olazo, RCrim
ii
BCC VISION
Burauen Community College shall emerge as the
premier local public educational institution in
Eastern Visayas which is responsive to the needs of
the community, and develops students to meet the
economic, social, and environmental challenges as
active participants in shaping the world of the
future.
BCC MISSION
Burauen Community College offers holistic, and
outcomes-based experiential learning to develop
the youth to be responsible individuals with
integrity and service as agents of equality. It will
serve as a venue for the development of individuals
in the areas of academics, research, community
extension, and innovative technology.
ii
Introduction to Criminology
System: A Course Module for Students
Printed in Burauen, Leyte
© 2021
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iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vision and Mission iii
Table of Contents v
Preface vi
PRELIMINARY
Module 1 Introduction and Historical Setting

Defining Criminology 9
Criminology in the Philippines 9
The Philippine Educators Association for Criminology 10
Education (PEACE)
Privileges of Registered Criminologist 12
Nature and Scope of Criminology 13
Allied Fields of Criminology 16
Assessment 27
References 30
Module 2 Victimology
Victimology 32
Who is a Crime Victim? 33
Consequences of Crime 34
The Role of the Victim in Crime 34
Assessment 37
References 39
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Foreword
Criminology is the study of crime because it relates to society, science,

government and to the laws. This study is vital because it boosts the
student’s interest in acquiring an in-depth understanding of the
complexities of criminal, delinquent, and deviant behavior in addition
to society’s reaction to crime. It will help the students develop a
stronger understanding of what causes people to commit crimes, a
way to better protect against it, the way to improve rehabilitation of
the offender following release, and the way to assist victims of crimes.
The field of criminology provides many opportunities for exciting work,
mostly in enforcement and psychology, but within the other fields also.
The scholars even have the flexibility to focus in specific fields of labor,
like with the juvenile justice system or in victim rehabilitation.
This course introduces the fundamental concept of crimes,

criminals, and victims. This course also covers basics in criminology
theories, patterns, and behaviors. Topics in this course cover also
crime prevention, enforcement, criminal justice systems, and crime
victims. The study can also cause improvements across the criminal
justice system, including the response to crime and the treatment of
both victims and criminals.
Introduction to criminology does not only focus on completion of

the semester, but also requires students to have their final output as
mandatory to complete the course. This output will be a research case
study based on the presented studies on the influences of
demographics, ethnicity education and socioeconomic status of crimes.
This also include in deciding how certain backgrounds contribute to a
propensity to commit crimes. Moreover, the final output will include
assessment on how certain traits, like socioeconomic status may affect
how enforcement investigates or monitor certain forms of behavior
more closely.
6 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

MODULE 1: PRELIM
Introduction and Historical Setting

1
Introduction and Historical
Setting
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction to Criminology
1.2 Allied Fields of Criminology
OUTCOMES
LO1. Analyze by comparing the purposes, nature and scope of criminology
as a field of interest through case studies.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, the following learning objectives will be
attained by the students with at least 75% accuracy:
1. The student will be able to identify evolution, career paths, allied
disciplines of criminology through knowledge
level assessment.
2. The students will be able to identify the concepts and principles of
criminology through personal reflection.
Introduction
Criminology is the study of crime and the criminal justice system, which is
vital for students to understand the complexities of criminal, delinquent, and
deviant behavior, as well as society's reaction to crime. It helps students
develop a stronger understanding of what causes people to commit crimes,
how to better protect against it, how to improve rehabilitation of the offender
following release, and how to assist victims of crimes. The field of
criminology provides many opportunities for exciting work, mostly in
enforcement and psychology, but within other fields as well. Scholars even
have the flexibility to focus on specific fields of work, such as with the
juvenile justice system or in victim rehabilitation. This course provides an
introduction to the fundamental concept of crimes, criminals, and victims,
including theories, patterns, and behaviors. Topics in this course also cover
crime prevention, enforcement, criminal justice systems, and crime victims.
The study can also cause improvements across the criminal justice system,
including the response to crime and the treatment of both victims and
criminals. Introduction to criminology does not only focus on completion of
the semester, but also requires students to have their final output as
mandatory to complete the course. This output will be a research case study
based on the presented studies on the influences of demographics, ethnicity
education, and socioeconomic status of crimes. This also includes deciding
how certain backgrounds contribute to a propensity to commit crimes.
Moreover, the final output will include an assessment of how certain traits,
like socioeconomic status, may affect how enforcement investigates or
monitors certain forms of behavior more closely.

Unit 1: Introduction of Criminology
Defining Criminology
In 1885, Professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the word criminology

as “criminologia” It was in the mid-18 century, criminology arose and
became popular as social philosophers gave thought to the concepts of crime
and law (Manwong, 2020). According to Schmalleger (2017), there is some
evidence that the term criminology was coined by a Frenchman, Paul
Topinard, in 1889; he used it to differentiate the study of criminal body
types within the sector of anthropology from other biometric pursuits.
Topinard used an analogous French term “criminologie”. As with the
concept of crime, various definitions of criminology can be found in the
literature today.
One straightforward definition can be had from a linguistic analysis of
the word criminology. As most people know, -ology means “the study of
something,” and the word crimen comes from the Latin, meaning
“accusation,” “charge,” or “guilt.” Hence, linguistically speaking, the
term criminology literally means “the study of criminal accusations,” that’s,
“The study of crime.”
Some of the earliest criminologists of the past century, including
Edwin H. Sutherland, who is often referred to as the “dean of American
criminology,” offered definitions of their field that emphasized its importance
as a discipline of study. Sutherland, for example, wrote in the first edition of
his textbook Criminology in 1924, “Criminology is the body of knowledge
regarding the social problem of crime”. Sutherland’s text was to set the stage
for much of American criminology throughout the rest of the twentieth
century. Reprinted in 1934 with the title Principles of Criminology, it was to
become the most influential textbook ever written in the field of criminology.
Although Sutherland died in 1950, his respected text was revised for
many years by Donald R. Cressey and later by David F. Luckenbill. By
1974, Sutherland’s classic definition of criminology had been modified by
Cressey: “Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding
delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its
scope the processes of creating laws, of breaking laws, and of
reacting toward the breaking of laws.”
Criminology in the Philippines
As mentioned by Eduardo and Panganoron (2015), the first ever

educational institution that offered the Criminology course was the Philippine
College of Criminology (PCCr), in Sta. Cruz Manila, formerly known as

Plaridel College. Philippine College of Criminology became an educational
institution for scientific crime detection in the entire Southeast Asia in the
1950’s. In early part of 1960’s, criminology was offered by the following
schools:
1.University of Manila 4. University of Mindanao

2.Abad Santos College 5. University of Baguio
3.University of Visayas
At present, there are more or less than 300 criminology schools in the
entire country. Further, the course title was change from College of
Criminology into College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE) based from
CHED Memorandum Order No. 21, s. of 2005. Under the same law,
Criminology now is only a sub-course or a Department under CCJE including
Forensic Science Department, Law Enforcement Administration Department
to name a few.
The Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education

(PEACE)
As mentioned by Eduardo and Panganoron (2015). The Philippine

Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE) was organized and
founded primarily to professionalize criminology education in the context of
national development on January 15, 1983. The successful projects of the
PEACE from January 13, 1983 to May, 1987 are:
a. The implementation of the First Licensure Examination for
Criminology.
1.The first member of Board of Criminology was appointed only
on July 27, 1987 and;
2.The first examination for Criminologist was held on April,
1988.
b. The recognition of the NAPOLCOM Police Examination by the Civil
Service Commission as Eligibility for employment in all other
Government Civil Service Position.
c. The accreditation of participants in the Seminar/Workshop on Police
Marksmanship for Instructional purposes in all Criminology schools;
and
d. The upliftment of Criminology Education in line with the
professionalization of the country’s police service.

