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Student Observation Record: Electrical Machines-Ii Lab
Student Observation Record: Electrical Machines-Ii Lab
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA
NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
To be a premier institute for professional education producing dynamic and vibrant force
of technocrats with competent skills, innovative ideas and leadership qualities to serve the
society with ethical and benevolent approach.
To facilitate the learners to foster innovative ideas, inculcate competent research and
consultancy skills through Industry-Institute Interaction.
To develop hard work, honesty, leadership qualities and sense of direction in rural youth
by providing value based education.
To produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineers with strong core knowledge,
design experience & exposure to research by providing quality teaching and learning
environment.
To train the students in emerging technologies through state - of - the art laboratories and
thus bridge the gap between Industry and academia.
To inculcate learners with interpersonal skills, team work, social values, leadership
qualities and professional ethics for a holistic engineering professional practice through
value based education.
PEO 2: Have multi-disciplinary Knowledge and innovative skills to design and develop Electrical
& Electronics products and allied systems.
PEO 3: Acquire the latest technological skills and motivation to pursue higher studies leading to
research.
PEO 4: Possess good communication skills, team spirit, ethics, modern tools usage and the life-
long learning needed for a successful professional career.
PSO-2: Employment: Get employed in Public/Private sectors by applying the knowledge in the
domains of design and operation of Electronic Systems, Microprocessor based control systems,
Power systems, Energy auditing etc.
Course Outcomes
Analyze the performance of induction motor by conducting no-load and blocked rotor
C318.1 tests.
Apply O.C and S.C tests of a transformer for the losses and efficiency.
C318.4
Determine the direct and quadrature axis reactances by conducting slip test.
C318.5
Name:__________________________________
H.T.No:_________________________________
Year/Semester:__________________________
CONTENTS
Additional Experiments
11
12
DO‘S
2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.
4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.
5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.
7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply
DONT‘S
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
Marks Awarded
Total
S.No Experiment name Date Record Observation VivaVoce Attendance
30(M)
(10M) (10M) (5M) (5M)
6 Equivalent circuit of a 1- ø
induction motor
7 Sumpner’s test
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the TPST Switch and switch ON 440V A.C supply.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the stator windings of 3-Ø Induction Motor with the help of
3-Φ Auto-transformer.
4. Note down the readings of wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter on no-load.
5. Load the Induction Motor in steps using the brake-drum arrangement. At each step note
down the readings of all meters, speed and spring balance readings till full load current.
6. Gradually releasing the load and stop the motor.
7. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply
Tabular Column:
Wattmeter
Line Line Spring Balance Input
Readings Speed
S. voltage current Reading Power Torque power Output ŋ
(W) N %Slip
No. VL IL Factor (N-m) (w) (W) (%
(rpm)
(V) (A)
W1 W2
S1 S2 S1~S2
(W) (W)
Formulae:
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
O.C Test:
S.C Test:
Precautions:
Procedure:
Tabular Columns:
O.C Test: S.C Test:
Vo (V) Io (A) Wo = W X M.F (W) VSC (V) ISC (A) WSC = W X M.F (W)
cosθ = cosθ =
Model Calculations:
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
1. Define transformer.
2. Distinguish the statically induced EMF and dynamically induced EMF.
3. Which losses can be determined from the O.C Test and S.C Test.
4. What is the main AIM’s to conduct the O.C and S.C tests?
5. Define efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer.
6. Why the O.C Test is conduct on L.V side.
7. Why the S.C Test is conducted on H.V side.
8. What is the difference between U.P.F and L.P.F wattcmeters?
9. No load power factor angle of transformer is around………
10. For which type of load negative voltage regulation occurs.
11. For which type of load maximum voltage regulation occurs.
Aim:
To draw the equivalent circuit of a 3- Ø Induction Motor and construct the circle diagram
by conducting No-Load & Blocked Rotor Tests.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
No-Load Test:
415V/(0-470V)
415V/(0-470V)
Precautions:
Procedure:
No-Load Test:
4. Note down the readings and switch OFF the supply after bringing back the auto-
transformer output to minimum position.
