URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Example 4.) How many ways can you draw 3 QUEENS

CORRELATION
and 2 KINGS from a deck of 52 cards?
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
September 24, 2023 Solution: A deck of 52 cards has 4 QUEENS and 4
KINGS, thus:
PROBABILITY
𝐶 = 𝐶(4,3) × 𝐶(4,2) = 24 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Permutation
Permutation refers to an arrangement of objects in a The combination of n object taken one, two, three,… n
definite order. at a time is:

The permutation of n things taken r at a time is: 𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏

𝒏! Example 5.) How many ways can you invite any one or
𝑷(𝒏, 𝒓) = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷(𝒏, 𝒏) = 𝒏!
(𝒏 − 𝒓)! more of your five friends to your birthday party?

Note: 0! = 1 Solution: In this case, it was not specified if how many

of your friend you will invite at a time. Thus you may
Using CalTech: Look for “nPr” on your calculator. invite only one, or only two, or only three, or only four, or
Input value of n, then press “nPr”. Input value of r, then all five of them.
press “=”. 𝐶 = 25 − 1 = 31 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Example 1.) How many permutations can be made out Probability
of the letters in the word DIEGO taken 3 at a time? Probability is the likelihood that an event will occur
expressed as the ratio of the number of favourable
Solution: n = 5, r = 3
outcomes in the set of outcomes divided by the total
5! number of possible outcomes.
𝑃(5,3) = = 60 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
(5 − 3)! 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
The permutation of n things where some objects are
identical or repeated is: If an event can happen in h ways and can fail in f ways
𝒏!
𝑷=
𝒒! 𝒓!, … 𝒉
𝒑=
Where q and r are the objects repeated or has identical. 𝒉+𝒇

Example 2.) How many permutations can be made out And the probability that the event will fail is:
of the letters in the word CURRICULUM?
𝒇
𝒒=
Solution: n = 10, (C=2, R=2, U=3) 𝒉+𝒇

10! and 𝒑 + 𝒒 = 𝟏
𝑃= = 151,200 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2! 2! 3! Example 6.) For a single question in the board exams,
The permutation of n different objects in a circle is: there are four choices and only one of which is correct.
𝑷 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)! By guessing, what is the probability that you will get
the correct answer?
Combination
Solution: The event here is to get the correct answer
Combination refers to a collection of objects without
and there are four trials. Out of four trials, the event
regard to sequence or order in which they were chosen.
(correct answer) can happen only once, and can fail
Fundamental of Counting Principle three times. Thus, the probability that the event can
In a compound event in which the first event may occur happen is:
in n1 different ways, the second event may occur in n2
1 1
different ways and so on, and the kth event may occur in 𝑝= =
1+3 4
nk different ways, the total number of ways the
compound event may occur is: Multiple events
1. Dependent and independent events
𝒏𝟏 × 𝒏𝟐 × 𝒏𝟑 × … × 𝒏𝒌 Two or more events are said to be dependent if
the happening of one affects the probability of the
Example 3.) A music school produced a number of
happening of the others, and independent if the
musicians which includes 3 drummers, 4 trumpet
happening of one does not affect the probability of the
players, and 5 pianists. How many different jazz trios happening of the others.
can be formed from this batch of musicians if each trio The probability of happening of two or more
consists of a drummer, a trumpet player and a pianist? independent or dependent events is the product of their
individual probabilities.
Solution: Different jazz trios formed from this group 𝑷 = 𝑷 𝟏 × 𝑷𝟐 × 𝑷𝟑 × …
= (3)(4)(5) = 60 2. Mutually exclusive events
Two or more events are said to be mutually
The combination of n things taken r at a time is:
exclusive if it is impossible for more than one of them to
𝑷(𝒏, 𝒓) 𝒏! happen in a single trial.
𝑪(𝒏, 𝒓) = = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(𝒏, 𝒏) = 𝟏
𝒓! (𝒏 − 𝒓)! 𝒓!
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
College of Engineering and Architecture