The Criminologist
The State recognizes the importance of criminology profession in

national security, public safety, peace and order, and in nation-building and
development. Hence, it shall develop and nurture competent, virtuous,
productive and well-rounded criminologists whose standards of professional
practice and service shall be excellent, qualitative, world-class and globally
competitive through sacred, honest, effective and credible licensure
examinations, coupled with programs and activities that would promote
professional growth and development. During the 2018 National Convention,
the Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippines, Inc. as the
Accredited Professional Organization conducted a consultation on the use and
appendage of a title for registered criminologists it was unanimously agreed
therein to recommend the use of the title Registered Criminologist with initial
“RCrim.” suffixed in the name of every Registered Criminologist to provide
for a uniform reference to all Registered Criminologists similar to the other
professionals.
The implementation of R.A. 11131 which repealed R.A. 6506, defined
and stated the new and updated definition of Criminology and Criminologist
and their privileges. Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes,
criminals, and the victims, and it also deal with the prevention, and solutions
of crimes. The practice of criminology shall include, but shall not be limited
to, acts or activities performed:
a. In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a law
enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant, officer,
investigator, agent or employee in any private or government agencies
performing law enforcement and quasi-police functions at the
Philippine National Police (PNP), the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP), the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP), the Provincial Jail, the Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR), the
Probation and Parole Administration (PPA), the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR), the Bureau of Customs (BoC), the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP), other government and private banks, the Philippine
Postal Corporation (PPC), the Sea and Air Marshalls, the VIP Security,
Airport and Seaport Police, the National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency (NICA), the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (ISAFP), and agencies of the government exercising

similarly related functions in the field of national security, public
safety, and peace and order;
b. In line with the practice of teaching profession such as those
performed by a professor, instructor or teacher in any university,
college or school duly recognized by the government on any of the
following professional and component subjects of the criminology
program: (1) Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure; (2) Criminalistics;
(3) Law Enforcement Administration; (4) Crime Detection and
Investigation; (5) Correctional Administration; and (6) Criminal
Sociology and Ethics, and other technical and specialized subjects in
the criminology curriculum provided by the CHED;
c. As a technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in dactyloscopy,
questioned document, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lie detection,
firearms identification, forensic photography, forensic chemistry, other
scientific crime detection and investigation or forensic science;
d. As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or officer in any
rehabilitation, correctional, and penal institution or facility, and in any
community-based corrections, and rehabilitation agencies and/or
programs;
e. As a counselor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any government or
private agency on any aspect of criminological research or project
involving the causes of crime, children in conflict with the law,
treatment and correction of persons deprived of liberty (PDL), police
operation, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal
investigation or public safety and national security administration; and
f. As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent, or
detective in any private security and investigation agency organized
under the laws of the Philippines.
The Board, in consultation with the AIPO and the academe, subject to
the approval of the Commission, may revise, exclude from or add to the
above enumerated acts or activities as the need arises to conform with the
latest trends in the practice of criminology in the country. The Board shall
coordinate with government agencies involve in the national security, public
safety, peace and order, and criminal justice to evaluate and identify which
positions in those agencies involve the practice of criminology profession as
identified in the PDF or job description.
Privileges of Registered Criminologist
A registered criminologist refers to a natural born who holds a valid

certificate of registration and updated professional identification card as a
criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission pursuant to this act.

All registered criminologists shall be EXEMPT FROM TAKING any other
entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations and shall be
considered civil service eligible to the following government positions, among
others:
(1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document Examiner; (4)

Forensic Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7)
Parole Officer; (8) Special Investigator; (9) Special Agent; (10) Investigative
Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent; (12) Law Enforcement Evaluation Officer;
(13) National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic
Operation Officer; (15) Associate Graft Investigation Officer; (16) Special
Police Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18) Sheriff; (19) Security Officer;
(20) Criminal Investigator; (21) Warden; (22) Reformation Officer; (23) Fire
fighter; (24) Fire Marshall; (25) Jail Officer up to the rank of Jail
Superintendent; (26) Police Officer up to the rank of Police Superintendent
and other law enforcement agencies, and agencies under the Criminal Justice
System (Republic Act. No. 11131. Sec. 34).
Scope of the Study of Criminology
Criminology as a broad field of study of crimes and criminals has the

following scopes:
1. Sociology of Law (Making of Laws). It is a division of criminology

which attempts to offer scientific analysis of the conditions under
which penal or criminal laws are develop as a process or form of social
control. Sociology of laws refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology
and an approach within the field of legal studies. This pertains to the
examination of the nature and structure of laws in the society which
could be analyzed scientifically, systematically and exhaustively to
learn crime causation and eventually help fight them.
2. Criminal Etiology (Breaking of Laws). Is a division of criminology
which attempts to provide scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
Any attempt at scientific studies of the causes of crime refers to
criminal etiology. In the study of criminal etiology, two things should
be considered – the man and his criminal behavior in relation to
criminal or penal law. This pertains to the examination of the reasons
of crime causation which primarily deals to answer issues why despite
the presence of laws people still commit crimes.
3. Penology (Reaction Towards the Breaking of Laws). Is concerned
with the control and prevention of crime and treatment of youthful

offenders. This pertains to the study of how people, the criminal, and
the government reacts towards the breaking of laws because the
reactions necessarily bring light to the development of modern
measures to treat criminal offenders at the same time the reaction
contributory to criminality.
Nature of Criminology
According to Eduardo and Panganoron (2015). Generally, criminology

cannot be considered as science because it has not yet acquired universal
validity and acceptance. It is not stable and it varies from one time and place
to another. However, considering that science is the systematic and objective
study of social phenomenon and other body’s knowledge, criminology is a
science in itself classified when under the following nature:
1. It is an Applied Science. Criminology is considered as an applied

science because of the following studies regarding the causes of crime
such as: anthropology, psychology, sociology, and other natural
sciences. In addition, criminology is considered as applied science
focuses on the practical application of the principles discovered in basic
science such as anthropology – or sometimes referred as
anthropological criminology, it is the study of the relationship of
criminal act to the personality or physical appearance of the offender.
Example of this theory is that criminality is inherited and identified by
physical defects which sloping forehead, large jaws and canine teeth is
referred as a born criminal. Criminality also has a relationship in
psychology, because there are factors that the offender has not in
control of his mental faculty, a study found that not all criminals are in
control of what he is doing and may be mentally ill. Like for example
those wandering around outside with mental illnesses that have been
abandoned by their relatives. These kind of people with disabilities can
be violent. In crime detection, it involves instrumentation that
covers the utilization of the following: chemistry, physics, biology,
legal medicine, personal identification, firearms identification,
polygraph, questioned document examination.
2. It is a Social Science. In as much as crime is a social creation that
exists in a society being a social phenomenon, its study must be
considered as part of social science. Simply because crime is a social
creation and crime exist/occur in our society. When we say social
creation, it is an act created or performed by the society. For example,
when we watch news report, we notice crime occurs in different part of
our country, that’s because crime only exists where there are people.
If a community is crowded or overpopulated, crime commission is