Tabular Column:
No-Load Test:
cos Øo = Wo
√3 Vo Io
cos ØSC = WSC
√3 VSC ISC
ISN = ISC [Vo / Vsc]
WSN=
Model Graph:
Result:
Aim:
To convert the given 3- Ø supply into 2- Ø supply using scott connection.
Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-600)V MI 2
1 Voltmeter
(0-300)V MI 2
2 3- Ø Variac 415V/(0-470)V - 1
3 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 3
4 Resistive Load 1-Ø, 5kW Wire Wound 2
5 Wattmeters 600V/10A UPF 2
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some
Circuit Diagram:
415V/(0-470V)
Precautions:
1. 3-Ø Variac should be in minimum position.
2. Load must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
4. Note down the readings of all meters for different load settings till rated full load current
of the transformer.
5. Connect the secondaries of the two transformers as shown in figure 2 to verify the phase
relationship of the two phase voltages.
6. Calculate the efficiency of conversion.
7. Observing the precautions switch OFF 440V A.C supply.
Formulae:
Tabular Columns:
For Figure 1:
W1 W2 I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3 output Input η
(W) (W) (A) (A) (A) (V) (V) (V) (W) (W) (%)
Model Graph:
CALCULATIONS:
Result:
8. What is angle between the 2-phase output voltages of the scoot connection?
10. What is the utilization factor for open delta transformer connection?
Aim:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a 1- Ø induction motor by conducting
No-Load, Blocked Rotor and Stator Resistance Measurement Tests.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
No-load Test:
Precautions:
Procedure:
For No-Load Test:
Tabular Columns:
Formulae:
Wo
cos o
Vo I o
Vo
Xo
I o sin o
V
Z s SC
I SC
X S Z S2 RS2 X eq
RS
r1 r2
2
X
x1 x 2 S
2
Vo
Ro
I o cos o
N N
slip S
NS
W
RS Req 2SC
I SC
Result:
5. What is forward slip and backward slip for 1-pahse induction motor?
6. When the slip of induction motor nearer to zero?
7. List out 1-phase induction motors.
8. What are the applications of 1-phase induction motor?
9. Where the auxiliary winding is place in the 1-phase induction motor?
10. Why should a motor be named as universal motor?
SUMPNER’S TEST
Aim:
Apparatus:
(0-5)A MI 1
3 Ammeter
(0-20)A MI 1
(0-300)V MI 2
4 Voltmeter
(0-75)V MI 1
300V/5A LPF 1
5 Wattmeter
75V/20A UPF 1
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
1. The range of voltmeter should be doubled the induced e.m.f of secondary winding.
Procedure:
7. By slowly varying the auto transformer-1 up to the rated voltage and note down the all
the meter readings .Here wattmeter gives the core losses of two transformers.
8. By slowly varying the auto transformer-2 up to the rated current passing through both
primaries and secondary’s and note down the all the meter readings .Here wattmeter
gives the copper losses of two transformers.
9. By varying auto transformers 1 & 2, Observe the same readings as per steps 7 & 8. At
this condition the temperature rise of the transformer can be determined.
Tabular Columns:
cosθ = cosθ =
Cu Loss Output Input Efficiency Cu Output Input Efficiency
Load (W) (W) (W) (%η) Loss (W) (W) (%η)
(W)
To find % regulation:
Model Calculations:
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
Aim:
To predetermine the regulation of a given 3-ΦAlternator by conducting O.C and S.C tests
by Synchronous Impedance Method (E.M.F Method) .
Apparatus:
1 Rheostats 360Ω/1.2A WW 1
(0-10)A MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
(0-300)V MI 1
3 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
4 Tachometer (0-10000)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
Procedure:
O.C Test:
This procedure is repeated till the voltage generated is much beyond rated voltage of the
alternator.
