Iron Loss Formulas

JMAG Version 22.
2
User's Manual
Iron Loss Formulas
JSOL Corporation
Issue date of 1st Edition: August 2023
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CONTENTS
Calculation Method of Iron Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Calculating Iron Loss Using Only the Magnetic Field Analysis Solver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Required Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Analysis Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Required Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Calculating Iron Loss Using the Iron Loss Analysis Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Required Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Analysis Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Input File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Required Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Loss Calculation Formula of Iron Loss Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula when [FFT] is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using the Iron Loss Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using the Iron Loss Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using the Hysteresis Loss/Joule Loss Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula When [Apply Loop] is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Joule Loss Calculation Formula When [FFT] is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Joule Loss Calculation When [Maximum Value] is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Frequency Separation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Procedure for Evaluating the Loss of Iron Loss Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

[FFT] (Hysteresis Loss, Joule Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
[Apply Loop] (Hysteresis Loss). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
[Maximum Value] (Joule Loss). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
[Hysteresis Model] (Hysteresis Loss), [Eddy Current in Steel Sheet] (Joule Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3
JMAG Version 22.2 User's Manual
Iron Loss Formulas
4
Calculation Method of Iron Loss
Use one of the following methods to calculate iron loss and iron loss density generated in magnetic materials in
JMAG.
• Calculating Iron Loss Using Only the Magnetic Field Analysis Solver (page 7):
It is a method to run magnetic field analysis considering the effect of iron loss. In this method, Iron Loss con-
dition is not used.
• Calculating Iron Loss Using the Iron Loss Analysis Solver (page 9):
It is a method to run iron loss analysis using the results data of magnetic field analysis. It will be one of the
following procedures.
• Run magnetic field analysis study with Iron Loss condition
• Run iron loss analysis study with reference to the result file of magnetic field analysis
This chapter describes these two methods.
 Comparison Table
This table describes the difference between the two methods. See the later discussion for the settings required to
calculate iron loss using each method.
Magnetic Field Analysis Solver

Point Magnetic Field Analysis Solver +
Iron Loss Analysis Solver
Method of calculating Hysteresis loss and Joule loss are calculated Iron loss and iron loss density are calculated
iron loss and core loss while running each step in a magnetic field based on magnetic flux density distribution
density analysis. The iron loss is also calculated as data obtained as a magnetic field analysis
the sum of them. Similarly, iron loss density result.
is calculated as the sum of the hysteresis loss
density and Joule loss density.
Calculation precision This results in an analysis being performed Iron loss is not accounted for in the mag-
closely resembling the physical phenomena. netic field analysis, so when iron loss has a
large effect on the magnetic field, physical
phenomena errors may be produced.
Calculation time Because the calculation becomes compli- Using this method performs iron loss calcu-
cated, it requires time to converge. lations as the post process of a magnetic
field analysis, allowing iron loss to be calcu-
lated in a relatively short amount of time.
License One of the following license is required. Iron loss analysis solver license is required.
• Magnetic field static analysis And one of the following license is required.
• Magnetic field transient analysis • Magnetic field static analysis
• Magnetic field frequency analysis • Magnetic field transient analysis
• Magnetic field frequency analysis
Iron Loss condition Unnecessary Necessary
5
Iron Loss Formulas
 Topics in This Chapter