more prevalent because of the number of people living in a certain
area. In a less crowded area, much likely, less crimes will be
committed. If there are no people/less people is present, no crime/less
crime will occur. Therefore, in social science we study the systematic
study of law making, law breaking, and law enforcing depending on
the society’s population rate, and its characteristics.
3. It is Dynamic. Criminology is dynamic because it changes as social
condition changes. It is connected with the advancement of other
science that has been applied to it. It is dynamic because it goes hand
in hand with the advancement in our society. It is connected with the
advancement of the other sciences that may have applied with. For
example, one of the modern technologies used today the Magnetic
Fingerprinting and Automated Fingerprint Identification (AFIS): With
these forensic technology, crime scene investigators, forensic
scientists and police officers can quickly and simply compare a
fingerprint at a crime scene with an in-depth virtual database. In
addition, the incorporation of magnetic fingerprinting dust and no-
touch wanding allows investigators to urge an ideal impression of
fingerprints at a scene of the crime without contamination.
4. It is Nationalistic. Criminology is nationalistic because the study of
crime is in relation with the existing law within a certain territory or
country. Finally, the question as to whether an act is a crime is
dependent on the criminal law of a State, it follows therefore, that the
causes of crime must be determined from their social needs and
standards. It is nationalistic because the study of crime should be in
relation with the existing criminal laws within the territory. For
example, some of our criminologist taking a research or study
regarding on causes of crimes in the Philippines, such as killing, theft,
robbery, homicide and murder because it exists in our criminal law. If
you want to study crime in here in the Philippines, you should also
study the law in its territory.
Other Fields of Study Related to Criminology

1) Criminal Demography – study of the relationship between
criminality and population.
2) Criminal Epidemiology – study of the relationship between the
environment and criminality.
3) Criminal Ecology – the study of criminality in relationship to the
spatial distribution in a community.
4) Criminal Physical Anthropology – the study of criminality in
relation to physical constitution of men.

5) Criminal Psychology – the study of human behavior in relation to
criminality
6) Criminal Psychiatry – the study of human mind in relation to
criminality.
Unit 2: Allied Fields of Criminology
Fields of Criminology
Students enrolled in criminology course degree program will learn

about crime. The causes of crime related to biology, psychology, or social
factors like socioeconomic status. These majors examine crime in different
places, ranging from neighborhoods to other countries. They’ll analyze those
crimes over time, developing strong research skills in the process. Some
schools pair criminology with criminal justice as a major. In those cases,
students also get an education in the criminal justice system and its role in
combating crime.
A. Criminalistics
As soon as the crime is reported at the local police station,

criminalists, police investigators and detectives will automatically start a
crime scene investigation. Upon arriving at the scene of the crime a
criminalist/investigator will make an initial observation, take down notes,
secure and cordon the area to preserve shreds of evidence. The criminalist
assigned must be cautious, observant, attentive, and alert because the
criminal could be still in the area. To ensure the success of the investigation
criminalistics plays an essential role in organizing the crime scene, helping
victims, serving the public, and make certain justice. The recovered physical
evidence may be in the form of a fingerprint left on objects, hair follicles,
blood, skin, and semen (for rape cases) that may link to the offender.
According to Valdueza (2015), criminalistics is the scientific
investigation, identification, and comparison of physical evidence for criminal
or civil court proceedings. As mentioned by Eduardo and Panganoron (2015),
criminalist is a person who is trained in sciences of the application of
instruments and methods, to the detection of crime such as: firearm
examiner, fingerprint examiner and the like. A criminalist is not necessarily a
criminologist. That, any person could be a criminalist by reason of his/her
special forensic trainings.
1. (Forensic 1) Personal Identification Techniques – it is the

identification of person by means of the ridges appearing on the

fingers, on the palms on the soles of the feet. This study is conducted
by analyzing the recovered fingerprints left by people on objects that
they have touched.
2. (Forensic 2) Forensic Photography – it is a visual documentation of
the various elements that can be found at the crime scene. This is a
form of documentation necessary to maintain the integrity of
discovered physical evidence. The primary goal of forensic
photography is to accurately and thoroughly document the scene,
injuries, objects, and other relevant information in a manner that
preserves its integrity for use in court or investigative cases process.
3. (Forensic 3) Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology – branch of
chemistry which engage in application of chemical principles in the
solution of legal problems that arises in reference to administration of
justice. For example, Officer Marlo uses a Mitchondrial DNA to seek out
matches in unsolved crimes from years ago. Mitchondrial DNA are
often used to solve claims and disputes by identifying persons and
lineages from as long as 1,000 years ago.
4. (Forensic 4) Questioned Documents Examination – questioned
document examination is a term for forensic science discipline refer to
documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law. The primary
purpose of this is to provide evidence about suspicious or questionable
document using variety of scientific processes and methods. Evidence
might include alterations, the chain of possession damage to the
document, forgery, origin, authenticity, or the other questions that
come up when a document is challenged in court.
5. (Forensic 5) Lie Detection Techniques – the scientific detection of
deception through the use or aid of a polygraph machine. It is a device
or instrument capable of recording changes in blood pressure/pulse
beats, respiration and galvanic-skin-reflex or GSR as indicative of
emotional excitement, specifically of lying when questioned. For
example, Diana, an expert lie detector examiner measures and records
various physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse,
respiration, and skin conductivity while asking series of questions in an
attempt to detect a deceptive answer. Polygraph testing is used to
determine if a person is truthful or not, based on suggestions
conveyed by answering questions Lie detection tests are costly
because they are carried out by professional examiners trained in
observing the truth from polygraph test results.
6. (Forensic 6) Forensic Ballistics - this is the scientific study of
propulsion and motion of projectiles such as bullets, artillery shells,
rockets, and guided missiles. For instance, after a thorough
investigation of Officer Renzo in the crime scene. Submitted a

complete report on such tasks as restoring serial numbers, examining
and identifying tool marks, and determining the firing distance
between a gun's muzzle and the dead body (cadaver). In this study
the investigators recover bullets from a crime scene, forensic
examiners test-fire a suspect's gun, then compare the marks on the
crime scene bullet to marks on the test-fired bullet.
B. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
When the Spanish conquered the Philippines, a royal decree was made
in 1870. It was the old penal code from Spain extended to the Philippines
which took effect on July 14, 1876, until American colonization. Our Revised
Penal Code was derived from Spanish Código penal, and it penalizes most of
the act accepted as criminal, example of this is taking of a life such as
murder, homicide, abortion, theft and robbery, adultery and bigamy until
treason or whatever crimes against national security is punishable under the
Revised Penal Code. Revised Penal Code composes of two books – one
provides the general provisions and general rule on the application of the
law. It also defines felonies and the circumstances which aggravate,
mitigates, justify, or even exempt from criminal liability, and defines the
effects and duration of criminal penalties. Book two – to be considered that
there is a felony an act or omission violated such as crimes against national
security (ex. rebellion) crimes against property (ex. theft and robbery). This
book defines crimes and each penalty imposable for specific crimes. While
the remaining three examines the principles and approaches of criminal
procedure implemented during court trial and hearing to determine the
admissibility and competency of the testimonial and physical evidence
acquired.
1. (CLJ 1) Introduction to Philippine Criminal Justice System –

these studies the five pillars of criminal justice in the Philippines. It
also covers the pillars respective functional relationships as well as
individual roles in the administration of the justice system in the
solution of crimes. Criminal justice system is a process on how crime is
investigated. For example, Eliseo is suspected thereof are taken into
custody, prosecuted in court and punished if found guilty, provisions
being made for their correction and rehabilitation.
2. (CLJ 2) Human Rights Education – these deals about the relations
of Human Rights, Freedom, the Government and its power to make
laws, the roles of State Actors and Non-State Actors on human rights,
and the National and International venue for the protection of Human
Rights.