The probability that some one, two, or more mutually

exclusive events to happen is the sum of their individual
probabilities. Repeated Trials
𝑷 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷 𝟑 + ⋯ The probability that an event can occur exactly r times in
n trials is:
𝑷(𝒏,𝒓) = 𝑪(𝒏, 𝒓)𝒑𝒓 𝒒𝒏−𝒓
Example 7.) A box contains 4 blue chips and 5 red chips. Where p is the probability that an event can happen and
q is the probability that the event can fail.
a.) If one chip is drawn at random what is the
probability that it is blue? Example 9.) There are ten questions in an examination.
b.) If two chips are drawn at random, what is the The probability that an examinee will get the correct
probability that both are red? answer is 0.25. What is the probability that he will get (a)
c.) If two chips are drawn at random, what is the exactly 7, and (b) at least 7 correct answers?
probability that one is blue and the other is red?
Solution: a.) There are 10 questions, n = 10 with p = 0.25
Solution: and q = 0.75. The probability of getting exactly 7 is:
𝑃(10,7) = 𝐶(10,7)(0.25)7 (0.75)10−7
a.) Single event: There are four blue chips our of 405
nine chips. 𝑃(10,7) = 3.089905 × 10−3 𝑜𝑟
131072
4 4 b.) “At least seven” means can be exactly 7, or 8, or 9, or
𝑝= =
4+5 9 10.
b.) Multiple events: The events (getting red) are to 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 7 = 𝐶(10,7)(0.25)7 (0.75)10−7
occur twice. + 𝐶(10,8)(0.25)8 (0.75)10−8
First draw red: There are five red chips out of + 𝐶(10,9)(0.25)9 (0.75)10−9
nine chips. + 𝐶(10,10)(0.25)10 (0.75)10−10
5 5 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 7 = 3.089905 × 10−3 + 3.862381 × 10−4
𝑝1 = = + 2.861023 × 10−4 + 9.536743 × 10−7
5+4 9
Second draw red: There are now only four red 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 7 = 3.763199 × 10−3
chips out of eight chips.
4 4 1
𝑝2 = = = The “at least one” condition
4+4 8 2
The probability that the event can happen at least once
Thus;
5 1 5 in n trials is:
𝑝 = 𝑝1 × 𝑝2 = × = 𝒑 =𝟏−𝑸
9 2 18
Where Q is the probability that the event will totally fail.
c.) Mutually exclusive: The event here is to get a red
and a blue ball in two draws. This can happen
Example 10.) The probability of getting a credit in each
in two ways: (first draw red and second draw
of three examinations is 0.65. What is the probability of
blue) and another is (first draw blue and second
getting at least one credit?
draw red), but these two cannot happen at the
same time, hence they are mutually exclusive
Solution: There are three trials, n = 3, with p = 0.65 and
events.
q = 0.35. The probability of getting no credit at all is Q =
First draw RED and second draw BLUE
5 1 5 (0.35)(0.35)(0.35) = 0.042875. Thus,
𝑝1 = × =
9 2 18
First draw BLUE and second draw RED 𝑝 = 1 − 0.042875 = 0.957125
4 5 5
𝑝2 = × = STATISTICS
9 8 18
Thus;
5 5 10 5 Mean, Median, and Mode
𝑝 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 = + = =
18 18 18 9
The mean of a data set is the sum of the data entries
divided by the number of entries.
3. Addition Rule for Probability where two events are
not mutually exclusive Population mean: 𝝁 =
∑𝒙
𝑵
𝑷𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐
∑𝒙
Sample mean: 𝒙
̅=
Example 8.) The probability that a family owns a 𝒏

washing machine is 0.78, that it owns an air fryer is 0.71,

Example 11.) The civil engineering board exam have
and that it owns both a washing machine and an air
four subjects. The mean score of each subject in each
fryer is 0.58. What is the probability that a randomly
room is shown below.
selected family owns a washing machine or an air fryer?

Solution: No. of
Subjects Mean Score
examinees
𝑃1 = 0.78

𝑃2 = 0.71 MATH 55 42

𝑃1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 = 0.58 SURV 38 40

𝑃1 𝑜𝑟 2 = 0.78 + 0.71 − 0.58 = 0.91 HYD 65 42

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
College of Engineering and Architecture

DESIGN 60 45 Example 14.) Grades in a statistics class are weighted as

follows: tests are worth 50% of the grade, homework is
What is the mean score of the whole exams? worth 30% of the grade and the final is worth 20% of the
grade. A student receives a total of 80 points on tests,
Solution: 100 points on homework, and 85 points on his final.
What is his current grade?
42(55) + 40(38) + 42(65) + 45(60)
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 54.8 Solution: Begin by organizing the data in a table:
42 + 40 + 42 + 45

The median of a data set is the value that lies in the Source Score, x Weight, w xw
middle of the data when the data set is ordered. If the
data set has an odd number of entries, the median is the Tests 80 0.50 40
middle data entry. If the data set has an even number of
entries, the median is the mean of the two middle data Homework 100 0.30 30
entries.
Final 85 0.20 17
𝑥𝑛/2 + 𝑥(𝑛+2)/2 ∑(𝑥 ⋅ 𝑤) 87
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑥̅ = = = 0.87 𝑜𝑟 87%
2 ∑𝑤 100
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥(𝑛+1)/2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 Range, Variance and Standard Deviation

Example 12.) Find the median of the following sets of The range of a data set is the difference between the
score: maximum and minimum data entries in the set.

