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Components of Fuel Injection System-1 Mechanical Engineering
Components of Fuel Injection System-1 Mechanical Engineering
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This project is about single cylinder fuel injection system in diesel engine. The fuel
injection system of diesel engine consists of fuel filters, air cleaners; fuel feed pump, fuel
injection pump ,fuel injector, and fuel tank. The main difference between a diesel injection
system and a petrol injection system is a fuel injection pump is used in diesel system,
Instead of a carburetor in a petrol system, and all other components are same. Fuel supply
system in a diesel engine has to perform certain functions. They are given below:
CHAPTER 2
The purpose of the diesel fuel feed pump is to transfer the fuel from the tank to the fuel
injection pump. Generally diesel fuel feed pump are used in engines. They are
The purpose of the diesel fuel injection pump is to supply the correct quantity of
fuel to the injection nozzle at required pressure. Generally two type of FIP is used. They
are
1. Jerk type fuel injection pump
2. Distributor type fuel injection pump
Fuel filters are used in diesel engines to prevent the entry of dust particles,
abrasives, water droplets etc. These impurities must be prevented for the following
reasons.
1. Dust particles may affect the operation of fuel pump
2. Due to the above reason, engine performance may be reduced.
3. Water droplet may combine with the sulphur forms sulphuric acid. It may cause
corrosion of moving parts.
Fig.2.3:Primary Filter
Fig.2.4:Secondary Filter
Fig2.4 shows the generally used secondary filter. It may filter out very minute
particles up to 3 micro mater and water content in the fuel. In this type, the filtering
element is made of cotton. The fuel injection timing in this type of pump is controlled by
rotating the internal cam ring. As the engine speed increases the fuel feed pump delivery
pressure increases. This increase in the pump pressure is utilized to move the cam in an
advance direction with the increase of engine speed.
A fuel injector is a device which atomizes the fuel from fuel feed pump and injects
it in to the engine cylinder in the form of fine sprays.
CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF COMPONENTS
3.1 FUEL FEED PUMP
The double acting fuel feed pump set up has four valves. Two suction valves and
two delivery valves. Due to the action of the cam when the piston is pushed downwards
the fuel already present in the pressure chamber is delivered through the delivery valve d1
and simultaneously the fuel enters the other side if the chamber through the suction valves
s2. In this position suction valve s1 and delivery valve d2 are in closed position
This constitute one suction stroke and one delivery stroke.
Now due to the spring action the piston is pushed upward. During this action the
fuel which entered through s2 valve is delivered through d2 valve and simultaneously.
Due to the suction created in the other part of the chamber suction occurs through s1
valve. In this position the valve s1 and d1 are in closed position.
This constitute the second suction and second delivery strokes. In this way in one
complete rotation of the cam shaft two suction and two delivery process takes place. This
gives the name of the pump as double acting fuel feed pump.
The upper portion of plunger is provided with a vertical groove. Fuel injection pump is
connected to fuel injector through delivery valve which opens under fuel pressure against
the spring action high. The plunger is turned by means of control sleeve which is driven by
rack and teethed segment. The operation of an injection pump as the plunger makes a
stroke has been shown in fig3.4
Figure A
When the plunger is at the bottom of its stroke, the inlet port and the spill port are
uncovered; the fuel from a low pressure pump after filtration is forced in to the barrel.
Figure B
As the plunger moves up it closes the inlet port and spill port of the barrel. On
further movement of plunger the fuel above it is compressed and its pressure increase
causing delivery valve to open and allow the fuel to enter in to the fuel injector at high
pressure.
Figure C
The plunger rises up still further, and at a certain moment the spill port is
connected to the edge of helical groove. As soon as spill port uncovers the fuel passes
through the vertical groove and annular helical groove to the spill port, thus suddenly
reduces the pressure of the fuel above plunger .As a result, the delivery valve is closed by
the spring action. The quantity of fuel delivered is controlled by the turning of the plunger.
Figure D
The plunger has been rotated in the shut off position. The slot connecting the rod
of the plunger with the recess is in line with the port. No fuel can be trapped and injected
in this position.
Figure E
The plunger has been rotated in the idling position. The narrow port of the plunger
formed by the helix will cover the port for only a short part of the stroke. This position
permits only a small amount of fuel to be injected stroke.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AWH Engineering College
Fabrication and working model of fuel injection pump 21
Figure F
The plunger has been rotated in to the full load position. The wide part for the
plunger formed by the helix covers the port for longer part for the stroke. A large amount
fuel to be injected per stroke is permitted in this position.
The rotor has a central longitudinal passage and a set of radial holes each equal to
the number of engine cylinders for in fig shown. Similar the outer sleeves has a set equal
number of holes At a different level B-B. Besides there is a metering port in the sleeve for
the fuel intake level A-A and a distribution port in the rotor level B-B. This distribution
port is connected to the central passage in the rotor. Each of the delivery ports is connected
to the high pressure delivery lines leading to the injectors on the engine cylinders.
The lower end of the central passage in the rotor opens in to a chamber in which
two opposed pumping plungers are housed. As the rotor rotates a stationary ring with the
internal cams operates the plungers through rollers and shoes are placed in slots in to the
rotor base. The number of lobes on the cam ring is equal to the number of engine cylinders
and these are evenly spaced around the ring.
As the pump plungers move away from each other the fuel is drawn in to the
central rotor passage from the inlet port through suction ports. The fuel thus charged is
delivered to each cylinder in turn high pressure when the distribution ports coincide with
the delivery port for any cylinder.