3. (CLJ 3) Criminal Law (Book 1) – this includes the study of the
general provisions of the Revised Penal Code, Special Criminal Statues
of the Philippines, presidential decrees and letters of instructions and
cases relative thereto. As the future law enforcers, the students attain
a degree of knowledge that will enable them to understand to
commission of the felonies, the stage that is attendant to the crime,
the circumstances that surround each and every criminal act.
Assuming that Renzo killed a man, the crime is homicide. If Renzo kills
his parent, child or spouse. The crime becomes parricide. If Renzo kills
for money, then the crime will elevate into murder. But even if all the
crimes are present, it does not necessarily mean that the accused is
guilty. There are circumstances that could lead in certain
circumstances such as if Renzo is 12 years of age, then he is
exempted in criminal liability. If the offender is under 9 years of age at
the time of the commission of the crime. There is absolute criminal
irresponsibility in the case of a minor under 9 years of age. A person
over nine (9) years of age and under fifteen (15), unless he has acted
with discernment. It is mentioned in the Article 12 of the Revised Penal
Code and Sec. 6, Par. 2 Republic Act 9344 the Juvenile Justice and
Welfare Act of 2006 which is one of the elements that exempts from
criminal liability.
4. (CLJ 4) Criminal Law (Book 2) – these deals with the study of
crimes and penalties, study of elements of crime embodied in the
Revised Penal Code Book 2, the circumstance which affect criminal
liabilities and including the study of jurisprudence. Case: One example
under the crime against persons – Renzo, Raymond and Rayjay
committed a crime of rape. But before the commission of rape, they
dragged Ceda (Victim) inside the van, punched her, and slapped her –
which is also a crime of forcible abduction and less serious physical
injuries. Both crimes are necessary means to commit the rape.
Therefore, two secondary crimes form part of the rape. Note: From
crimes against chastity - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 redefines rape as
a crime against persons - Rape violates a person's well-being and not
just one's virginity or purity. The law considers that any person,
whether a prostituted person, non-virgin or one what has active sexual
life may be victimized by rape.
5. (CLJ 5) Evidence – these studies the fundamental principles of
criminal evidence as embodied on the rules of court; designed
especially in relation to police matters to make evidence available,
competent and relevant in any proceeding before any court, tribunal or
body exercising quasi-judicial functions. For example, Jenny witnessed
a crime of killing, she may testify as to what observed or perceived

during an event, in some situations they may also testify about
statements they heard outside of court (Testimonial evidence). Such
statements often constitute hearsay evidence and are generally not
admissible because they're not as reliable as statements made in court
and under oath.
6. (CLJ 6) Criminal Procedure and Court Testimony – this focuses
on the rules of court on criminal procedure and cases covering the law
on arrest, searches and seizures, rules of preliminary investigation, the
granting of bail, and the rights of the accused. For Instance, Cielo is
caught in the act using an illegal drug. Respondent is caught in the act
of committing a crime and arrested immediately by the police. The
function of the inquest prosecutor is to determine if there is really a
crime committed, what crime has been committed and if the
warrantless arrest is proved valid together with the evidence the
inquest prosecutor can now file a case to the court. If the commission
of the arrest is questionable it can refer for further investigation.
C. Law Enforcement Administration
This study pertains to the process concerned with the implementation

of the plans and objectives of the enforcement operating efficiency. The
process involved in securing rigid compliance and obedience to the laws. The
backbone of the process is how our law enforcement agencies manage,
organize and standardize in order to achieve their goals more accurately,
efficiently, effectively, and more productive. For example, in police
intelligence – Philippine National Police gathering/collating intelligence for the
purpose of maintaining peace and order, ensure public safety, and internal
security with the aid of the community.
1. (LEA 1) Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

(Inter-agency approach) – this course provides the fundamental
understanding of Organization, Management and Administration, laws
governing the organization of Law Enforcement and Public Safety
Agencies, their respective legal mandate, functions and
responsibilities, and its intra and inter agency relations, coordination
and cooperation with other law enforcement and public safety
agencies.
2. (LEA 2) Comparative Models in Policing – this covers the
comparison of selected police and their relation with Interpol
(International Police) and UN (United Nation) bodies in the campaign
against transitional crimes and in the promotion of world peace. For

instance, Marlo is a member of International Police Organization
tracking down high valued and most wanted terrorist across the globe.
3. (LEA 3) Introduction to Industrial Security Concepts – this
covers the organizational set-up administration and operation of
security agencies, special police and investigation agencies. For
instance, planning a strategical positioning of fences and lighting,
locating the blind spot of the building and the organizations of security
agencies. For instance, there is a recent case of a breach in the
facility, Mr. Marlo is assigned to make a security measures such as
fences, lightings, CCTV's and alarms, so that the unauthorized person
will not/cannot enter in the facility or building.
4. (LEA 4) Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime
Mapping – this course provides the fundamental concepts of planning
as a leadership role and the operations of selected Law Enforcement
and Public Safety Agencies and their respective legal mandates and
limitations under existing laws. The Crime Mapping and its relations to
police operations.
D. Crime Detection and Investigation
The study begins upon the arrival at the crime scene and proceeds to
collect some evidence, identify and analyze if it has relevance to the crime.
Upon crime scene investigation criminalistics plays a significant role, such
forensic techniques are a big aid in examining the fibers, anatomy, bodily
fluids, or any kind of physical evidence recovered from the crime. For
example, in drug-related and organized crime one of the best ways before
taking a legal action is to simply monitor (surveillance) the behavior and
activities, gathering some important information for the sole purpose of
preventing the commission of the crime. This includes electronic equipment
for distance observation such as cameras, closed-circuit television (CCTV),
recording, or even simple technical methods such as human intelligence
gathering.
1. (CDI 1) Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and