Score A: 12, 15, 19, 21, 6, 4, 2 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 − 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚

Score B: 18, 22, 31, 12, 3, 9, 11, 8 Example 15.) The following data are the closing prices for
a certain stock on ten successive Fridays. Find the
Solution: a) Rearrange scores to 2, 4, 6, 12, 15, 19, 21; n = 7 range.

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥(7+1)/2 , 𝑥4 = 12 Stock: 56, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 63, 67, 67, 67

b) Rearrange scores to 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 22, 31; n = 8 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 67 – 56 = 11

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
𝑥8/2 +𝑥(8+2)/2
=
𝑥4 +𝑥5
=
11+12
=
23
or 11.5 The deviation of an entry x in a population data set is the
2 2 2 2
difference between the entry and the mean µ of the data
set.
The mode of a data set is the data entry that occurs
with the greatest frequency. If no entry is repeated, the 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝝁
data set has no mode. If two entries occur with the
same greatest frequency, each entry is a mode and the Example 16.) The following data are the closing prices
data set is called bimodal. for a certain stock on five successive Fridays. Find the
deviation of each price.
Example 13.) Find the mode of the following data:
Stock: 56, 58, 61, 63, 67
Data A: 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20

Data B: 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 Solution: Mean is µ = 305/5 = 61

Data C: 3.5, 4.8, 5.5, 6.2, 6.2, 6.2, 7.3, 7.3, 7.3, 8.8 Stock, x Deviation, x-µ
56 56 – 61 = -5
Solution: a) no mode 58 58 – 61 = -3
61 61 – 61 = 0
b) mode is 4 63 63 – 61 = 2
67 67 – 61 = 6
c) mode is 6.2 and 7.3, set is bimodal ∑x = 305 ∑ (x-µ) = 0

A weighted mean is the mean of a data set whose Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion of data
entries have varying weights. A weighted mean is given values from the mean.
by:
Population:
∑(𝒙 ⋅ 𝒘)
̅=
𝒙 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
∑𝒘 𝜎=√
𝑁
Where: ∑(𝑥 ⋅ 𝑤) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥′𝑠
Sample:
∑ 𝑤 = 𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√
𝑛−1
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
College of Engineering and Architecture

Variance measures dispersion of data from the mean. a. 75.5 and 3.39
b. 77.5 and 4.39
Population: c. 79.5 and 5.39
d. 73.5 and 6.39
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 = 5. Five coins were tossed at once. What is the probability
𝑁
of obtaining three heads and two tails?
Sample: a. 0.1125
b. 0.3125
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 c. 0.5125
𝑠2 = d. 0.7125
𝑛−1

VENN DIAGRAM 6. What is the sample variance of the following

A mathematical diagram representing sets as circles, numbers? 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
with their relationships to each other expressed through a. 20
their overlapping positions, so that all possible b. 22
relationships between the sets are shown. c. 24
d. 26
Example 17.) An engineering professor conducted a
survey regarding the favorite subjects of the students. 7. What is the probability of picking an orange ball and
The following data were gathered: 60 students like the a white ball out of a bag containing seven orange balls,
subject algebra, 50 like the subject Calculus, and 45 eight green balls, and four white balls?
likes the subject Physics. Thirty students like both a. 0.16374
algebra and calculus, 25 students like both calculus and b. 0.36374
physics, and 20 students like both algebra and physics. c. 0.56374
Only 15 students like all three subjects. How many d. 0.76374
students were surveyed?
8. What is the sample variance of the following data?
Solution: Represent each subject with a circle. 0.50, 0.80, 0.75, 0.52, 0.60, 0.83
60 a. 0.021
b. 0.121
c. 0.221
Algebra d. 0.321
25 9. How many different sequences of 10 signal flags can
5 0 15 be constructed from 4 red flags and 6 blue flags?
15 a. 200
b. 210
Physics 10 Calculus c. 220
d. 230
15 10
45 50 10. Two cards are drawn from an ordinary deck of 52.
Thus, the total number of students surveyed is 25 + 15 + What is the probability of getting a spade and a
10 + 15 + 10 + 5 + 15 = 95 diamond?
a. 0.127
EXERCISES: b. 0.227
1. An urn contains four black balls and eight white balls. c. 0.337
What is the probability of getting one black ball and one d. 0.557
white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn
without replacement? 11. In how many ways an organization with 10 directors
a. 0.285 choose a President, a Vice President, a Secretary, a
b. 0.885 Treasurer and an Auditor, if no member can hold more
c. 0.685 than one position?
d. 0.485 a. 30,240
b. 32,945
2. A marksman can hit a bull’s-eye from 100 meters with c. 34,092
three our of every four shots. What is the probability that d. 36,384
he will hit a bull’s-eye with at least one of the next four
shots? 12. A PSME has 20 MEs, 12 PMEs and 8 CPMs. If a
a. 215/256 committee of 3 members, one of each from each group
b. 235/256 is to be formed, how many such committees can be
c. 255/256 formed?
d. 275/256 a. 1620
b. 1720
3. What is the probability that either three heads or four c. 1820
heads will thrown if six fair coins tossed at once? d. 1920
a. 0.147
b. 0.347 13. An urn contains 10 black balls and 15 white balls.
c. 0.547 What is the probability of getting 1 black and 1 white in
d. 0.747 two consecutive draws from the urn?
a. 0.5
4. What are the mean and sample standard deviation of b. 1.0
the following numbers: 71.3, 74.0, 74.25, 78.54, 79.4 c. 1.50
d. 2.0
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City
College of Engineering and Architecture