The metering valve controlled by the governor restricts the amount of fuel entering
the rotor. Pressing the accelerator pedal increases the area of the metering port allowing
more fuel to enter rotor. There by increasing the engine speed. The maximum amount of
fuel intake to the pump is controlled by adjusting the outward travel of the pump plungers.
3.3.2Working
The high pressure fuel from the injection pump passes in to the pressure chamber
of the nozzle through fuel passage. Due to the high pressure of the fuel, the nozzle valve is
lifted on its seat against the spring force. Hence, the fuel is injected in to the combustion
chamber in the form of fine spray.
When the fuel pressure falls, the nozzle valve is brought to its seat by the spring
force .A small quantity of fuel which leaks through the plunger provides necessary
lubrication and returned to the fuel tank through leak off passage.
3.3.3Injector Nozzles
The function of the fuel injection nozzle is to inject the fuel delivcred by the pump
in to the combustion chamber and at the same time to assist in atomizing the fuel.
In diesel engines there are two type of nozzle are used.
1. Open type nozzle
2. Closed type nozzle
The different types of closed type nozzles are used in diesel engines
1. Single hole nozzle
2. Multi hole nozzle
3. pintle hole nozzle
4. Pintaux nozzle
It is always desirable to supply less quantity of fuel to avoid the knocking in the
engine. The characteristics of the three nozzles are shown in fig 3.9. It is obvious from fig
that the pintle gives desired characteristics is smaller at the beginning compared with the
multiple nozzles. The characteristics of pintaux nozzle is totally different because of fuel
supply through auxiliary and main orifices
Chapter 4
FABRICATION OF DISEL FUEL INJECTION PUMP
CHAPTER 5
Hole- 1 cm
3. Fuel injector:
Specification
Material Cast iron
4. Welded stand
Specification
Length: 48.9cm
Breadth: 22.9cm
Height: 27.3cm
CHAPTER 6
CALIBRATION
Calibration of the pump should be carried out after the phase angle test. This
consists of adjusting each element to deliver an equal quantity of fuel to the cylinders. The
quantity delivered per stroke depends upon the engine manufacturers requirement. As the
elements of the fuel pump deliver the fuel at various speeds and for different control rod
position .Fuel injection pump calibrated is as under.
1. Mount and couple the injection pump with the pump calibrating machine
2. Set the control rod to the maid position or say at 5mm rack position.
3. Make all the connections of fuel pipes at inlet and outlet of pump elements ensuring
them leak proof.
4. Operating the machine and run the pump at 600 rpm and then bleed the system by
opening the air vent lock.
5. The trip plate is arranged in its position. Allow the fuel to enter the glass tubes at 600
rpm and for 200 strokes. Then take the readings of fuel delivered in to the glass tubes.
6. Compare these readings with the manufacturers chart values for the 5mm rack position.
7. If there are variations in these readings then adjust the pump elements to bring the
readings as close as possible to the given chart.
8. Repeat the experiment at other speed.
Chapter 7
CALIBRATED DATA OF FABRICATED MODEL
For the calibration of the fabricated model, the following steps are done.
4. The procedure
is repeated for a
no of time .
Fig.7.1:Graph of Calibration
Chapter 8
DESIGN OF NOZZLE SIZE
The quantity of oil injected per cycle depends upon the load of the engine when the
engine is running at constant speed. The velocity of fuel for good atomization is of the
order 400m per sec. The velocity of the fuel passing through the orifice of the nozzle is
given by
Vf = 2(Pi-Pa)
ρf
Where Pi and Pa are the oil pressure at the time of injection and Pa is the pressure of
air inside the cylinder at the time of fuel injection.(N/m2) and ρf is the density of fuel
injected.
CHAPTER 9
In normal injection system doping occurs and engine noise will be more. Pressure
maintained is not uniform and correct timing of injection is not maintained. This result in
decreased engine performance and fuel efficiency and emission will be more. To avoid the
above problems, the injection timing and pressure should be maintained constantly. This is
done by common rail direct injection.
Common rail means injecting the fuel with constant pressure through an
accumulation tank. CRDI system is an electronic system with more sensors which controls
the pressure and injection timing.
Components of CRDI
The main components of CRDI system are
1. High pressure fuel feed pump.
2. Common rail.
3. Pressure regulator.
4. Electronic injector.
5. Electronic control module.
6. Group of sensors.
Fig.9.1: Co
mmon Rail
Diesel Injection
This differs from constant pressure injection both in design and operation of the
pump and fuel injector. Each injector has a separate pump and the injector contains a
spring loaded hydraulically operated automatic plunger valve. No separate mechanism is
required to operate it.
In this system, separate pumps, each (depending upon the number of cylinder)
driven individually or a single pump having 4 plungers in a common block may be used.
In this case, the single pump is driven by the crank shaft through single cam shaft having
individual cam for each cylinder.
The arrangement of the individual pump system is shown in fig 9.2 with all pumps
in one block, 4 plungers in one barrel and a common cam shaft.
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
A detailed study of FUEL INJECTION PUMP for single cylinder diesel engine
was carried out in this mini project. And the working model also has been made with
function of FIP without dismantling. The quantitative calibration of fabricated model
using single jet nozzle has been made in this project. By this project ,we can study the
working principle and calibration of FUEL INJECTION PUMP.
REFFERENCE
1. Kripal Singh: “Automobile engineering vol-2”-second edition,
2. K.K Jain &R B Asthana: “Automobile Engineering”-first edition
Department of Mechanical Engineering, AWH Engineering College
Fabrication and working model of fuel injection pump 21