Intelligence – this course covers the basic principles on relevant
Laws, Constitutional Rights, New Rules on Evidence and Criminal
Procedure in relation to Investigation. It includes the entire
perspective of Intelligence operations and organization, and the
different methods of gathering and collecting of Information. The
different methods of Extracting Information, the different instruments
to aid the investigation, Crime Scene processing, Arrest, Search and
Seizure, Cyber Warrant, Wiretapping, the making of investigation

reports, Case build up and the preparation of evidence for court
presentation.
2. (CDI 2) Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine
3 - this course covers the special study of modern technique in the
investigation of crimes involving crimes against persons, and other
related offenses. The application of medical science in crime
investigation with emphasis on the medico-legal aspects of physical
injuries, death, abortion, infanticide, burn and poisoning. Develop
framework of investigating crimes, crime scene processing, and report
writing.
3. (CDI 3) Specialized Crime Investigation 2 with Simulation on
Interrogation and Interview - this course provides emphasis on the
Constitutional Rights of persons arrested, placed under investigation,
search and seizure. It takes on the conduct of Interview and
Interrogation of suspects, person of Interest and witnesses and
simulates on the different crimes against person, economic crimes,
and other special laws on transnational and organized crimes. The
evidence required and the report writing.
4. (CDI 4) Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with
Driving - this includes the fundamentals of traffic safety education,
enforcement, engineering, techniques in vehicular and pedestrian
direction and control, techniques in point and inter-sectional vehicle-
volume determination for emergency and priority control; study of
various traffic decrees, codes in national and local levels; techniques
within the devising of selective enforcement plans and policies for
special and emergency traffic situations; technique and procedures
within the use of hand signals and electric signal lights; techniques in
accident investigation; calculation of reaction time and brake-in-time,
application of scientific aids on hit-and-run cases. For example, Officer
Jenny is expert in investigating causes of vehicle and traffic-related
injuries and fatalities. Also investigate research that provides
lifesaving, prevent injuries, and reduce vehicle-related crashes.
5. (CDI 5) Technical English 1 (Legal Forms) - the course covers the
study of the concept of application of the appropriate report writing,
office memorandum and correspondence. The brevity, clarity,
completeness and accuracy of facts and presentation according to the
prescribed format and style of investigative report writing structure,
correspondence, and memorandum. It includes the fundamentals and
styles of different report writings and contents of police report writing,
manner of handling standards police forms and technique, and
sequences of blotter entries.

6. (CDI 6) Fire Protection and Arson Investigation - this covers the
principles of fire technology and its behavior. It also emphasizes fire
investigation and the role of fire-fighters during fire suppression and
investigation, the study of fire and building code, and law on
destructive arson including arson investigation. For example, The
Bureau of Fire Protection and other related Fire volunteers in the
Philippines are experts in terms of suppression and investigation of
firefighting. This course also includes laws regarding on fire code in the
Philippines.
7. (CDI 7) Technical English 2 (Investigative Report Writing and
Presentation) - this course covers the different legal forms or legal
documents used by various agencies of the government including
judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies, and Private institutions.
8. (CDI 8) Vice and Drug Education and Control - this includes the
study of drug abuse prevention and education program of the
government as well as recognition, nature and extent if drug problem;
causes and influence of drug abuse; origin; identification and
classification of commonly abused drugs, prohibited and regulated
drugs and symptoms of drug abuse. For example, Cedric is assigned to
lead a team that would advocate programs aim to educate adolescents
about illicit drug use in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while
highlighting the dangers of problematic substance use.
9. (CDI 9) Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws
and Protection - this course provides the overview of Cybercrime and
Environment. It will lay the overview of our ecosystem, biodiversity
and its relation to human survival and sustainable development. It
includes the environmental laws, the detection of violation, conduct of
investigation, evidence required and prosecution, and the applicable
jurisprudence. The cybercrime part will take on basic understanding of
computer technology, history of cybercrimes, nature and types of
cybercrimes, incident response, collection and preservation, digital
investigative plan, and the applicable legal provision.
E. Sociology of Crimes and Ethics
This study focuses on the history, nature, and scope of criminology.

Analyzing the criminal behavior using scientific methods, the study of how to
control crimes, and the rehabilitation of the offender through the psychology
of crimes and delinquencies. Criminologists also uses research method in the
study about the recent crime issue. As a result, the criminologist must be a
bit of a detective while engaged in criminological research. The data
collections constitute strengths and weaknesses that contains the count of

crimes reported, victimization surveys, or any data the researches interested
in. Establishing institutions responsible for the enforcement of the law,
apprehension, and prosecution of those who violate the law and other related
statutes. If the court proves that individuals in guilty of a crime, they shall be
isolated to be rehabilitated and to be integrated into law-abiding citizens
through the criminal justice system to maintain peace and order of the
community.
1. (Criminology 1) Introduction to Criminology – this presents the

overview of the different schools of thought in criminology, theories
that explain criminal behavior, techniques for measuring the
characteristics of criminals, crime, and victims; the interrelatedness of
theory, policy, and practice in the criminal justice system; and
currents issues and studies in criminology. For example, Renzo is
assigned to determine and illustrate how crime was committed, why
crime was committed, what law should be applied.
2. (Criminology 2) Theories of Crime Causation - this course
captures the theoretical perspective of crime causation committed by
individuals and institutions. It provides a wide array of theories from
all dimensions and aspects of the person, the society and the
institutions, such as political, economic, environmental, social,
psychological, biological, women offenders, biopsychosocial, and life
course.
3. (Criminology 3) Human Behavior & Victimology - this course
covers the study on human behavior with emphasis on the concept of
human development and abnormal behavior. It includes strategies and
approaches in handling different kinds of abnormal behavior in relation
to law enforcement and criminal proceedings. It also includes the
study of victimization, the role of community and techniques in
assisting offender’s reintegration and victim’s recovery.
4. (Criminology 4) Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards -
this course deals with the professional conduct and ethical standards
of Professionals, and as Criminologists in the practice of their
profession and field of specialization; Governing Ethical codes both in
Government and Private sectors and their relevance to Human
Relations.
5. (Criminology 5) Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
System - this deal with the etiology of delinquency and criminal
behavior and the factors that bring about juvenile delinquency;
prevention and control of teenage crime and manner of combating it;
study of social welfare agencies and laws applicable. Cielo Leslie is the
head officer in conducting a research pertain to programs and services

to the teenagers or minors that are engage in improper or criminal
acts.
6. (Criminology 6) Dispute Resolution and Crises/Incidents
Management - this course deals with the study of the different
mechanisms in dealing and resolving conflicts/disputes. It includes the
art of intervention through mediation, and reconciliation between
stakeholders and agencies tasked to carry out the endeavor. Likewise,
the course includes the concepts of crisis management and the proper
procedure in handling the incident. Moreover, the study significantly
provides mechanisms on how to adopt strategies in dealing with
potential and actual crises which are being addressed by concerned
agencies and authorities and the community.
7. (Criminology 7) Criminological Research 1 (Research Methods
with Applied Statistics) - this course focuses on how writing
research paper/thesis is done, and the applicable statistical tools,
understanding the different parts of the thesis, their interplay, and the
governing rules in writing a technical paper, the development of a
research problem, the instrument, the data gathering methods, and
the treatment of the data collected.
8. (Criminology 8) Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing and
Presentation) - the course covers the presentation, demonstration,
proposal and defense of the study conducted. It includes the research
methods, and designs applicable to the conduct of criminological
research, the conduct of qualitative and quantitative research in the
fields of Criminology and Criminal Justice, data gathering, data
analysis and interpretation, conclusions, and recommendations of the
study conducted.
F. Correctional Administration
In the Philippine setting, there is a distinction between the Bureau of