courses if no teacher is assigned to more than one

14. An organization held a lottery to raise funds for their section.
organization, with P100,000 top prize and with 5,000 a. 60
tickets printed and sold. What is the mathematical b. 240
expectation of a member if he bought 30 tickets? c. 120
a. P200 d. 360
b. P300
c. P500 24. American was tested by their blood samples A, B, AB
d. P600 and O. The proportion of the blood type samples of the
Caucasians are 0.41, 0.1, 0.04, and 0.45 respectively. Find
15. The probability that both stages of a two-stage will the probability that the Caucasian that he or she is either
function correctly is 0.95. The reliability of the first stage A or AB.
is 0.98. What is the reliability of the second stage? a. 0.43
a. 0.95 b. 0.51
b. 0.96 c. 0.55
c. 0.97 d. 0.45
d. 0.98
25. The probability that Ed hits a target is ¼. He fires 6
16. In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and 25 like times. Find the probability that he hits the target at least
Chemistry. How many like both Calculus and Chemistry? once.
a. 10 a. 0.78
b. 11 b. 0.74
c. 12 c. 0.82
d. 13 d. 0.8

17. One fair die is used in a dice game. The player wins 26. A box contains 8 white balls, 15 green balls, 6 black
$25 if he rolls either a 1 or a 6. He loses $5 if he turns up balls, 8 red balls, and 13 yellow balls. How many balls
any other face. What is the expected winning for one roll must be drawn to ensure that there will be three balls of
of the die? the same color?
a. $5.00 a. 8
b. $7.00 b. 9
c. $9.00 c. 10
d. $3.00 d. 11

18. A fair coin is tossed three times. What is the 27. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed with the
probability of getting either 3 heads or 3 tails? 10 digits 0 to 9 if the last digit must be zero and
a. 1/8 repetitions are not allowed?
b. 3/8 a. 4536
c. 1/4 b. 504
d. 1/2 c. 210
d. 151200
19. On a bookshelf there are 10 different Algebra books, 6
different Geometry books and 4 different Calculus 28. Find the probability of a 4 turning up at least once in
books. In how many ways can you choose 3 books, one two tosses of a fair die.
of each kind? a. 1/6
a. 240 b. 11/36
b. 260 c. 2/5
c. 280 d. 1/3
d. 300
29. Find the range for 8, 15, 19, 24, and 14.
20. In how many ways can two numbers whose sum is a. 24
even be chosen from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and 11? b. 16
a. 8 c. 8
b. 10 d. 12
c. 7
d. 9 30. The probability that a regularly scheduled flight
departs on time is P(D) = 0.83, the probability that it
21. Determine the number of permutations of 8 distinct arrives on time is P(A) = 0.92, and the probability that it
objects, taken 3 at a time. departs and arrives on time is 0.78. Find the probability
a. 504 that a plane (a) arrives on time given that it departed on
b. 210 time, and (b) departed on time given that it has arrived
c. 120 on time.
d. 336 a. 0.93, 0.84
b. 0.94, 0.85
22. A student is to answer 8 out 10 questions on an exam. c. 0.95, 0.86
Find the number of choices. d. 0.92, 0.83
a. 45
b. 50
c. 40
d. 60

23. Find the number of ways in which 6 teachers can be

assigned to 4 sections of an introductory psychology