BASIC ELECTRICAL WIRING

REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS EXAMINATION

LECTURE 1 :INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY

 ELECTRICITY - A phenomenon born from the interplay of fundamental particles.

 ELECTRICITY - Consist of ELECTRON, PROTON and NEUTRON.
 ELECTRON - Negatively charged particles.
 PROTON - Positively charged particles. (1850+)
 NEUTRON - No permanent charge.
- Not electrically charged and weighs slightly more than the proton.
 WILLIAM GILBERT - Father of Electricity.
 ION - An atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced.
 VOLT/VOLTAGE - Causes the electrons to move through a conductor/wire.
 VOLT - named after Alessandro Volta.
- pushes the voltage.
 AMPHERE - named after Andre M. Amphere.
- unit in measuring the strength of an electric current.
 WATT - rate of power used or consumed.
 CIRCUIT - wire installation that suply current.
 RESISTANCE - the friction or opposition to the flow of current by wires and transformers.
- George Simon Ohms
- OHMS - unit used

FACTORS INFLUENCING CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE

 COMPOSITION OF THE CONDUCTOR - having free electrons that has low resistance.
 LENGTH OF WIRE - the longer the wire, the higher the resistance.
 CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF WIRE - the bigger the cross-sectional area of the wire, the lower its resistance.
 TEMPERATURE - metals offers high resistance to high temperature. (heat)

 ELECTRICAL CURRENT - the flow or rate of flow of elctric force in a conductor.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE CIRCUIT

 SOURCE OF VOLTAGE
 CLOSED LOOP OF WIRING
 ELECTRIC LOAD
 MEANS OF OPENING AND CLOSING THE CIRCUIT

 DIRECT CURRENT(DC) - flows in one direction. (negative to positive)

 ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC) - constantly reverses its direction of flow.
- it is easily to produced
- it is cheaper to maintain

Ohms Law - discovered by a German Scientist name George Simon

Ohms Law - the higher the voltage, the larger the current, and the higher the resistance , the lower the current.
 Series Circuit -

LECTURE 2 : CONDUCTORS AND WIRING ACCESSORIES

 CONDUCTORS - materials allow electricity to flow.

- Silver, Copper, Aluminum …
 INSULATORS - materials that resist the flow of elctricity.
- Rubber, Glass, Paper …
 STRANDED WIRE - compost of multiple samller wires twisted together.
 SOLID WIRE - consist of a single metal core.

DIFFECRENT TYPES OF CABLES

 ARMORED CABLES
 MINERAL INSULATED CABLE(MI)
 SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE
 POWER AND CONTROL TRAY CABLE(TC)
 FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES(FC)
 FLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE(FCC)
 MEDIUM VOLTAGE(MV) CABLE
 NON-METALIC SHEATHED CABLE
 SHIELDED NON-METALIC SHEATHED CABLE
 UNDERGROUND DEEDER AND BRANCH CABLE

 AMPACITY - ability of the wire to carry current without overheating.

 RACEWAYS - wirings accessories, designed for holding wires and cables.
- CONDUITS
- CONNECTORS

OTHER TYPES OF RACEWAYS

 CONDUIT COUPLING, ELBOW AND OTHER FITTINGS - used for bends and adjustment in the path of conductors.
 CONDUIT SUPORTS/ CLAMS / HANGER - used to secure conduits along their routes.
 CABLE TRAYS/ CABLE BUS - provied structural frameworks.
 METAL RACEWAYS - used to protect and route conductors.
 NON-METAL RACEWAYS - alternative for metal raceways for protecting and routing conductors.

 CONDUIT PIPE - most common electrical raceways.

- METALIC such as pipes and alluminums.
- NON-METALIC such as plastic.

CONDUITS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS :

 RIGID METAL - provides physical protections for cables.
 FLEXIBLE METAL - enables it to snakes through walls./ protects wiring.
 RIGID NON-METAL - non-mtaluc unthreaded smooth-walled tubing.
 FLEXIBLE NON-METAL - versatile conduits used to protect and route wiring.

PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUITS

 To physically protect the wire.
 To provide a grounded enclosure.

 CONNECTORS - metal sleeve usually made of copper.

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL METALIC TUBING (EMT) CONNECTORS

- essentail components for securing and joining EMT conduits.
 COMPRESSION TYPE RAIN TIGHT CONNECTION - forms a watertight seal between EMT conduits. And providing
protection againts moisture.
 COMPRESSION TYPE INSULATED IN CUTAWAY - providing additional safety and protection against electrical shock.
 COMPRESSION TYPE RAIN TIGHT COUPLING - used to connect two EMT conduits.
 SET SCREW CONNECTOR INSULATED - used to secure EMT conduits in place.
 SET SCREW COUPLING - joins two EMT conduits using set screws.
 TOP ON COUPLING - designed for quick and easy installation.