• Calculating Iron Loss Using Only the Magnetic Field Analysis Solver (page 7)
• Calculating Iron Loss Using the Iron Loss Analysis Solver (page 9)
6
Calculating Iron Loss Using Only the Magnetic Field Analysis Solver
• Features (page 7)
• Required Licenses (page 7)
• Analysis Flowchart (page 7)
• Required Settings (page 8)
Features
When using only the magnetic field analysis solver, hysteresis loss and Joule loss are calculated while
running each step in a magnetic field analysis. The iron loss is also calculated as the sum of them.
Similarly, iron loss density is calculated as the sum of the hysteresis loss density and Joule loss den-
sity.
The magnetic field analysis is performed while accounting for hysteresis loss and Joule loss at each
time step. This results in an analysis being performed closely resembling the physical phenomena,
but complicated calculations require time to converge.
• For a transient analysis, the iron loss and iron loss density of the time axis is output.
• For a frequency analysis, the iron loss and iron loss density of the frequency axis is output.
• When hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are not calculated, iron loss is treated as a value
approximate to zero.
Required Licenses
Magnetic field analysis:
One of the following license is required.
• Magnetic field static analysis
• Magnetic field transient analysis
Analysis Flowchart
1. Create a magnetic field analysis study.
It can be static analysis, transient analysis, frequency analysis. Also, it can be an FEM model of
any dimension (3 dimensional, 2 dimensional, axisymmetric).
2. Set parameters necessary for calculating iron loss.
See “Required Settings” on page 8.
3. Run magnetic field analysis study.
It can be executed from JMAG-Designer, or it can be executed from the JMAG-Scheduler or
command line.
7
Iron Loss Formulas
Required Settings
 Required settings for calculating hysteresis loss

• [Hysteresis Loss Density] is selected in [Output] in [Study Properties].
• [Hysteresis Curve] is set in the [Magnetic Properties] tab in the [Material Editor] dialog.
When [Imaginary Part] for [Relative Permeability] is set in the same dialog for a frequency anal-
ysis, hysteresis loss is output even if [Hysteresis Curve] is not set.
 Required settings for calculating Joule loss (eddy current loss)

• [Joule Loss Density] is selected in [Output] in the [Study Properties].
• Select [Allow Eddy Current] or [Calculate Distribution in Steel Plate] in the [Eddy Currents] list
in the material properties of each part.
• Specify electric conductivity/electric resistivity.
MEMO Eddy current loss is output as “Joule loss” in JMAG. Eddy current loss density is output as
“Joule loss density.”
MEMO Even when eddy current is not accounted for, passing current through a current such as an FEM
coil outputs copper losses generated in the coil as “Joule loss density.”
Notes
• The Iron Loss condition is not required.
• Only soft magnetic material is output for Iron loss and iron loss density. However, a custom
material meeting all the following conditions will not be output even though it is soft magnetic
material.
• [Anisotropy Type] is [Isotropic] in the [Magnetic Properties] tab in the [Material Editor] dia-
log.
• [Magnetic Property Type] is [Linear (Constant)] in the [Magnetic Properties] tab in the
[Material Editor] dialog.
• [Relative Permeability] is set to “1” in the [Magnetic Properties] tab in the [Material Editor]
dialog.
• [Use Hysteresis Loop] is not selected for the material properties of each part.
8
Calculating Iron Loss Using the Iron Loss Analysis Solver

• Features (page 9)
• Required Licenses (page 9)
• Input File (page 10)
• Required Settings (page 11)
• Notes (page 12)
Features
When the iron loss analysis solver is used, iron loss and iron loss density are calculated based on
magnetic flux density distribution data obtained as a magnetic field analysis result.
Using this method performs iron loss calculations as the post process of a magnetic field analysis,
allowing iron loss to be calculated in a relatively short amount of time. However, iron loss is not
accounted for in the magnetic field analysis, so when iron loss has a large effect on the magnetic
field, physical phenomena errors may be produced.
Required Licenses
• Iron loss analysis
• Magnetic field analysis:
One of the following license is required.
• Magnetic field static analysis
• Magnetic field transient analysis
Analysis Flowchart
There are the following two patterns
 Running magnetic field analysis study with Iron Loss condition

It is a method to execute magnetic field analysis and iron loss analysis at once.