Jail Management (BJMP) and the Bureau of Correction (BuCor). The Bureau
of Jail Management supervises the “jail”. Jail is defined as the place of
confinement for inmates under investigation, trial, or serving short term
sentences. While the Bureau of Correction under the Department of Justice
supervises the “prison” which refers to the national penitentiaries.
1. (CA 1) Institutional Corrections - this covers an examination of the

history philosophy and objectives of imprisonment and the
development of prison. A study of institutional agencies within the
Philippines, to includes BJMP which oversees city and municipal jails;
provincial jails and therefore the Bureau of Corrections and their

institutions in terms of their structures, management, standards,
program and service. For example, Raymond is convicted of offense
and confined INSIDE the prison for year’s rehabilitation.
2. (CA 2) Non-Institutional Corrections - The course will primarily
focus on the different forms, types or kinds of Non-Institutional
Correction/Community Based Corrections/Non-Confinement
Corrections. It includes the different methods, forms, type or kinds of
clemency. The processes of the grant, revocation, cancellation, or
disqualification of the party concerned as provided in the law, rules,
guidelines or manual. For example, Raymond will serve some or all of
his sentence in the community. Those programs that are intended to
treat criminal offenders within the free community as alternatives to
confinement. It includes all correctional activities directly addressed to
the offender and aimed toward helping him to become a law-abiding
citizen.
3. (CA 3) Therapeutic Modalities - this course covers the different
therapeutic modalities, treatment models, treatment programs, and
policy or program intervention for both in Institutional and non-
institutional corrections. The forging of partnerships, involvement and
engagement of Government Agencies, Religious Sector, Private
Foundations, Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations
focused on the Detainee’s/Inmate’s/Person Deprived Liberty’s total
welfare and well-being.
G. Character Formation
The importance of character formation education as a groundwork in

accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature in the context of higher
education level of learning in the Philippines today. Developing good moral
character plays a vital and essential role by deepening the personal
understanding and practice of virtues as needed in the era of globalization.
1. (CFLM 1) Character Formation 1 – Nationalism and Patriotism -

this course covers the study of principles and Philosophy of nationalism
and patriotism, the Philippine Constitution, the Philippine Flag, the
Filipino Character, Values, and Culture, including other important
Filipino Heritage, History, and Identity as a People and Country.
2. (CFLM 2) Character Formation 2 – Leadership, Decision Making,
Management and Administration - the course covers the
understanding of personal values, characteristics, and goals including
the normative foundations of leading which includes the wide array of
leadership and management approaches and refine their leadership

and management styles. Understand the frames of judgment and skills
needed to affect positive change in a wide array of settings and to
transform cultures, organizations, and institutions through effective
leading, management, analysis, and decision-making in a self-aware
manner to think and act strategically.
H. Practicum (Non-board)
On-the-job training and community immersion - This is intended to

develop an understanding and exposure into the psychology and sociology of
crimes, crime detection and investigation and criminalistics, actual operation
of Philippine National Police, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
Bureau of Fire Protection and security agencies, and such agencies
comprising the five (5) pillars of the criminal justice system and the
relationship between them as a supplement and conjunction with the
academic program; off-campus or practicum program in selected police
agencies; actual field including patrol, traffic, crime investigation,
criminalistics, performed internships requiring observation in penal
institutions, jails, reformatories in Department of Social Welfare
Development, National Bureau of Investigation, Commission on Human
Rights, National Police Commission and such other agencies related to the
course/program.
ASSESSMENT
Activity 1: Word Bank
Instruction: There are 10 terminologies or words listed in the first column

that are used in the discussion and in the module. Select the appropriate
definition from the column three for each word by using the context clues in
column two.
Words Context Clues Definitions

1. Accusation He denied the A. minor crime,
accusation that he had especially that
lied to the police. committed by young
people.
2. Apprehension The police B. a charge or claim that
apprehended the someone has done
thieves. something illegal or
wrong.
3. Crime He began a life of C. the available body of
crime at a very early facts or information

age. indicating whether a
belief or proposition is
true or valid.
4. Delinquency Children in such D. a charge or claim that
communities are at someone has done
lower risk of teen something illegal or
pregnancy, child wrong.
abuse, drug use or
juvenile delinquency.
5. Etiology The etiology of this E. a person who
illness was attributed commits an illegal
to a novel virus act.
belonging to the
coronavirus (CoV)
family.
6. Evidence Rules of evidence are F. the action of stopping
widely known and something from
honored. happening or arising.
7. Law In contrast, courts of G. have the duty of
law apply the law to maintaining law and
everyone. order
8. Offenders As in earlier times, H. a thing regarded as
offenders were having the binding
punished by expulsion. force or effect of a
formal system of
rules.
9. Police We have a police force I. an action or omission
and a court system to that constitutes an
apply the laws equally offense that may be
to all. prosecuted by the
state and is
punishable by law.
10. Preven The Committee of J. the science of the
tion General Security had causes or origins
unlimited powers for
the prevention or
discovery of crime
against the state.
Activity 2: Knowledge Level Assessment.

Unit 1. Instruction: Identify the answer for each of the following
statements below.
1. It refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and the victims, and
it also deal with the prevention, and solutions of crimes
a. Criminal c. Criminalistics
b. Crime d. Criminology
2. Which of the following is not derived from the Latin term word crimen,
EXCEPT?
a. Accusation c. Complaint
b. Charge d. Guilt
3. Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr), in Sta. Cruz Manila, formerly
known as
a. Plaridel College c. Colegio de San Juan de
Letran
b. Silliman University d. Santa Isabel College Manila
4. This presents the overview of the different schools of thought in
criminology, theories that explain criminal behavior, techniques for
measuring the characteristics of criminals, crime, and victims.
a. Theories of Crime Causation c. Human Behavior &
Victimology
b. Introduction to Criminology d. Criminological Research
5. Registered criminologists are exempt from taking any other entrance or
qualifying government or civil service examinations for the following
agencies. EXCEPT?
a. Questioned Document Examiner c. Tariff Operation Officer
b. Associate Graft Investigation Officer d. Police Officer
6. The body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within its scope the processes of creating laws,
of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.
a. Criminalist c. Criminalistics
b. Criminology d. Crime and Criminals
7. The first member of Board of Criminology was appointed only on
a. July, 1987 c. January, 1983
b. April, 1988. d. May, 1987
8. This pertains to the examination of the reasons of crime causation which
primarily deals to answer issues why despite the presence of laws people
still commit crimes.
a. Criminal Etiology c. Penology
b. Sociology of Law d. Breaking of Laws
9. The connection with the advancement of other science that has been
applied to it criminology because it goes hand in hand with the
advancement in our society.
a. Social Science c. Applied Science
b. Dynamic d. Nationalistic
10. He is considered as the dean of modern and empirical criminology.
a. Paul Topinard c. Edwin H. Sutherland
b. Donald R. Cressey d. Joseph F. Sheley

Activity 2: Instruction: Identify the answer that corresponds to each
question.
Unit 2. Criminalistics and Criminal Law and Jurisprudence.
1. This refers to the study of documents that are potentially disputed in a
court of law.
2. The scientific study of propulsion and motion of projectiles such as
bullets, artillery shells, rockets, and guided missiles.
3. The utilization of various branch of sciences for crime detection is
called?
4. The study of the fundamental principles of criminal evidence as
embodied on the rules of court
5. These studies the five pillars of criminal justice in the Philippines.
Unit 2. Law Enforcement Administration and Crime Detection and
Investigation.
1. It covers the comparison of selected police and their relation with
Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against transitional crimes and
in the promotion of world peace.
2. This covers the principles of fire technology and its behavior. It also
emphasizes fire investigation and the role of fire-fighters during fire
suppression and investigation.
3. This course provides the fundamental concepts of planning as a
leadership role and the operations of selected Law Enforcement and
Public Safety Agencies and their respective legal mandates and
limitations under existing laws.
4. This course study pertains to drug abuse prevention and education
program of the government as well as recognition, nature and extent if
drug problem.
5. This course covers the study of the concept of application of the
appropriate report writing, office memorandum and correspondence
Unit 2. Sociology of Crimes and Ethics, Correctional Administration

and Character Formation.
1. Its primarily focus on the different forms, types or kinds of Non-
Institutional Correction/Community Based Corrections/Non-
Confinement Corrections.
2. It covers the study on human behavior with emphasis on the concept
of human development and abnormal behavior.
3. It covers the study on human behavior with emphasis on the concept
of human development and abnormal behavior.
4. This course captures the theoretical perspective of crime causation
committed by individuals and institutions.

