UNIT-III

PART-1/4
Real time co-channel interference measured at mobile radio transceiver >>>>>>>>>>>>>
When theco-channel
... Real time carriers are angularly
interference modulated
measured at mobile by the voice signal and the RF
radio transceiver
Real time co-channel interference measured at mobile radio transceiver
When the carriers are angularly modulated by the voice signal and the RF frequency difference between
frequency
When themuch
them is
difference
carriers arethan
higher
between
angularly modulated
the fading
them
frequency,
is much
by measurement
the voice signal higher
and
of the the RF
signal
than the
frequency fading
difference
carrier-to-interference
frequency,
between
ratio C/I
measurement of the signal carrier-to-interference ratio C/I reveals that the
them is
reveals much
that higher
the signalthan
is e1the fading
and frequency,
interference measurement
signal is e2 of the signal carrier-to-interference ratio
C/I reveals that the signal is e1 and interference signal is e2
signal is e1 and interference signal is e2
CMC UNIT-III PART 2/4
(Antenna Paramers and their effects)
Antenna Parameters and their effects
 UNIT-III PART 3/4

Classification of Non cochannel Interfernce

Example: for channel 99.... 98 and 100 are the next channels

Example: for channel 99... 97,96,95,...101,102,103... are next channels. (except 98,99,100)
 UNIT-III PART 4/4

Diversity Receiver:
 Diversity refers to a technique for improving the transmission of
a signal, by receiving and processing multiple versions of the
same transmitted signal. The multiple received versions can be
the result of signals following different propagation paths
(spatial diversity), being transmitted at different times (time
diversity) or frequencies( frequency diversity)
 The basic idea of diversity reception is to use several replicas of the
same information obtained through a number of independently
fading channels.
 It is the technique used to compensate for fading channel
impairments. It is implemented by using two or more receiving
antennas.
 Diversity is usually employed to reduce the depth and duration of the
fades experienced by a receiver in a flat fading channel. These
techniques can be employed at both base station and mobile
receivers.
Diversity can be reached in different ways:
Frequency diversity

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 Time diversity

 Space diversity

Diversity Combining Schemes:

1. Maximum ratio combining, MRC scheme

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 2. Equal gain combining, EGC: A simplified version of MRC that
combines all branches with equal gain.
3. Selective Combining, SC: Using one branch signal only, the one with
highest instantaneous SNR.

4. Switched Combining: When the signal quality of the used branch is

good, there is no need to look for (to use) other branches. Other
branches are needed only when the signal quality deteriorates.
Two strategies can be used:
 Switch-and-examine strategy
 Switch-and-stay strategy
In Switch-and-examine strategy, the receiver switches to the strongest of the
M-1 other signals only if its level exceeds the threshold.
In Switch-and-stay strategy, stay with the signal branch until the envelop
drops below a predefined threshold.

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 Assignment–Cum-Tutorial Questions
Section-A
1. Anything which alters, modifies, or disrupts a signal as it travels
along a channel between a source and a receiver is called as
a) Noise b) Interference c)Cross talk d)Deterioration in receiver
2. For hexagonal cellular systems, the number of co-channel cells in
first tier is
a) 4 b) 7 c) 6 d) All the above
3. Adjacent channel interference is caused by signals from
a) Same frequencies b) Same cell site
c) Neighbouring frequencies d) Neighbouring cell site
4. Adjacent channel interference is reduced if the separation between
adjacent channel in a cell is
a) Maximum b)Minimum c) Unaltered d) Doubled
5. Interference caused by the channels that are several channels
away from the desired channel is known as ------ interfence
a) Next channel b) Neighbouring c) Intra channel d)
Transmitting and receiving
6. The interference between the neighboring base stations is avoided
by
a. Assigning different group of channels
b. Using transmitters with different power level
c. Using different antennas
d. All of the above
7. Interference in cellular systems is caused by
a) Two base stations operating in same frequency band
b) Two calls in progress in nearby mobile stations
c) Leakage of energy signals by non cellular systems into cellular
frequency band
d) All of the above
8. The techniques used to improve the capacity of cellular systems are
a) Splitting b)Sectoring c)Coverage zone approach d)All of the
above