2. Set parameters of magnetic field analysis necessary for reference from iron loss analy-
sis.
See “Input File” on page 10.
3. Set Iron Loss conditions and other parameters necessary for calculating iron loss.
command line.
9
Iron Loss Formulas
For this pattern, magnetic field analysis is performed first. After the magnetic field analysis is
completed, iron loss analysis is executed using the result file (.jplot).
 Running iron loss analysis study with reference to the result file of magnetic field
analysis
Magnetic field analysis and iron loss analysis are executed step by step. After verifying the results of
magnetic field analysis, you can proceed to iron loss analysis.

2. Set parameters of magnetic field analysis necessary for reference from iron loss analy-
sis.
See “Input File” on page 10.
command line.
4. Create an iron loss study from the magnetic field analysis.
5. Set Iron Loss conditions and other parameters necessary for calculating iron loss.
6. Run iron loss analysis study.
command line.
Input File
Use a magnetic field static analysis result file (.jplot).
• When referencing magnetic field analysis results to perform an iron loss analysis, an iron loss
analysis study is created from the magnetic field analysis study. The result file of a magnetic field
analysis study, which is the parent of an iron loss analysis study, is referenced.
• A result file output after a magnetic field analysis completes is referenced to perform an iron loss
analysis when an Iron Loss condition is used in a magnetic field analysis study.
• Results of magnetic field analysis can be from any analysis type (frequency analysis, transient
analysis, static analysis).
• Results of magnetic field analysis can be from an FEM model of any dimension (3D, 2D,
axisymmetric).
 Settings for Performing a Magnetic Field Analysis

• Set a full model calculation as needed.
When full model conversion is applied to the results of magnetic field analysis, results that have
gone through full model conversion are output even for iron loss analysis. If it is not applied,
non-converted results are output even for iron loss analysis.
• As results of magnetic field analysis, the following items need to be output. Select each physical
quantity checkbox in [Output Control] of the magnetic field analysis study properties.
10
• Displacement:
There is a need for displacement to be output for models that have motion. Displacement
does not need to be output for models that do not have motion.
• Magnetic flux density:
The time series data of magnetic flux density of one period needs to be output. However, if
the periodicity option is used, iron loss analysis can be run from time series data of the 1/2
period and 1/4 period.
Required Settings
• Iron Loss conditions (calculation method, basic frequency, etc.)
• Specify the basic frequency when referencing the results of a magnetic field static analysis or a
magnetic field transient analysis. The basic frequency is used to define the time series data
interval to be used during the iron loss calculation.
MEMO The basic frequency for an analysis in JMAG is a single period for a magnetic flux density.
MEMO When the results of a magnetic field frequency analysis are referenced, the frequency set in
the magnetic field frequency analysis is used as the basic frequency.
• Iron loss characteristics of the material in the [Iron] tab in the [Material Editor] dialog:
Required when either [FFT] or [Apply Loop] is selected as the hysteresis loss calculation method,
and [FFT] or [Maximum Value] is selected as the Joule loss calculation method.
• Hysteresis loop in the [Magnetic Properties] in the [Material Editor] dialog:
Required when [Hysteresis Model] is selected as the hysteresis loss calculation method.
MEMO When [Hysteresis Model] is selected as the calculation method for hysteresis loss and hyster-
esis curves are not set for an iron loss analysis, the program automatically generates the hysteresis
curve based on the direct current B-H curve set in the [Magnetic Properties] tab in the [Material Edi-
tor] dialog.
When using the hysteresis curve auto generation function, iron loss characteristics and a direct cur-
rent B-H curve for the material must be set.
• Material electric conductivity/resistivity:
Required when [Eddy Currents in Steel Plate] is selected as the Joule loss calculation method.
MEMO Electric conductivity/resistivity of a part can be set in the [Material Editor] dialog, or in the
material properties of each part in the magnetic field analysis study.
• [Eddy Currents] in [Electric Properties] of the material properties for each part:
Required when [Eddy Currents in Steel Plate] is selected as the Joule loss calculation method.
MEMO When [User Subroutine] is selected as the calculation method for hysteresis loss or Joule loss,
there are no required material-related settings.
 When Accounting for Stress in an Iron Loss Analysis

