 Kinesiology – is that science that deals with the study of human motion

 Mechanics – is the area of scientific study concerned with the mechanical aspect of
any system. This provides accurate answers to what is happening, why it is
happening, and to what extent it is happening
o static - the study of factors associated with non moving systems
o dynamics – the study of factors associated with system in motion
 biomechanics- is the area of study wherein the knowledge and
methods of mechanics are applied to the structure and function of the
living human system
 kinematics – the study of the time and space factors of motion of a
system
 kinetics – the study of the forces acting on body that influence its
movement
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
Relative Positions
The terms relative position described the location of one body part with respect to another
which includes the following:
 Superior means that a body part is above another part or is closer to the head. (The
thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity).
 Inferior means that the body part is below another body part or is toward the feet. (The
neck is inferior to the head)
 Anterior (or Ventral) –means towards the front ( The eyes are anterior to the brain)
 Posterior (or Dorsal) – means towards the back ( The pharynx is posterior to the oral
cavity)
 Medial – relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right
halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to the line than another part. The nose is
medial to the eyes)
 Lateral – means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline. (The ears are
lateral to the eyes)
 Proximal – describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the
trunk to the trunk of the body than other part. (The elbow is proximal to the wrist)
 Distal – means that a particular part of the body id farther from the point of attachment
or father from the trunk than another part. ( The fingers are distal to the wrist)
 Superficial – means situated near the surface (the epidermis is superficial to the layer of
the skin). Peripheral also means outward or near the surface.
 Deep – described part that is more internal. The dermis is the inner layer of the skin).

Body Section/ Planes

Observing the various locations and organization of the internal body parts requires cutting
or sectioning the body along various planes.
 Sagittal – refers to the lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portion. If
the sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts it is
called median (midsagittal)
 Transverse (Horizontal) – refers to the cut that divides the body into superior and
inferior potion.
 Coronal (frontal or lateral) – refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and
posterior portion

Sometimes a cylindrical organ such as the blood vessel is sectioned. In this case, a cut
across the structure is called a cross section, an angular cut is an oblique section, and a
lengthwise cut is a longitudinal section

THE BONES
The bones are the living structures consisting of several layers. These include thin,
membranous outer surface that has a network of nerves and blood vessels running through
it. Bones is made up of 35% organic materials of fibrous protein called collagen that gives
the bone flexibility. The 65% of inorganic salt and water like calcium and phosphorus that
gives the bone strength.

Functions
 The 206 bones of the human body form a rigid framework (skeleton) to which the
softer tissues and organs of the body are attached.
 The vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the
surrounding skulls, as the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib cage.
 Body movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal
systems. For this reason, they are often grouped together as the musculoskeletal
system. Muscles are connected to the bones by tendons while bone are connected to
another bone by ligaments. This bone connection is typically called joints.
 Blood cells are produced by the marrow in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red
blood cells is produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out
and destroyed by the liver.
 Bones served as storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When
an excess is present in the blood, a build up will occur within the bones. When the
supply of these minerals is low, it will be withdrawn from the bones to replenish the
supply.
Types of Bones
The types of bones are classified on the basis of their form:
 Long bones - leg and arm bones
 Short bones – wrist and ankle bones
 Flat bones – skull, shoulder blade, ribs, sternum and patella
 Irregular bones - spinal column

The thigh bones or the femur is the largest and strongest single bone in the body, while the
smallest bone is called stirrup found in the middle ear connected to two other small bones
called hammer and anvil that are joined to the eardrum. This carries sound signals to the
brain.