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 9. Antenna down tilting refers to
a) Focusing radio energy towards ground
b) Decreasing the strength of antenna
c) Decreasing the S/N ratio at the antenna input
d) All of the above
10. Diversity employs the decision making at
a) Transmitter
b) Receiver
c) Transmitter and receiver
d) Communication channel
11. For an omnidirectional antenna system, the minimum K required in
worst case to maintain acceptable C/I is
a) 12 b)4 c)7 d)9
12. Under heavy traffic conditions, the C/I value is ______ than the
measured value
a) 6 dB greater
b) 12 dB greater
c) 6 dB lesser
d) 12 dB lesser
13. Omnidirectional antenna system offers advantage of _________over
directional antenna system
a) More sectors
b) More base stations
c) More Handoffs
d) Less Handoffs
14. In a cell, if the C/I> 18 dB then
a) The system is properly designed
b) There is cochannel interference
c) There is a coverage problem
d) There is a coverage problem and cochannel interference

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 15. Lowering the antenna height on the hill
a) Reduces the received power at the cell site and at mobile unit
b) Does not reduce the received power at the cell site and at
mobile unit
c) Reduce the received power at cell site and increases at mobile
unit
d) Reduces the received power at mobile unit and increases at cell
site
16. In time diversity
a) Multiple versions of signals are transmitted at different time
instants
b) The signal is transmitted using multiple channels
c) Signal is transmitted with different polarization
d) All of the above
Section C
1. In a cell if C/I<18 dB and C/N>18 dB in some areas, then
a) The system is properly designed
b) There is cochannel interference
c) There is a coverage problem
d) There is a coverage problem and cochannel interference
2. In a cell if both C/I and C/N are less than 18 dB and C/N= C/I in
a given area, then
a) The system is properly designed
b) There is cochannel interference
c) There is a coverage problem
d) There is a coverage problem and cochannel interference
3. In a cell if both C/I and C/N are less than 18 dB and C/N> C/I in
a given area, then
a) The system is properly designed
b) There is cochannel interference
c) There is a coverage problem
d) There is a coverage problem and cochannel interference
4.If signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory

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 forward channel performance of a cellular system, what is the
cochannel reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is a)4 and b)3?
(Assume there are six cochannel cells in the first tier and all of
them are at the same distance from the mobile)
Cochannel reuse ratio= q= D/R=√3N, K=N=i2+ij+j2

Here path loss exponent is represented as n

If N is not satisfied, take next value of N… Next values are 9, 12,

16, 19…..

******************************************************************************
Points to know

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 Syllabus Unit - III Interference
1 Introduction to co-channel interference
2 Real time co-channel interference
3 Design of Directional antenna system: K=4 and K=7 and cell
sectoring
4 Antenna parameters and their effects
5 Diversity receiver
6 Noncochannel interference: Different types
Section B
1. Design an omnidirectional antenna system by considering worst
case.
2. Define the CCI and explain the procedure to measure CCI in real
time.
3. Classify different types of Non-co channel interferences.
4. Design a directional antenna system for K=7.
5. Design a directional antenna system for K=4.
6. Describe the methods to reduce CCI.
7. Describe the methods to reduce CCI in directional antennas.
8. Discuss the diversity schemes for interference reductions at both
mobile unit and cell site.

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CMC UNIT-III PART 5
Finally the methods to reduce CCI

Methods to reduce Cochannel Interference

1. Increasing the distance between cochannel cells
2. Reducing the antenna height
3. Using Directional antennas
(methods to reduce CCI in directional antennas are… antenna tilting,
umbrella pattern antenna and using parasitic elements)