The following settings are required when accounting for stress in an iron loss analysis.
• Creating the material data with stress-dependent iron loss properties and assignment to parts:
Prepare the material data that applies to either or both of the following:
• Material data defining stress-dependent Joule loss coefficient/stress-dependent hysteresis loss
coefficient
• Material data defining stress-dependent iron loss curve information:
The types of material data defining stress-dependent iron loss curves are as follows:
• Sample material data provided by JSOL ([Steel Sheet] > [Stress Dependent Type] in the
material list)
11
Iron Loss Formulas
• Material data with stress dependent iron loss curves information that have been user-cre-
ated.
• Selecting a type of stress to be referenced in an Iron Loss condition ([Principal Stress And its
Direction] or [Compressive Stress])
• Stress Distribution condition settings
Notes
 When Referencing Magnetic Field Frequency Analysis Results

• Although the outcomes of multiple steps will be displayed as the result, these correspond to the
loss distribution at each step set in magnetic field analysis.
• It is also possible to regard the outcomes of multiple steps as the result of frequency resolution
and to output the sum of all steps.
12
Loss Calculation Formula of Iron Loss Solver
This chapter explains the calculation formula of hysteresis loss and Joule loss (eddy current loss) in the iron loss
analysis.
Loss Type Method Discretion

Hysteresis loss [FFT] See “Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula when [FFT] is
Selected” on page 14.
[Apply Loop] See “Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula When [Apply
Loop] is Selected” on page 17.
[Hysteresis Model] A calculation for hysteresis loss is run from a hysteresis
curve in a material property and a magnetic flux density
history in a magnetic field analysis result.
[User subroutine] “iron_set_allocation_size”, “iron_initialize”, “iron_cal-
closs”, and “iron_terminate” are used to calculate hyster-
esis loss.
For details, see “User Subroutine” in “Parameter Expla-
nation Edition”.
Joule loss (eddy current [FFT] See “Joule Loss Calculation Formula When [FFT] is
loss) Selected” on page 21.
[Maximum Value] See “Joule Loss Calculation When [Maximum Value] is
Selected” on page 24.
[Lamination Analysis] A calculation can be run using the loss distribution of an
internal magnetic steel sheet. The loss distribution is esti-
mated from the magnetic properties, electric properties,
and the magnetic flux density in a magnetic field analysis
result.
[User subroutine] “iron_set_allocation_size”, “iron_initialize”, “iron_cal-
closs”, and “iron_terminate” are used to calculate Joule
loss.
For details, see “User Subroutine” in “Parameter Expla-
nation Edition”.
When you select the [Iron Loss Table] in the [Loss Type] of material, JMAG calculates hysteresis loss and Joule
loss separately using a frequency separation method. See “Frequency Separation Method” on page 27.

• Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula when [FFT] is Selected (page 14)
• Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula When [Apply Loop] is Selected (page 17)
• Joule Loss Calculation Formula When [FFT] is Selected (page 21)
• Joule Loss Calculation When [Maximum Value] is Selected (page 24)
• Frequency Separation Method (page 27)
13
Iron Loss Formulas
Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula when [FFT] is Selected

• Using the Iron Loss Formula (page 14)
• Using the Iron Loss Table (page 14)
• Using the Hysteresis Loss/Joule Loss Table (page 15)
Using the Iron Loss Formula

