DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

STEEL DESIGN
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
 BEAM COLUMN

Beam columns are structural members that are subjected to a combination

of bending and axial stresses.

The structural behavior resembles simultaneously to that of a beam and a

column.

Majority of the steel building frames have columns that carry sizable
bending moments in addition to the usual compressive loads.

Sources of Eccentricity in
Columns.
 BEAM COLUMN

Sources of Eccentricity in Columns.

It is almost impossible to erect the columns perfectly vertical and centre

loads exactly on columns.

Columns may be initially crooked or have other flaws with the result that
lateral bending is produced.

In some cases, crane beams parallel to columns line and other

perpendicular beams rest on brackets projecting out from columns. This
produces high values of bending moments.

Wind and other lateral loads act within the column height and produce
bending. The bending moments from the beams are transferred to columns
if the connections are rigid.
 BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM

The combined stress at any point in a member subjected to bending and direct
stress is obtained by the formula:

For a safe design, the maximum compressive stress (f) must not exceed the
allowable material stress (Fall) as follows:

This equation is called

interaction equation
showing interaction of
axial force and bending
moment in an easy way.
 BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION
 BEAM COLUMN

AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

 BEAM COLUMN

Controlling Design Factor: Second Order Effects

The elastic analysis carried out to calculate deflections and member forces
for the given loads is called 1st order and analysis.

The high axial load present in the column combined with this elastic
deflection produces extra bending moment in the column, as is clear from
figure.
 BEAM COLUMN

Controlling Design Factor: Second Order Effects

The analysis of structure including this extra moment is called 2nd order
analysis.

The phenomenon in which the moments are automatically increased in a

column beyond the usual analysis for loads is called MOMENT
MAGNIFICATION OR 2ND ORDER EFFECTS.

Similarly, other higher order analysis may also be performed.

The moment magnification depends on many factors but, in some cases, it

may be higher enough to double the 1st order moments or even more.

In majority of practical cases, this magnification is appreciable and must

always be considered for a safe design.
 BEAM COLUMN

Controlling Design Factor: Second Order Effects

1st order deflection produced within a member (δ) usually has a smaller 2nd
order effect called P-δ effect, whereas magnification due to sides-way (Δ)
is much larger denoted by P-Δ effect.

P-Delta effect is defined as the secondary effect of column axial loads and
lateral deflections on the moments in members.
 BEAM COLUMN

Controlling Design Factor: Second Order Effects

The calculations for actual 2nd order analysis are usually lengthy and can only be
performed on computers.

For manual calculations, empirical methods are used to approximately cater for
these effects in design.

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION

The presence of substantial axial loads in

flexural members causes secondary moments
that must be considered in design. This is
illustrated in the figure:
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN
MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MOMENT AMPLIFICATION
 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED AND UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED AND UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN
MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES
 BEAM COLUMN
MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

Cm=Moment Adjustment Factor

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN
MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES (EVALUATION OF Cm)
 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN BRACED FRAMES (EVALUATION OF Cm)

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

 BEAM COLUMN

WEB LOCAL BUCKLING IN BEAM-COLUMNS

 BEAM COLUMN

WEB LOCAL BUCKLING IN BEAM-COLUMNS