1|Page I.T SKILLS LL.

B PART 2

I.T SKILLS

COMPUTER:
i. Definition:
“A computer is a programmable, electronic device which accepts data, performs operations on
that data, presents the results and stores date or results as needed.”

 Computer cannot do anything without a Program.

 It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits.
 The Word ‘Computer’ usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
ii. Derivation:

 The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’.

 This means to calculate or a programmable machine.
iii. Grand-Father of Computer:

 Charles Babbage is called the “Grand Father” of the computer.

iv. Computer System:
Computer system requires

 Hardware
 Software
 And a User to fully function
v. Block Diagram:
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MAIN 3 TYPES OF COMPUTER

1. Digital Computer:
 A digital computer intended to do calculations and logical operations at a high rate. It takes the
raw data as digits or amounts and procedures using applications stored in its memory to make
output. All modern computers such as laptops and desktops we use at office or home are digital
computers.
Features:

 You can store large amounts of digital data in a digital computer.

 Digital computers do your work very quickly and with accuracy.
 In a digital computer, you can do many things at once, because digital computers are
multitasking.
Examples:
i. Laptop
ii. Desktops
iii. Mobile
iv. Tab
v. Notebook
2. Analog Computer:
 An analog computer uses continuous physical properties (like voltage or position) to represent
and solve real-world problems, particularly in simulations of physical systems, unlike digital
computers that use discrete data.
Uses & Features:

 Analog computers are mostly used in the electrical or mechanical field.

 Analog computers give or display the results of work in numbers or quantities.
 Analog computers give real-time results for a job. e.g; measuring weight.
Examples:
i. Voltmeter
ii. Speedometer
iii. Thermometer
iv. Analogue Clock
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3. Hybrid Computer:
 A hybrid computer is a device that combines elements of both digital and analog computing to
process and control data. It's used in applications where real-time conversion between analog
and digital data is essential, such as medical imaging and industrial automation.

Uses & Features:

 A hybrid computer is capable of performing all functions of analog and digital computers.
 This computer is capable of doing even bigger tasks.
 A hybrid computer gives the result of any equation in real-time.
 Hybrid computers are used for on-line data processing.
Examples:
i. Electrocardiogram Machine
ii. Ultrasound Machine
iii. ATM Machine
iv. Gas Pump Station
v. CT Scan Machine
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS.
1. Super Computer:
 A supercomputer is the fastest computer in the world that can process a significant amount of
data very quickly. The computing Performance of a “supercomputer” is measured very high as
compared to a general purpose computer.
 The supercomputer consists of tens of thousands of processors which can perform billions and
trillions of calculations per second,
Uses:

 They are used for weather forecasting in the meteorological department.

 They are widely used in the medical field to create medicinal compounds.
 They are used to convert seismic waves into graphs to understand natural phenomena like
earthquakes.
 Online currencies like bitcoins and managing stock markets are managed by
supercomputers without breaking a sweat.
 They are used to examine various critical diseases.
 Virtual testing of nuclear weapons is done by supercomputers. This helps in creating less or
no damage to the environment.
 Brute force on encrypted passwords can be done by them as it can create thousands of
combinations in seconds.
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Examples:
i. PARAS
ii. Summit
iii. Sierr
iv. Piz Daint
2. Main Frame Computer:
 When the bulk of data needs to be processed mainframe computers come in handy. These
computers can be accessed by hundreds of users at the same time and can work on multiple
tasks or programs simultaneously. These computers are used by large industries or organizations
that handle a large amount of data on a daily basis.
Uses:

 Banking and Finance

 Airlines and Travel Reservations
 Healthcare and Medical Records
 Government and Public Services
 Manufacturing and Supply Chain
 Insurance
 Telecommunications
 Retail and E-commerce
Examples:
i. IBM z15
ii. Fujitsu BS2000
3. Mini Computers
 The minicomputer or the Mini frame is a midsized range of computer which is neither too small
as a PC nor very large like mainframe and supercomputer. Such computers can allow access to 4
to 200 users at a single time. This characteristic of mini frames is useful in large stores, institutes,
or departments where accounting, billing, data storage is required.
Features:

 They are much less expensive than the mainframe computers.