 OUTLET - supplies an electric load.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF OUTLETS
 CONVINIENCE OUTLET - establishes a connection between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors
connected peramanently to the receptacles.
 LIGHTING OUTLET - intended for direcet connection to lighting fixture.
 RECEPTACLE OUTLET - one or more receptacles are installed.
 JUNCTION BOX - is not an outlet.

 PULL BOX - serves to distribute the conductors.

 RECEPTACLES - installed in the outlet for the connection of single attachment plug.
SWITCH - fundamental electrical device used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit.

SWITCHES CLASSIFIED INTO :

 GENERAL USED SWITCHED
 GENRAL USE SNAP SWITCH
 ISOLATING SWITCH
 AC GENERAL USE SNAP SWITCH
KINDS OF SWITCH
 TOGGLE SWITCH
 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH
 ROCKER SWITCH
 SLIDE SWITCH
 ROTARY SWITCH
 SELECTOR SWITCH
 LIMIT SWITCH
 PREASURE SWITCH
 TOGGLE DIMMER SWITCH
 TOUCH SWITCH

 PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE (PEC) - set of standards and regulations.

LECTURE 3 : THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

 BRANCH CIRCUIT - wiring installed between the circuit over current protective device.

TWO ESSENTIAL CRITERIA FOR AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT TO EXIST

 CLOSED PATHWAY
 POWER SOURCE
 COMPLETE CIRCUIT - there are no breaks or open pathway.
 BRANCH CICUIT - branches of a larger electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS OF BRANCH CIRCUIT
 SOURCE OF VOLTAGE
 WIRING
 LOAD

GOOD CICUITRY CONSIDIRATIONS

 FLEXIBILITY OF THE CICUIT
 RELIABLITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SERVICE
 SAFETY OF THE CIRCUITRY
 ECONOMY AS TO COST
 ENERGY CONSIDERATION
 SPACE ALLOCATION

 EMERGENCY BACK-UP POWER - designed to ensure the continuous supply of electricity during power outages.
 EQUIPMENT FAILURE DETECTION - implemented to identify and respond to faults.

ROLE OF NEC and PEC

 NEC - electrical standards governing the safe installation of electrical system in the US.

 GENERAL PURPOSE BRACH CIRCUIT - designed to supply power to standard electrical outlets.
 APPLIANCE BRANCH CICUIT - supplying power to specific, high demand electrical appliances .
 INDIVIDUAL BRANCH CIRCUIT - designed to supply power to a single specific item or appliances.

LECTURE 4 : CIRCUITING GUIDELINES

GUIDELINE FOR CIVIL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS

 UNDERSTANDING WIRING IN CONSTRUCTION
 FAMILIARITY IN BUILDING CODE
 COLLABORATIVE SKILLS
 SAFETY PROTOCOLS
 BLUEPRINT READING
 TROUBLESHOOTING SKILLS
 SUSTAINABILITY

ADDITIONAL CIRCUITRY GUIDELINES ACCORDING TO PEC

 DEDICATED CIRCUIT FOR MAJOR APPLIANCES - (such as refrigerator, air conditioners, and washing machine)
 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERUPTERS IN WET AREAS - install GFCI outlets in areas prone to moisture.
 A(ARC) FCI PROTECTION - to protect circuits serving bedrooms and living areas.
 LABELING AND CIRCUIT IDENTIFICATION - (alam nyo na yan)
 SIZING AND CONDUCTORS AND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION - conductors are appropriately sized for the connected
load.
 USE OF TAMPER-RESISTANT RECEPTACLES - in homes, consider tamper-resistant receptacles to prevent insertion of
foreign objects into outlets.
 EMERGENCY BACK-UP POWER - consider the installation of back-up power source.
 PROPER CONDUIT AND RACEWAY INSTALLATION - use appropriate conduits and raceways.
 CONSIDERATION FOR FUTURE EXPANSION - anticipate future needs.
 ELECTRICAL INSPECTIONS - regularly inspect and maintain electrical system.
 TRAINING AND CIRTIFICATION - workers on electrical installation are properly trained.

TWO CAUSES OF OVERCURRENT

 OVER LOAD IN THE EQUIPMENT OR CONDUCTORS
 SHORT CIRCUIT OR GROUND FAULT

OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES ARE INSTALLED IN CIRCUIT TO PROTECT THE FF.

 WIRING
 TRANSFORMERS
 LIGHTS
 APPLIANCES AND OTHER EQUIPMENTS

 OVER CURRENT - any current more than the rated capacity of the equipment.
 FUSE - an overall current protective device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens when when there is an
overcurrent in the circuit.
- CARTRIDGE TYPE
- PLUG FUSE TYPE
 CIRCUIT BREAKER - (overcurrent protective device) designed to function as a fuse.
- TRIP/TRIPPINGS - refers to the disconnection of the current supply.
 PANEL BOARD - “A single panel or group panels limits designed for assembly in the form ofa single panel.
 SWITCHBOARD AND SWITCHGEAR - free standing assemblies of switches, fuse and circuit breakers that provide feeder
protection to several circuits connected to the main source.