5. Reduce the alternator field excitation to zero level.
S.C Test:
1. With the rectifier in the minimum voltage position, the TPST Switch is closed.
2. Increase field excitation gradually till the Short Circuit Current of the alternator reaches
the rated current of the alternator.
3. Note down the field current required to circulate the rated short circuit current. Tabulate
the readings taken during the O.C Test and S.C Tests.
Tabular Columns:
E.M.F Method
P.F Ia Eo (V) % Regulation
cosΦ (A) Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
Formulae:
VOC
ZS for the same If and speed
I SC
Eo (V cos I a Ra ) 2 (V sin I a X S ) 2
Model Graph:
Calculations:
Result:
Aim:
To determine the value of direct axis reactance (Xd) and quadrature axis reactance (Xq) of
the given synchronous machine by conducting slip test.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
1. Connections must be made tight.
2. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
3. Starter must be in OFF position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Start the D.C Motor with the help of starter.
3. Adjust the field rheostat of the D.C Motor so that it runs slightly below the synchronous
speed of synchronous machine.
4. Give A.C Supply to the Alternator with the help of variac so that rated current flows in
the synchronous machine.
5. The speed of D.C motor is adjusted such that the points of the meters oscillate between
maximum and minimum values.
6. Note down the maximum and minimum values of ammeter and voltmeter and tabulate
them.
Tabular Columns:
Formulae:
Vmax
Direct Axis Synchronous Reactance = Xd = ( )
I min
V
Quadrature Axis Synchronous Reactance = Xq = min ()
I max
Result:
1. Define saliency?
9. What is reluctance offered by the polar axis when compared to quadrature axis?
10. What type of field winding we can provide on salient pole synchronous machines?
Aim:
Conduct an experiment to draw v-curves and -curves of a three phase synchronous
motor.
Apparatus:
1. Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
2. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
4. Wattmeter MI 300V,10A,UPF 2
6. Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
Required
Connecting Wires - -
7. Some
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:
1. Connections must be made tight
2. Meters should be read without parallax error
3. Constant load must be maintained throughout the experiment.
Procedure:
1. Start the synchronous motor by applying rated voltage using an auto transformer.
2. At a constant mechanical load applied on the motor, vary its field excitation in steps to its
rated value noting down the corresponding meter readings at each step and tabulate them.
3. Repeat step 2 for some other load.
4. Plot graphs between If and Ia (V – curve) and If and P. F ( - curves) for the different
loads applied.
Calculations:
3 W1 W2
Tan
W1 W2
3 W1 W2
Tan 1
W1 W2
Tabular form:
For load 1 =
3 W1 W2
If (A) Ia(A) W1(W) W2(W) Tan
W1 W2
Cos
Model Graph:
Result:
Aim:
.
Apparatus:
Circuit diagram:
Precautions:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, decide at which frequency you conduct No-Load test and
calculate the speed and corresponding voltage to maintain the V/f ratio constant.
3. Observing the precautions switch ON the supply.
4. Run the prime-mover (D.C Motor) at the required speed and adjust the level of
excitation of alternator so as to develop rated transformer primary voltage and then note
down the wattmeter reading after exciting the transformer.
5. In a gradual manner, simultaneously adjust the excitation of the alternator and its speed
so as to maintain a constant V/f ratio.
6. Repeat the same procedure for different frequencies.
7. After completing the experiment, observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Columns:
Tabular Column-I:
Tabular Column-II:
Formulae:
P = 120f ; N1 = 120f1
N P
K = V = Rated Voltage
f Rated frequency
where, f = rated frequency
f1 = selected frequency
N = rated speed
N1 = speed corresponding to f1
Let, Wh = Af
We = Bf2
Wi = Wh + We = Af + Bf2
Wi = A + Bf
f
A – oa from graph
B – dy = y
dx x
Model Graph:
Result:
7. If BMAX is constant what is the frequency of eddy current loss and hysteresis loss?
8. If BMAX is not constant the frequency increases what about the hysteresis loss?