• [Hysteresis Loss] for [Calculation Method] in an Iron Loss condition: [FFT] (frequency analysis)
• [Loss Type] in the [Material Editor] dialog: [Iron Loss Equation]
The formula used to evaluate the loss is as follows:
nelem  N 
 α β 
Formula A-1: Wh [ W ] =    ( Kh × B k ×fk) × Ve 
 
e = 1 k = 1 
• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at the frequency order k :
*
• Evaluating the loss for each component of magnetic flux density: B k = B k∗ B k
B k : Value (complex number) after FFT for each component “X, Y, Z, or r, theta, z” of
magnetic flux density
B k∗ : Complex conjugate numbers of B k
• Determining the loss from the amplitude of the magnetic flux density:
* * *
Bk = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k
B1 k , B2 k , B3 k : Value (complex number) after FFT for each component “X, Y, Z or r,
theta, z” of magnetic flux density
B1 k∗ , B2 k∗ , B3 k∗ : Complex conjugate numbers of B1 k , B2 k , B3 k
• Coefficients of hysteresis loss Kh , Kh = constant, or Kh ( B k , f k ) )

• Frequency f k (Hz) at the frequency order: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , ..., f N
• Volume of each element V e (m3)
• Maximum frequency order: N
• Multipliers/coefficients of the empiric formula: α , β
• Number of elements: nelem
Using the Iron Loss Table

14
• [Loss Type] in the [Material Editor] dialog: [Iron Loss Table]
The formula used to determine the loss is as follows:
nelem  N 
 
Formula B-1: Wh [ W ] =
   a ( B k ) × f k  × Ve
e = 1 k = 1 

• Determining the loss for each component of the magnetic flux density:
*
Bk = B k *B k
B k : Value (complex number) after FFT for each component (X, Y, Z, or r, q, z) of the
• Determining the loss from the amplitude of the magnetic flux den-
* * *
sity: B k = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k

• a ( B k ) : Coefficient of magnetic flux density B k determined by the frequency separation
method
Using the Hysteresis Loss/Joule Loss Table

• [Loss Type] in the [Material Editor] dialog: [Hysteresis/Joule Loss Table]
nelem  N 
 
Formula C-1: Wh [ W ] =    Wh e ( B k , f k ) × V e 
 
e = 1 k = 1 
15
Iron Loss Formulas

*
Bk = B k *B k
* * *
sity: B k = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k
• Frequency f k (Hz) at the frequency order: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , ... , f N
• Wh e  B k, --1- : Hysteresis loss density specified at the magnetic flux density B k and the fre-
 T
quency f k

16
Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula When [Apply Loop] is Selected


• [Hysteresis Loss] for [Calculation Method] in an Iron Loss condition: [Apply Loop]
Apply the appropriate formula according to what item of magnetic flux density is to be referred
when the result is evaluated.
 Formula to calculate loss of each magnetic flux density component:

Apply the following formula when the amplitude of magnetic flux density is to be referred.
nelem  nloop 
 α 
Formula A-3-1: Wh [ W ] =
  f  ( Kh × Bk ) × Ve 
e =1 l =1 
 Formula for calculating loss from the magnitude of magnetic flux density:
Apply the following formula when the maximum value of the magnetic flux density is to be referred.
nelem
α
Formula A-3-2: Wh [ W ] =  { f × Kh × B max × V e }
e=1
17
Iron Loss Formulas
|B| |B| |B| |B|
Example of sin wave Example of offset Example of constant magnitude

magnetic field + such as rotational magnetic field
Sin wave magnetic field
• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k -th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

• B max : Maximum value of magnetic flux density (T)
• nloop : Number of loops
• Coefficients of hysteresis loss Kh , Kh = constant, or Kh ( B k , f k )
• Basic frequency f (Hz)
• Multipliers/coefficients of the empiric formula: α , β


nelem  nloop 
 
Formula B-3-1: Wh [ W ] =   f  a ( B k ) × V e 
 
e= 1 k =1 
18
nelem
Formula B-3-2: Wh [ W ] =  { f × a ( B max ) × V e }

e=1
|B| |B| |B| |B|

• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k-th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

• a ( B ) : Coefficient of magnetic flux density B determined by the frequency separation
method


19
Iron Loss Formulas
nelem
Formula C-3-1: Wh [ W ] =  { Wh e (B max, f ) × V e }

e =1
nelem
Formula C-3-2: Wh [ W ] =  { Wh e ( B max, f ) × V e }

e =1
|B| |B| |B| |B|

• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k -th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