The Upper Extremities

The upper extremity consist of parts, the arm, forearm and the hands
 ARM – is the region between the shoulder and the elbow consist of a single long bone
called humerus. The humerus is the longest bone in the upper extremity. The top or
the head is large, smooth and rounded that fits into the scapula in the shoulder. On
the bottom end are two depressions where the humerus connects to the radius and
ulna of the forearm.
 FOREARM - is the region between the elbow and the wrist. It is formed by the radius
on the lateral side and the ulna on the medial side when viewed on anatomical
position. The ulna is longer than the radius and connected more firmly to the
humerus. The radius however contributes more to the movements of the wrist and
hand than the ulna. When the hands are turned over so that the palm is facing
downwards, the radius crosses over the ulna.
 HANDS – have 27 bones and are consist of three parts, the wrist, palms and fingers.
1. Wrist or Carpals – consist of 8 small bones called carpal bones that are tightly
bound by the ligament. These bones are arranged in two rows of four bones each
2. Palm or Metacarpal – consist of 4 metacarpal bones one aligned with each of the
fingers. The bases of the metacarpal bones are connected to the wrist bone and
 the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers that form the knuckles of a
clenched fist.
3. Fingers or Phalanges – consist of 14 bones called phalanges. The single finger
bone is called phalanx arranged in three rows
Lower Extremities
The lower extremities are composed of the bones of the thigh, leg, foot and patella
(kneecap). The bones of the lower extremities are the heaviest, largest and strongest bones
in the body because they must bear the entire weight of the body when a person is standing
in the upright position.
 THIGH – the region between the hip and the knee composed of a single bone
called femur or thighbone. The femur is the longest , largest and strongest bone
in the body
 LEG - it is the region between the knee and the ankle. It is formed by the fibula
on side away from the body and the tibia or the shin bone. The tibia connects to
the femur to form the knee joint. The tibia is larger that the fibula because it
bears the weight while the fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment.
 FOOT – contains 26 bones of the ankle, instep the five toes. The ankle is
composed of 7 tarsal bones the largest of which is called calcaneus or heel bone.
The talus rest on top of the calcaneus and is connected to the tibia that allows the
ankle to flex and extend
 PHALANGES or Metatarsal – bones of the foot are similar in number and position
to the metacarpal and phalanges of the hands
 KNEECAP or Patella – is a large triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and
the tibia. The patella protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendons that
forms the knee

The Shoulder Girdle

The shoulder girdle is also called pectoral girdle composed of four bones: 2 clavicles and 2
scapulae. The pectoral girdle serves as an attachment point for the numerous muscles that
allows the elbow and the shoulder joint to move. It also provides the connection between
the upper extremities and the axial skeleton.
 CLAVICLE – is also known as collar bone. It is a slender S-shaped bone that
connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and holds the shoulder joint that
allow a greater freedom of movement. One end of the clavicle is connected to the
sternum and one end is connected to the scapula
 SCAPULA – is a large triangular, flat bone on the back side of the rib cage commonly
called the shoulder blade. It overlays the second through the seventh ribs and serve
as attachment for several muscles.

The Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle also called the hip girdle composed of coxal bones that support the
weight of the body from the vertebral column. This basin–shaped pelvis supports the upper
half of your body and protects the soft parts and other body systems. This coxal bone is
composed of the ilium, ischium and pubis
The pelvic girdle differs between man and woman. In man the pelvis is more massive
and the iliac crest is closer together. In woman, the pelvis is more delicate and the iliac
crest is rather apart that reflects the role of women in pregnancy and in the delivery of
children.

The Joints
The joints or articulation is the place where two bones come together. There are three types
of joints classified according to their degrees of movement.
  IMMOVABLE or Synarthroses – in this joint the bones are in a very close contact and
are separated only by thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. The sutures are the
joints of the skull. The parietal bones are joined by the sagittal suture. Where the
parietal bones and frontal bones meet is the coronal suture, the parietal and the
occipital is joined by lomboidal suture while the suture between the parietal and
temporal is referred to squamous suture. This site is the most common location of
the fontanelles on the head of the baby
 SLIGHTLY MOVABLE or Amphiarthroses – this joint is characterized by bones that are
connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). Example: The ribs that are connected
to the sternum.
 FREELY MOVABLE or Diarthroses – most of the joint in the human body are freely
movable which are of six types:
1. Ball-and-Socket – this type has a ball shaped end on one bone that fits into a cup
shaped socket of the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including
rotation. Example: shoulder and hip joints
2. Condyloid – oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing
angular motion but not rotation. This occur between the metacarpals (bones in
the palm of the hands) and the phalanges (fingers) and between the
metatarsals(foot bones excluding heel) phalanges (toes)
3. Saddle – this type of joint occurs when the touching surface of two bones have
both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the bones complementing
one another and allowing a wide range of movement. Example: only the thumb.
4. Pivot – the rounded or conical surface of one bone fits into a ring of one or
tendon allowing rotation. Example: the joint between the axis and atlas of the
neck.
5. Hinge – a concave projection of one bone fits the concave depression in another
that allows only two movements, flexion and extension. Example: knee joint and
elbow joints
6. Gliding – Flat or slightly flat bones move against each other allowing sliding or
twisting without any circular movement. Example: carpals or wrist bone and
tarsals of the ankle

Types of Motion
Joints can move in many directions such as:
 FLEXION – is the act of bringing two bones closer together which decrease the angle
between two bones
 EXTENSION – is the act of increasing the angle between two bones that results in
straightening motion
 ABDUCTION – is the movement of an extremity away from the midline (an imaginary
line that divides the body from head to toe
 ADDUCTION – is movement towards the midline
 CIRCUMDUCTION – a continuous motion from flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction and hyperextension
 ROTATION – allows a bone to move around one central axis. A pivot motion when
you turn the head from side to side.
 PRONATION – the forearm turns the hand so the palm is facing downward
 SUPINATION – turns the hand to face upward.

NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

When ever you describe something that is moving, you are comparing it with something
that is assumed to be stationary. The Newton’s Law of Motion explains the principles of
better performance.
First Law – An Object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion
unless acted upon by an outside force.
 Force is used any time an object begins moving, stops moving or change direction
 Force can slows down or make it move fast.
 Speed is a measure of how fast or how slow an object moves
 Speed changes when the motion of an object changes called acceleration.
Example: In serving volleyball, simply holding it with one hand will not put the ball in flight
unless you hit it forcefully with the other hand. And it will not return back unless another
player hit back.
Second Law – The greater the mass of an object the greater the force is needed to
accelerate it. The greater the force given to an object the greater the acceleration
 This explains that the size of acceleration depend on the strength of the force and
the mass of the object.
 Near Earth’s surface, gravity causes the falling object to accelerate, and all objects
accelerate at the same rate regardless of mass
 Air resistance acts in the opposite direction that in which the object is moving
 Any object thrown or shot horizontally or vertically through the air is called
projectile. The horizontal velocity is constant while the vertical velocity which is
affected by gravity is accelerated.
 When an objects moves along a circular path it is accelerated towards the center of
the circle
 When an object is influenced only by gravity the object is said to be free fall so it
should be free from gravity.
Third Law – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 The forces in an action reaction pair are always equal in size and opposite in
direction.
 All moving objects have momentum. The momentum of objects is the product of its
mass and velocity.
 The total momentum of a set of objects is conserved unless a net force acts on the
set.

The Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

This law states that all the objects in the universe attracts each other by the force of
gravity. The size of the force depends in two factors: the mass of the object and the
distance between them.
Pressure and Gravity
As a result of gravity, the pressure a liquid exerts increases as the depth increases. Air
pressure decreases as altitude increases.

Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the phenomenon caused by the upward force of the fluid pressure.
 The buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object.
 An object float in the fluid when the buoyant force on the object is greater than or
equal to the weight of the object.
 An object will float in a fluid if it is less than the density of the fluid.

Machine
Machines are device that makes our work easier to do. It can increase a force or change the
direction of the force
A machine changes either the size or direction of an applied force
 Effort force is force applied to a machine. The work put into the machine is work
input
  Work that comes out of the machine is work output. Work output overcomes the
resistance force.
 Efficiency is the comparison between the work output and the work input
 The mechanical advantage is the amount a machine can increase its force

Simple Machines
 Lever is a rigid bar that is free to move about a fulcrum when an effort force is
applied. There are three classes of levers depending upon the locations of the
fulcrum, the effort force, and the resistance force
1. First Class Lever - the fulcrum is between the effort arm and the resistance arm
2. Second Class Lever – the resistance arm is between the fulcrum and the effort
arm
3. Third Class Lever – the effort arm is between the resistance arm and the fulcrum.

 Pulley is a chain, belt or rope wrapped around a grooved wheel . a fixed pulley
changes the direction of an effort force
 Inclined Plane is a slanted surface.
 Wedge is a moving inclined plane
 Wheel and axel is a simple machine made up of two circular objects with different
diameter
 Screw is an inclined planned wrapped around a cylinder.

Energy
Energy is the ability to do work.. Energy appears to have many forms.
 Mechanical energy – is associated with motion like when you walk, ride a bike or hit
a ball and the blood flowing through your blood vessels
 Heat Energy – the atoms that are constantly moving produces energy. The faster the
particle moves the more heat energy is produced. As when you rub your hands using
friction convert the mechanical energy into heat energy
 Chemical energy – energy is required to bond atom, when the bonds are broken it
produces energy. When you digest food bonds are broken to release energy for you
to use

Kinetic and Potential Energy

 Kinetic Energy is energy of motion. This type of energy is dependent on both mass
and velocity. Example: a tossed ball that hit you may not hurt much, not like when
the ball came from a spike.
 Potential energy is energy of position or shape. Example: In Archery, the bow has a
potential to send an arrow gliding towards the target