5. This covers the study of principles and Philosophy of nationalism and
patriotism, the Philippine Constitution, the Philippine Flag, the Filipino
Character, Values, and Culture, including other important Filipino
Heritage, History, and Identity as a People and Country.
REFERENCES
Barkan, S. E. (2017). Criminology: A sociological understanding. 7th ed.

Boston: Pearson.
Eduardo, J. P. & Panganoron, C. R. (2015). Fundamentals of criminology.

Quezon City: Wiseman's Books trading, Inc.
Manwong, R. K. (2020). Fundamental of criminology. 5th ed. Quezon City:

Wiseman's Books trading, Inc.
Schmalleger, F. (2017). Criminology today: an integrative introduction. 8th

ed. United States: Pearson.
Siegel, L. J. (2018) Criminology: Theories, patterns, and typologies. 13th ed.

Boston, USA: Cengage Learning.
Valdueza, F. (2015). Crimes and criminals. Quezon City: Wiseman's books

Trading, Inc.

Module 2: PRELIM
Victimology

2
Introduction and Historical
Setting
CONTENTS
1.1 Victimology
1.2 The Role of the Victim in Crime
OUTCOMES
LO2. Analyze the Consequences of Crime and Explain the Role of the Victim
in Crime.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, the following learning objectives will be attained by
the students with at least 75% accuracy:
1. The student will be able to analyze the consequences of crime,
including the physical, psychological, and economic impact on victims.
2. The student will be able to apply concepts of victimization through
interpretive assessment.
3. The student will be able to illustrate the role of a crime victim.
Unit 1. Victimology
Course Instruction
“The term victimology is not new. In fact, Benjamin Mendelsohn first

used it in 1947 to describe the scientific study of crime victims. Victimology is
often considered a subfield of criminology, and the two fields do share much
in common. Just as criminology is the study of criminals—what they do, why
they do it, and how the criminal justice system responds to them—
victimology is the study of victims. For example, instead of simply wondering
or hypothesizing why younger people are more likely to be victims than are
older people, victimologists conduct research to attempt to identify the
reasons why younger people seem more vulnerable (Daigle, 2017).”
Two criminologist, Benjamin Mendelsohn and Hans Von Hentig,

began to explore the field of victimology by creating “typologies”. They are
considered the “fathers of the study of victimology.” These victimologists
began to study behaviors and vulnerabilities of victims, such as the
resistance of rape victims and characteristics of the types of people who were
victims of crime, especially murder victims (Eduardo, 2018).

Victimology, according to the Word Society of victimology, is the

scientific study of the extent, nature and causes of criminal victimization, its
consequences for the persons involved and the reactions thereto by society,
in particular the police and the criminal justice system as well as voluntary
workers and professional helpers (Manwong, 2020).
The UN declaration states the victims means who, individually or
collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury,
emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their
fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal
laws, including those proscribing abuses of power (Manwong, 2020).
Going back to the criminology, a broad field of study that have four
principal divisions of criminology. This encompasses the study of making
laws, the breaking of laws, and the reaction towards the breaking of laws. In
addition, a fairly new sub field of criminology – victimology. It does not
have any subfields within the study, theories are few and no school of
thoughts.
Who is a crime victim?

Crime victim refers to any person, group, or entity who has suffered injury or
loss due to illegal activity (Eduardo, 2018). The following experience of
victimization is a result of an increasing fear of the victims of criminal acts
that caused and spread in the community.
a. Physical. The harm may include physical injury which generally
involves physical infliction of pain. For instance, hitting, smacking,
slapping, punching, kicking, pinching, scratching, biting, shaking, or
suffocating, scalding, or burning someone, hair pulling. spitting or
throwing things to another.
b. Psychological. Personally think of himself as vulnerable, he/she may
perceive the world as meaningless and complicated and view
themselves as a unfavored in life. This includes hesitation to talk in
front of other people, stories which don't add up or make sense,
confusion, or disorientation, being angry without any apparent cause,
sudden change in behavior, being upset or agitated, unusual behavior
(sucking, biting, or rocking), and unexplained fear.
c. Economic. The harm is classified as loss of property, industrial or
business establishment and the like.
Illustration: Job loss and falling incomes can force families to delay or
forgo a college education for their children. Frozen credit markets and
depressed consumer spending can stop the creation of otherwise
vibrant small businesses.

Consequences of Crime
Emotional distress as a result of crime is a recurring theme for all

victims of crime. The most common problem affecting three quarters of
victims was psychological problems including: fear, anxiety, nervousness,
self-blame, anger, shame, and difficulty sleeping.
These problems often result in the development of chronic PTSD

(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). Post crime distress is also linked to
pre-existing emotional problems and socio-demographic variables. This is
known as the leading cause of the elderly to be more adversely affected.
One commonality has come to apply to virtually all usage of the term
victim: That an individual has suffered injury and harm by forces
beyond his or her control, and not of his or her personal
responsibility. The frequent and diverse use of the term “victim” both in
conversation and in print has changed the way people think of the victims
today. The current connotations of the word extend well beyond the
historical meaning.
The frequent and diverse use of the term “victim” both in conversation
and in print has changed the way people think of the victims today. The
current connotations of the word extend well beyond the historical
meaning (Manwong, 2020).
In this context, a victim is –

1. Someone who is being placed to death or subjected to torture or
suffering by another.
2. A living creature slain and offered as a sacrifice to a deity or as part
of religious sacrifice.
3. Anyone who is harmed by or made to suffer from an act,
circumstance, agency or condition: victims of war.
4. A person who suffers injury, loss, or death as a result of a
voluntary undertaking: a victim of his own scheming.
5. A person who is tricked, swindled, or taken advantage of a dupe.
Unit 2. The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation,

Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation
Although the field of victimology has largely moved away from simply
investigating how much a victim contributes to his or her own
victimization, the first forays into the study of crime victims were
centered on such investigations. In this way, the first studies of crime
victims did not portray victims as innocents who were wronged at the
hands of an offender. Rather, concepts such as victim precipitation, victim
facilitation, and victim provocation developed from these investigations.

Victim precipitation is defined as the extent to which a victim is

responsible for his or her own victimization. The concept of victim
precipitation is rooted in the notion that, although some victims are not at
all responsible for their victimization, other victims are. In this way, victim
precipitation acknowledges that crime victimization involves at least two
people—an offender and a victim—and that both parties are acting and
often reacting before, during, and after the incident. Identifying victim
precipitation does not necessarily lead to negative outcomes. It is
problematic, however, when it is used to blame the victim while ignoring
the offender’s role.
Illustration: A person left his keys in his car while he went

shopping. By doing so, the person inadvertently made it easier
for an offender to steal his car, thus facilitating his
victimization.
Similar to victim precipitation is the concept of victim facilitation.