• Whe ( B, f ) : Hysteresis loss density specified at the magnetic flux density B and the frequency
f
20
Joule Loss Calculation Formula When [FFT] is Selected


• [Joule Loss] for [Calculation Method] in an Iron Loss condition: [FFT] (frequency analysis)
nelem  N 
 ϒ δ 
Formula A-2: We [ W ] =
   ( Ke × Bk ×f k) × Ve 

e = 1 k = 1 
• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at frequency order k :

• Determining the loss for each component of magnetic flux density:
*
Bk = B k *B k
B k : Value “complex number” after FFT for each component “X, Y, Z or r, theta, z” of
* * *
Bk = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k
B1 k , B2 k , B3 k : Value (complex number) after FFT for each component (X, Y, Z or r,
theta, z) of the magnetic flux density
• Coefficients of Joule loss Ke , Ke = constant, or Ke ( B k , f k )

• Multipliers/coefficients of the empiric formula: γ , δ
21
Iron Loss Formulas

nelem  N 
 2
Formula B-2: We [ W ] =    b ( B k , f k ) × f k  × V e
 
e = 1 k = 1 

*
Bk = B k *B k
* * *
Bk = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k

• b ( B k , f k ) : Magnetic flux density B k determined by the frequency separation method, coef-
ficient at frequency fk

22
nelem  N 
 
Formula C-2: We =    We e ( B k , f k ) × V e 
 
e = 1 k = 1 

*
Bk = B k *B k
* * *
Bk = B1 k *B1 k + B2 k *B2 k + B3 k *B3 k
• Frequency f k (Hz) at the frequency order: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 ,... , f N
• We e  B k , --1- : Joule loss density specified at the magnetic flux density B k and the fre-
T
quency f k

23
Iron Loss Formulas
Joule Loss Calculation When [Maximum Value] is Selected


• [Joule Loss] for [Calculation Method] in an Iron Loss condition: [Maximum Value]
nelem
ϒ δ
Formula A-4: We [ W ] =  [ { Ke × B max × f } × V e ]
e =1
• Maximum value of magnetic flux density in the specified interval, B max (T):
• Determining the loss for each component of magnetic flux density:
B max = Maximum value of each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of the magnetic flux
density at the interval.
2 2 2
B max = B 1 + B 2 + B 3 max
B 1 , B 2 and B 3 are components (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of the magnetic flux density.
• Coefficients of Joule loss Ke , Ke = constant, or Ke ( B k , f k )

• Multipliers/coefficients of the empiric formula: γ , δ

24
nelem
2
Formula B-4: We [ W ] =
 [ { b ( Bmax , f ) × f } × V e ]
e =1
2 2 2
sity: B max = B 1 + B 2 + B 3 max
B 1 , B 2 and B 3 are components (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of the magnetic flux density

• b (B max, f ) : Magnetic flux density B max determined by the frequency separation method,
coefficient at frequency f

nelem
Formula C-4: We [ W ] =
 [ { We e (B max , f ) } × V e ]
e =1
2 2 2
sity: B max = B 1 + B 2 + B 3 max
B 1 , B 2 and B 3 are components (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of the magnetic flux density

• We (B , f ) : Joule loss density specified at the magnetic flux density B max , and the fre-
e max
quency f
25
Iron Loss Formulas