 They are light-weighted and hence easy to carry around.
 They are easier to set up than large mainframe computers.
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Q. A Computer System have 4 parts. Explain?

A computer system typically consists of four essential components, each playing a crucial role in its
functionality:
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit):

 The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations.
 It processes data and manages all the operations of the computer.
 The CPU's speed and architecture significantly affect a computer's performance.
2. Motherboard:

 The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer, serving as a central hub for
connecting various components.
 It houses the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and other critical hardware components.
 The motherboard provides communication pathways and power distribution for these
components.
3. Storage:

 Storage devices, such as hard drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs), are responsible
for storing data and programs.
 HDDs use spinning disks to store data, while SSDs use flash memory for faster and more
reliable data access.
 Storage capacity varies, and the choice between HDD and SSD impacts data access speed
and overall system performance.
4. RAM (Random Access Memory):

 RAM is a type of volatile memory that the CPU uses to temporarily store data that is
actively being processed.
 It allows for quick access to data, enabling faster program execution and multitasking.
 RAM's capacity directly affects a computer's ability to handle multiple tasks
simultaneously.
These four components work together to enable a computer to execute instructions, store and retrieve
data, and perform various tasks efficiently. Additionally, other peripherals like input/output devices
(keyboard, mouse, monitor) and expansion cards (graphics card, network card) can be connected to the
motherboard to enhance the computer's functionality and capabilities.
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Q. What is Internet? Write its advantages and disadvantages with reference to education, research
and financial transactions
Introduction:
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows the exchange of
data and information through a variety of protocols and technologies. It enables communication,
information sharing, and access to a vast amount of resources and services.
Certainly, here are the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet in education, research, and
financial transactions in a more concise format:
Advantages of the Internet:
1. Education:

 Access to Information: Vast resources for learning.

 Online Learning: Flexible and accessible education.
 Global Collaboration: Connects students and educators worldwide.
 Communication: Facilitates effective teacher-student interaction.
 Resource Sharing: Easy sharing of educational materials.
2. Research:

 Access to Data: Access to a wealth of research materials.

 Global Collaboration: International collaboration enhances research.
 Data Sharing: Easy sharing of research findings and datasets.
 Efficiency: Streamlines research processes and data analysis.
3. Financial Transactions:

 Convenience: Convenient online banking and financial management.

 Accessibility: Extends financial services to remote areas.
 Efficiency: Faster and more efficient transactions.
 Information Access: Provides real-time financial information.
Disadvantages of the Internet:
1. Education:

 Misinformation: Proliferation of unreliable information.

 Distractions: Social media and entertainment can hinder focus.
 Digital Divide: Unequal access to online education.
 Plagiarism: Easy access to copied content.
2. Research:

 Information Overload: The vast amount of online data can overwhelm.

 Quality Control: Not all online sources are credible.
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 Security Risks: Research data may be vulnerable to breaches.

3. Financial Transactions:

 Security Risks: Vulnerable to hacking, fraud, and identity theft.

 Digital Divide: Unequal access to online financial services.
 Dependency: Overreliance on online platforms can be problematic.
 Privacy Concerns: Concerns about unauthorized data access.

Q. What is Multimedia?
Multimedia refers to the integration of various forms of media, such as text, graphics, audio, video, and
interactive content, into a single presentation or application. It is commonly used in computer-based
applications, websites, entertainment, and educational materials to provide a rich and engaging user
experience.
What is LCD?
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): LCD is a technology used in displays and screens. It relies on liquid crystals
to manipulate light and create images. LCDs are commonly found in TVs, computer monitors, and
smartphones.
Drawbacks of LCD:

 Limited Viewing Angles: LCDs can suffer from color and contrast distortion when viewed from
off-center angles.
 Response Time: Older LCDs may have slower response times, leading to motion blur in fast-
paced content like video games.
 Limited Dynamic Range: LCDs may not achieve the same deep blacks as OLED displays.
 Power Consumption: LCDs typically require a constant backlight source, which can consume
more power than technologies like OLED that only illuminate individual pixels as needed. This
can affect battery life in portable devices and increase energy consumption in larger displays.
 Thickness and Weight: LCDs can be thicker and heavier than some other display technologies,
which may limit their use in ultra-thin and lightweight devices.
 Environmental Impact: LCDs often use materials like mercury in their backlights, which can be
harmful to the environment if not disposed of properly. Additionally, the manufacturing process
of LCD panels can generate pollution and waste.
Active and Passive Matrix LCDS:
Active Matrix LCD (AM-LCD): These are the most common type of LCDs used in modern displays. Each
pixel is controlled by a thin-film transistor (TFT), allowing for precise and fast control over individual
pixels. AM-LCDs offer better image quality, faster response times, and are suitable for high-resolution
displays.
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Passive Matrix LCD (PM-LCD): These are older and less common. They use a grid of electrodes to
control the pixels. PM-LCDs are slower, have limited viewing angles, and are suitable for simpler
displays, such as early laptop screens and some e-readers.
What is LED?
LED (Light-Emitting Diode): LED is a type of semiconductor device that emits light when an electric
current passes through it. LEDs are used for various applications, including display backlighting,
indicators, and energy-efficient lighting.

 More energy-efficient, brighter, and thinner than LCDs.

 Can have better color accuracy and contrast.
 Uses liquid crystals with LEDs as the light source.

Q. What is refresh rate, resolution, pixels and dot pitch with reference to computer monitor and
video card?
1. Refresh Rate: The refresh rate of a computer monitor, measured in Hertz (Hz), refers to the number
of times per second the screen refreshes or redraws the image. A higher refresh rate provides smoother
motion and reduces screen flickering. Common refresh rates include 60Hz, 120Hz, 144Hz, and even
higher for gaming monitors.
2. Resolution: Resolution is the number of pixels arranged horizontally and vertically on a display
screen. It's usually stated as width x height (e.g., 1920x1080 for Full HD or 3840x2160 for 4K). Higher
resolutions offer sharper and more detailed images but may require more powerful video cards to drive
effectively.
3. Pixels: Pixels are the individual dots that make up the image on a computer monitor. The term "pixel"
stands for "picture element." The resolution of a monitor determines the total number of pixels on the
screen. For example, a Full HD (1920x1080) monitor has 1920 pixels horizontally and 1080 pixels
vertically, totaling 2,073,600 pixels.
4. Dot Pitch: Dot pitch is a measure of the distance between individual pixels on a monitor, typically
expressed in millimeters (mm). A smaller dot pitch indicates that pixels are closer together, resulting in
a finer and sharper image. However, dot pitch is less commonly used as a specification nowadays, as it's
more relevant for older CRT monitors than modern LCDs or LEDs.
When it comes to video cards:

 Video cards (also known as graphics cards or GPUs) are responsible for rendering images and
video on your monitor.
 The video card's capabilities, such as its memory (VRAM), processing power, and compatibility
with monitor resolutions and refresh rates, affect the quality and performance of graphics
displayed on the monitor.
 To ensure smooth performance and the ability to drive higher resolutions or refresh rates, you
need a video card that matches or exceeds the requirements of your monitor.
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Q. How does a computer mouse interact? Differentiate in between Trackballs, Trackpads, and
Trackpoints
A computer mouse interacts with a computer by providing a means for the user to control the
movement of a cursor on the screen and interact with objects and elements on the computer's
graphical user interface (GUI).
The interaction occurs through the following components and mechanisms:
1. Cursor Movement: When you move the mouse on a flat surface, it typically contains a sensor (e.g.,
optical or laser) that detects the movement. This sensor tracks the relative motion of the mouse and
translates it into cursor movement on the screen.
2. Buttons: A standard mouse has at least two buttons (left and right) and often a scroll wheel. These
buttons are used for various functions such as clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and scrolling.
3. DPI (Dots Per Inch) Settings: Some mice allow users to adjust the sensitivity or DPI settings, which
determine how fast the cursor moves in response to physical movement. Higher DPI settings result in
faster cursor movement.
Difference in between Trackballs, Trackpads, and Trackpoints
1. Trackball: A trackball is a pointing device that consists of a stationary ball placed on the top of the
device. Users rotate the ball with their fingers or palm to move the cursor. Trackballs are popular for
their precision and ergonomic design, making them suitable for tasks that require fine control, such as
graphic design.
2. Trackpad (Touchpad): A trackpad is a touch-sensitive surface typically found on laptops. Users can
move the cursor by sliding their fingers across the trackpad's surface. Tapping, swiping, and multi-finger
gestures are used to interact with the GUI. Trackpads are compact and integrated into laptops,
providing a portable input method.
3. TrackPoint (Pointing Stick or nub): A TrackPoint is a small, joystick-like device embedded in some
laptop keyboards. Users control the cursor's movement by applying pressure to the trackpoint with
their fingertip. TrackPointa are known for their precision and are often preferred by users who require
precise control but don't want to use an external mouse.
In summary, a computer mouse interacts with a computer by detecting motion and button presses.
Trackballs use a rotating ball, trackpads use touch-sensitive surfaces, and trackpoints use joystick-like
devices for cursor control. Each has its advantages and is chosen based on user preferences and specific
use cases.
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Q. What is Operating System? Its functions. What is Multitasking and Multithreading?

Operating System:
An Operating System (OS) is the most important program that is first loaded on a computer when you
switch on the system. Operating System is system software. The communication between a user and a
system takes place with the help of an operating systems. Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of
operating systems that enable the user to use programs like MS Office, Notepad, and games on the
computer or mobile phone. It is necessary to have at least one operating system installed in the
computer system in order to run basic programs.
Examples of Operating System:
i. Windows (Microsoft Windows)
ii. macOS (Apple)
iii. Linux (Various distributions like Ubuntu, CentOS, and Fedora)
iv. Android (Google)
v. iOS (Apple)
vi. Chrome OS (Google)
Functions of OS:
1. Hardware Management: It manages computer hardware resources such as CPU, memory, storage,
and peripherals to ensure they are used efficiently by various software programs.
2. Process Management: The OS oversees the execution of multiple processes, allocating CPU time, and
managing their execution, prioritization, and termination.
3. File Management: It organizes and controls files and directories, including storage, retrieval, and
access control, making data storage and manipulation convenient for users and applications.
4. Device Management: The OS interacts with and controls input and output devices like keyboards,
mice, printers, and displays, ensuring proper communication and functioning.
5. User Interface: It provides a user-friendly interface, enabling users to interact with the computer and
its applications through graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or command-line interfaces (CLIs).
Multithreading and Multitasking:
1. Multitasking:
Definition: Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks or processes
concurrently by quickly switching between them. Each task gets a slice of CPU time before moving to
the next, creating the illusion of simultaneous execution.
Example: You can listen to music, browse the web, and write a document at the same time on your
computer because the OS allows multiple applications to run concurrently.
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2. Multithreading:
Definition: Multithreading is a specific form of multitasking where a single process is divided into
multiple threads. Threads are smaller units of execution within a process that can run independently.
Multithreading enables more efficient utilization of CPU resources.
Example: In a web browser, multiple threads can handle tasks like rendering web pages, downloading
content, and handling user interactions simultaneously within the same browser process.
Q. What is Software? Its Types
Software:
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific
tasks. Or simple a software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do.

 Software cannot be execute without hardware.