Victim facilitation occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it easier for
an offender to commit a crime. A victim may, in this way, be a catalyst for
victimization.
Illustration: A woman who accidentally left her purse in plain view

in her office while she went to the restroom and then had it
stolen would be a victim who facilitated her own victimization.
This woman is not blameworthy —the offender should not steal,

regardless of whether the purse is in plain view. But the victim’s actions
certainly made her a likely target and made it easy for the offender to
steal her purse. Unlike precipitation, facilitation helps understand why one
person may be victimized over another but does not connote blame and
responsibility.
Contrast victim facilitation with victim provocation. Victim

provocation occurs when a person does something that incites another
person to commit an illegal act. Provocation suggests that without the
victim’s behavior, the crime would not have occurred. Provocation, then,
most certainly connotes blame. In fact, the offender is not at all
responsible.
Illustration. An example of victim provocation would be if a

person attempted to mug a man who was walking home from
work and the man, instead of willingly giving the offender his
wallet, pulled out a gun and shot the mugger.
The offender in this scenario ultimately is a victim, but he would not

have been shot if not for attempting to mug the shooter. The distinctions
between victim precipitation, facilitation, and provocation, as you

probably noticed, are not always clear-cut. These terms were developed,
described, studied, and used in somewhat different ways in the mid-
1900s by several scholars (Daigle, 2017).
We cannot deny that there is a “relationship between the victimizer

and to its victim, to identify the underlying facts – that relationship might
be important in understanding those crimes inflicted to the latter.
However, it is somewhat less attractive approach shifting over into
blaming the victims of what has befallen to them and implying that were
it is not their own culpability, no crime would have been committed. When
blaming the victim is assumes that the victims have something to do with
the offenders, the degree of mutuality, symbiosis, or reciprocity may exist
between them. To identify such cases, both parties’ possible motives,
reputations, actions, and records of past arrests and convictions must be
investigated.

ASSESSMENT
Name: __________________________________ Score:

___________
Degree Program/Year/Section: ____________ Date:
____________
Activity 1: Word Bank

Instruction: There are 5 terminologies or words listed in the first column
that are used in the discussion and in the module. Select the appropriate
definition from the column three for each word by using the context clues in
column two.
Words Context Clues Definitions

1. Dupe The consumers have K. process of being
been duped on this. victimized or
becoming a victim.
2. Impairment He has a visual L. use deception to
impairment in the deprive (someone)
right eye. of money or
possessions.
3. Omission The omission of her M. a failure to do
name was not a something,
deliberate act. especially
something that one
has a moral or legal
obligation to do.
4. Swindled Some people say N. prevents someone
that he has swindled from doing
the public. something, like how
an eye injury can
be an impairment
to seeing.
5. Victimizatio She, poor innocent O. A victim of
n creature, is left to deception.
be victimized by an
old man who has

outlived his wits.
Activity 2: Interpretive Assessment.
People who study victimology, or victimization, examine the

psychological effects of crimes on the victims, the interactions between
victims and the criminal justice system and the relationships between victims
and offenders. Modern theories of victimology try to explain why some are
more likely than other to become victims of a crime.
People who study victimology, or victimization, examine the psychological
effects of crimes on the victims, the interactions between victims and the
criminal justice system and the relationships between victims and offenders.
Modern theories of victimology try to explain why some are more likely than
other to become victims of a crime.
a. Victim Precipitation c. Victim Provocation
b. Victim Facilitation d. Victim Blaming
1. Teresa should avoid wearing short-shorts and roaming around at
night. It is like sending confusing signals about their desires to men, is
purposefully ignorant and endlessly dangerous. This refers to the
victimization theory of ______________. D. Victim Blaming
2. A College freshman is late to class, parks her car in an alley several
blocks from campus which is known to a high-crime area. In her frenzy
to get to class on time, leaves her car unlocked. An hour later, the
carjacker finds the unlocked car unlocked in the alley and easily
jumpstarts the car and drives away. The event is of victimization
theory is refers to ________________. B. Victim Facilitation
3. Most rape occurs when the victim's actions are interpreted by the
offender as sexual, thus initiating subsequent behavior. This refers to
what kind of victimization theory? A. Victim Precipitation
4. Marisol in the nightclub wearing six-inch heels, short dresses, and red
lipstick. The reason why she is assaulted. This refers to the
victimization theory of ________________. D. Victim Blaming
5. Cain and Abel are having a drink at the local tavern. Abel owes Cain
money, and as the night progresses, Cain becomes increasingly
agitated with Abel's failure to pay his debt. Finally, Cain snaps-- he
shouts at Abel from across the bar, and then charges at him,
brandishing a pistol. He fires a shot toward Abel, barely missing his
head. Abel pulls a knife and stabs Cain to death as the two wrestles on
the floor. This refers to what kind of victimization theory? C. Victim
Provocation

Activity 2: Reflective Essay

Instructions: Explain the following topic in a complete paragraph.
(10 points)
1. Does examining victim behavior when attempting to identify
causes of victimization lead to victim blaming? Is it wrong to
consider the role of the victim?
REFERENCES
Daigle, L. E. (2017). Victimology: the essentials. 2nd ed. Sage
Publications, Inc.
Eduardo, J. P. (2018). Essentials of criminology. Wiseman's Books
trading, Inc.
Manwong, R. K. (2020). Fundamental of criminology. 5th ed.
Wiseman's Books trading, Inc.

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Module 1 Introduction and Historical Setting

Criminology is the study of crime because it relates to society, science,

This course introduces the fundamental concept of crimes,

Introduction to criminology does not only focus on completion of

6 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

7 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

8 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

In 1885, Professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the word criminology

Criminology in the Philippines

As mentioned by Eduardo and Panganoron (2015), the first ever

9 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

1.University of Manila 4. University of Mindanao

The Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education

As mentioned by Eduardo and Panganoron (2015). The Philippine

10 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

The State recognizes the importance of criminology profession in

11 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

Privileges of Registered Criminologist

A registered criminologist refers to a natural born who holds a valid

12 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

(1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned Document Examiner; (4)

Scope of the Study of Criminology

Criminology as a broad field of study of crimes and criminals has the

1. Sociology of Law (Making of Laws). It is a division of criminology

13 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

According to Eduardo and Panganoron (2015). Generally, criminology

1. It is an Applied Science. Criminology is considered as an applied

14 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

Other Fields of Study Related to Criminology

15 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

Unit 2: Allied Fields of Criminology

Students enrolled in criminology course degree program will learn

As soon as the crime is reported at the local police station,

1. (Forensic 1) Personal Identification Techniques – it is the

16 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

17 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

B. Criminal Law and Jurisprudence

1. (CLJ 1) Introduction to Philippine Criminal Justice System –

18 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

19 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

C. Law Enforcement Administration

This study pertains to the process concerned with the implementation

1. (LEA 1) Law Enforcement Organization and Administration

20 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

D. Crime Detection and Investigation

1. (CDI 1) Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and

21 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

22 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

E. Sociology of Crimes and Ethics

This study focuses on the history, nature, and scope of criminology.

23 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

1. (Criminology 1) Introduction to Criminology – this presents the

24 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology

In the Philippine setting, there is a distinction between the Bureau of

1. (CA 1) Institutional Corrections - this covers an examination of the

25 Caño & Gabrieles ‖ Introduction to Criminology