26
Frequency Separation Method

When you select the [Iron Loss Table] in the [Loss Type] of material, JMAG calculates hysteresis loss
and Joule loss separately using a frequency separation method. The frequency separation method is
used to perform interpolation even when referencing a frequency that is not included in loss density
data of an iron loss table.
The iron loss table include both hysteresis loss and Joule loss. If we assume that hysteresis loss is pro-
portional to the frequency and Joule loss to the square of it, the loss W at a magnetic flux density B
is considered to show the following dependence on frequency.
2
W = a ( B ) × f + b (B, f ) × f
Dividing both sides of this formula by frequency f , we obtain
W
----- = a ( B ) + b (B , f ) × f
f
Then after plotting data on the coordinate system with f as the transverse axis and W
----- as the longi-
f
tudinal axis, an almost linear relation is obtained.
The intercept of the line is a ( B ) and the slope is b (B, f ) . However, since the relation slightly devi-
ates from the line, b (B, f ) is considered to be frequency dependent.
Contribution of Joule loss
Contribution of hysteresis loss
Separation of hysteresis loss and Joule loss
27
Iron Loss Formulas
28
Procedure for Evaluating the Loss of Iron Loss Solver
The loss calculation in JMAG is processed by following the procedure below:
Procedures for calculating loss

• [FFT] (Hysteresis Loss, Joule Loss) (page 31)
• [Apply Loop] (Hysteresis Loss) (page 32)
29
Iron Loss Formulas
• [Maximum Value] (Joule Loss) (page 34)

• [Hysteresis Model] (Hysteresis Loss), [Eddy Current in Steel Sheet] (Joule Loss) (page 34)
30
[FFT] (Hysteresis Loss, Joule Loss)

In the Iron Loss condition, if [FFT] is selected from the [Hysteresis Loss] list or the [Joule loss] list,
analysis processing is performed in the following procedure.
1. magnetic field transient analysis will be executed.

2. The intervals of time-series data of the magnetic flux density used for the loss calcula-
tion are determined from the Basic frequency, reference start step, and reference end
step.
3. Time-series data of magnetic flux density within the interval are extracted for each
material of the transformation object in consideration of the coordinate system trans-
formation and rotational motion.
4. To perform FFT analysis, 2 N data points are required. Spline interpolation scheme is
used to create 2 N more equally spaced data points than the specified number of data
points.
For example, if 24 data points are specified, they are interpolated to increase to 32 data points.
5. FFT analysis is performed. It creates 2 N ⁄ 2 – 1 frequency components other than direct

current components. The lowest frequency is the Basic frequency specified.
6. The loss is calculated for each element by substituting the above obtained magnetic flux
density into the equation.
7. The loss for each specified order of frequency and the sum of losses over all frequencies
are output to the Jplot file.
31
Iron Loss Formulas
[Apply Loop] (Hysteresis Loss)

In the Iron Loss condition, if [Apply Loop] is selected from the [Hysteresis Loss] list, analysis pro-
cessing is performed in the following procedure.

2. The intervals of time-series data of magnetic flux density used for the loss calculation
are determined from the basic frequency, reference start step, and reference end step.
3. Time-series data of magnetic flux density within the interval are extracted for each
material of the transformation object in consideration of the coordinate system trans-
formation and rotational motion.
4. The maximum value and minimum value of magnetic flux density are searched at the
interval, and whether they belong to either the major loop or the minor loop is deter-
mined.
In the example shown below, there are two minor loops besides the one major loop.
The amplitude of a loop is given by Maximum value – Minimum value ⁄ 2 .
5. The loss due to a minor loop is determined only by the amplitude.
The difference in the loss along with the position of a minor loop in the main loop is not consid-
ered.
6. If data is not periodic within the interval, the hysteresis loop cannot be counted. Specify
basic frequency, reference start step, and reference end step for magnetic flux density
to be periodic within the interval. For 1/2- or 1/4-period data, use the expanded function
of periodicity.
To use the expanded function of periodicity, set the [Option] tab in the [Calculate Iron Loss]
dialog.
7. The loss is calculated for each element by substituting the above obtained magnetic flux
density in the equation.
8. The sum of losses over all loops is output to the Jplot file.
32
Bx
Maximum value
Minor loop 1
Maximum value
Minimum value
Minor loop 2 Time
Maximum value
Minimum value
Major loop
Minimum value
Hysteresis loop counting
33
Iron Loss Formulas
[Maximum Value] (Joule Loss)

In the Iron Loss condition, if [Maximum Value] is selected from the [Joule Loss] list, analysis pro-
cessing is performed in the following procedure.