 Software cannot be touched.
 Software is debugged in case of problem
 Software is reinstalled in the problem is not solved.
Its Types:
i. System Software
ii. Application Software
iii. Utility Software
1. System Software
System software helps the user, hardware, and application software interact and function with each
other. System software acts as a mediator or middle layer between the user and the hardware. It’s
essential in managing the whole computer system. When a computer is first turned on, it’s the system
software that is initially loaded into memory. Unlike application software, system software isn’t used by
end users. Instead, it runs in the background of a device.
Examples:
i. Operating System (Linux, macOS, Windows, Android)
ii. Basic input/output system (BIOS):
2. Application Software:
Application software is software that helps an end user complete tasks such as doing research, taking
notes, setting an alarm, designing graphics, or keeping an account log. This type of software is
sometimes referred to as non-essential software because it’s installed and operated based on the user’s
needs. Any application on a mobile phone is an example of application software.
Examples
i. Google Docs
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ii. Microsoft Excel

iii. Google Sheets
iv. Microsoft PowerPoint
v. Google Slides etc.
3. Utility Software:
Utility software, often referred to as utility programs or system utilities, is a type of software designed
to perform specific tasks that help manage, maintain, optimize, and troubleshoot computer systems
and devices. These programs enhance the overall functionality and performance of a computer or assist
with various system-related tasks.
Examples:
i. Avast Antivirus
ii. CCleaner
iii. WinRAR & 7-Zip
iv. TeamViewer
v. Windows Firewall Defender
Relationship between Software and Hardware
Software and hardware are two essential components of a computer system, and they work together to
enable its functionality. Hardware consists of physical components like the processor, memory, and
storage devices, while software comprises programs and instructions that tell the hardware what tasks
to perform. Software instructs the hardware to execute specific operations, allowing users to run
applications, access data, and interact with the computer. Hardware provides the physical platform for
software to run, while software utilizes hardware resources to perform tasks. The relationship is
symbiotic: without hardware, software has no platform, and without software, hardware remains inert.
Together, they make a functional computer system.
Q. What is Hardware? Its 4 main parts:
Hardware:
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer or electronic device—the tangible,
touchable parts that make up the device. A standard computer system consists of several main
hardware components.

 Hardware is physical computer parts that cause processing of data.

 Hardware cannot perform any task without software.
 Hardware can be seen and touch
 Hardware is repaired in case of problem.
 Hardware is replace if the problem doesn’t solve
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Main 4 Parts of Hardware:

1. Input Devices: These hardware components are used to input data into the computer. They include
devices like keyboards, mice, touchscreens, webcams, microphones, and scanners, which enable users
to send information or commands to the computer.
2. Output Devices: Output devices receive data from the computer and present it to the user in a
human-readable or perceivable form. Examples include monitors (displays), printers, speakers, and
headphones, which provide visual or auditory output.
3. Processing Devices: The central processing unit (CPU) and the motherboard are integral components
in this category. The CPU is responsible for executing instructions, performing calculations, and
controlling other hardware components, while the motherboard serves as the main circuit board that
connects and facilitates communication between various hardware components, including the CPU,
memory, storage devices, and other peripherals. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are also part of this
category as specialized processing devices for rendering graphics and accelerating specific tasks.
4. Memory/Storage Devices: These devices are responsible for storing data in both the short term
(RAM) and long term (storage). RAM (Random Access Memory) provides quick access to data that the
CPU is actively using, while storage devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs)
store data permanently for retrieval when needed.

Q. What is Machine Cycle? Explain it with Diagram

Machine Cycle:
The machine cycle is a series of steps that a computer's central processing unit (CPU) goes through to
execute a single machine-language instruction. It consists of four primary phases: fetch, decode,
execute, and store (or write back).
Steps:
1. Fetch: In this phase, the CPU fetches the instruction from memory. It retrieves the instruction located
at the memory address specified by the program counter (PC).
2. Decode: Once fetched, the CPU decodes the instruction. It determines the operation to be performed
and identifies the operands or data needed for the operation.
3. Execute: In this phase, the CPU performs the actual operation specified by the instruction. This can
involve arithmetic calculations, logical operations, data movement, etc.
4. Store (Write Back): If the instruction results in a change to the content of registers or memory, the
CPU writes back the updated data to the appropriate location.
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Diagram:

Q. What is CPU? Its Block Diagram.

CPU:
A Central Processing Unit , It is brain of computer and also called Processor. It performs calculations and
executes instructions for various tasks, making it the core component responsible for the computer's
processing power.
Parts of CPU:
There are three main parts of CPU.
i. CU (Control Unit)
ii. ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit)
iii. MU (Memory Unit)
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Q. What is Processor and Motherboard?

Processor:
A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the primary component of a computer
responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It is often referred to as the "brain"
of the computer because it processes data and manages the overall operation of the system. The
processor interprets instructions from software programs, performs arithmetic and logic operations,
and coordinates the activities of other hardware components. The speed and capabilities of the CPU
significantly impact a computer's performance.
Motherboard:
A motherboard, on the other hand, is the main circuit board of a computer. It is a large, flat board that
houses and connects various hardware components, including the CPU, memory (RAM), storage
devices, graphics card, and other peripherals. The motherboard serves as the central hub that allows
these components to communicate and work together. It provides electrical connections and data
pathways between these components and contains essential connectors for external devices such as
USB ports, audio jacks, and expansion slots. In essence, the motherboard provides the foundation for
the computer's hardware, facilitating the flow of data and instructions between all the connected
components.

Q. What is RAM, ROM, HARDDISK, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM

1. RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a type of computer memory that provides high-speed,
temporary storage for data that the CPU (central processing unit) is actively using. It allows for quick
access to information, making computer operations faster. RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its data
when the computer is powered off or restarted.
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of memory that stores data permanently and cannot be
easily modified or erased. It contains firmware or software instructions that are essential for booting up
the computer or other devices. ROM retains its data even when the device is powered off.
3. Hard Disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for long-term storage of files,
programs, and the operating system. It uses spinning magnetic disks to read and write data. Hard disks
provide high-capacity storage but are slower than solid-state drives (SSDs).
4. CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory): A CD-ROM is a type of optical disc that contains data or
software that can be read but not written or modified. It was commonly used for distributing software,
music, and videos in the past.
5. DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory): A DVD-ROM is a type of optical disc similar to
CD-ROM but with greater storage capacity. It is used for storing movies, software, and other data. Like
CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs are read-only and cannot be written to.
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In summary, RAM is temporary high-speed memory, ROM is permanent memory for essential software,
a hard disk is a data storage device for long-term storage, CD-ROM is a read-only optical disc, and DVD-
ROM is a higher-capacity read-only optical disc.

What is Computer Network? Explain its Main 3 Types

Computer Network:
A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and devices that can communicate and
share resources with each other. These networks are established to enable data exchange,
communication, and resource sharing among connected devices. Computer networks are crucial in
modern computing and facilitate various applications, such as accessing the internet, sharing files, and
running distributed software.
Here are three main types of computer networks:
1. Local Area Network (LAN):

 Scope: LANs typically cover a small geographical area, such as a single building, office, or
campus.
 Topology: LANs often use various topologies, including Ethernet (wired) and Wi-Fi (wireless).
 Purpose: LANs are commonly used for connecting devices within a single organization, enabling
local resource sharing, like printers and files. They offer high data transfer rates and low latency.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN):

 Scope: WANs cover larger geographic areas, such as cities, countries, or even continents.
 Topology: WANs use a combination of wired (e.g., fiber optic cables) and wireless (e.g., satellite
links) connections.
 Purpose: WANs connect LANs from different locations, facilitating long-distance communication.
The internet itself is a vast example of a WAN. WANs may have lower data transfer rates
compared to LANs but provide long-distance connectivity.
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

 Scope: MANs fall between LANs and WANs in terms of geographic coverage. They typically cover
a city or a large campus.
 Topology: MANs often use high-capacity fiber optic cables and wireless technologies.
 Purpose: MANs connect multiple LANs within a city or region, enabling data sharing and
communication between organizations and offices in proximity. They offer faster data transfer
rates than WANs for nearby locations.
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Summary:
These network types serve various purposes and have different characteristics. LANs are ideal for local
resource sharing, WANs connect distant locations, and MANs bridge the gap between the two by
connecting organizations within a city or large campus. Additionally, there are other network types,
such as Personal Area Networks (PANs) for connecting devices like smartphones and Bluetooth
peripherals, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for secure communications over public networks like
the internet.