2. The intervals of time-series data of magnetic flux density used for the loss calculation
are determined from the basic frequency, reference start step, and reference end step.
3. Maximum magnetic flux density of time-series data within the interval of magnetic flux
density is determined for each material of the transformation object.
4. The loss is calculated for each element by substituting the above-obtained frequency
and magnetic flux density in the equation.
5. Joule loss at a specified basic frequency is output to the Jplot file.
[Hysteresis Model] (Hysteresis Loss), [Eddy Current in Steel Sheet]

(Joule Loss)
In the Iron Loss condition, if [Hysteresis Model] is selected from the [Hysteresis Loss] list or [Eddy
Current in Steel Sheet] is selected from the [Joule loss] list, analysis execution is performed using the
following procedure.
1. magnetic field transient analysis is executed.

2. Magnetic flux density time-series data is extracted for each element in taking into
account coordinate system transformations and rotational motion.
3. The loss is computed by executing the one-dimensional magnetic field transient analysis
in the lamination direction for each element using a magnetic flux density value, from
the magnetic flux density values obtained in step 2 used for the boundary conditions.
A direct current magnetization curve (BH curve) is used for the material magnetic properties in
this magnetic field analysis. However, when [Hysteresis Model] is selected from the [Hysteresis
Loss] list under the Iron Loss condition and [Use Hysteresis Model for 1D Calculation] is
selected, an isotropic vector play model (a model that can take Hysteresis loop into account) is
used.
4. Loss density time-series data for each element and loss time-series data for each part
are output to a .jplot file.
34

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JMAG Version 22.

Calculation Method of Iron Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Loss Calculation Formula of Iron Loss Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Procedure for Evaluating the Loss of Iron Loss Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Magnetic Field Analysis Solver

 Topics in This Chapter

 Required settings for calculating hysteresis loss

 Required settings for calculating Joule loss (eddy current loss)

Calculating Iron Loss Using the Iron Loss Analysis Solver

 Running magnetic field analysis study with Iron Loss condition

1. Create a magnetic field analysis study.

1. Create a magnetic field analysis study.

 Settings for Performing a Magnetic Field Analysis

 When Accounting for Stress in an Iron Loss Analysis

 When Referencing Magnetic Field Frequency Analysis Results

Loss Type Method Discretion

 Topics in This Chapter

Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula when [FFT] is Selected

Using the Iron Loss Formula

The formula used to evaluate the loss is as follows:

• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at the frequency order k :

• Coefficients of hysteresis loss Kh , Kh = constant, or Kh ( B k , f k ) )

Using the Iron Loss Table

• [Loss Type] in the [Material Editor] dialog: [Iron Loss Table]

The formula used to determine the loss is as follows:

• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at the frequency order k :

• Frequency f k (Hz) at the frequency order: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , ..., f N

Using the Hysteresis Loss/Joule Loss Table

The formula used to determine the loss is as follows:

• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at the frequency order k :

• Frequency f k (Hz) at the frequency order: f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , ... , f N

• Volume of each element V e (m3)

Hysteresis Loss Calculation Formula When [Apply Loop] is Selected

Using the Iron Loss Formula

 Formula to calculate loss of each magnetic flux density component:

|B| |B| |B| |B|

Example of sin wave Example of offset Example of constant magnitude

• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k -th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

Using the Iron Loss Table

 Formula to calculate loss of each magnetic flux density component:

Formula B-3-2: Wh [ W ] =  { f × a ( B max ) × V e }

|B| |B| |B| |B|

Example of sin wave Example of offset Example of constant magnitude

• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k-th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

Using the Hysteresis Loss/Joule Loss Table

 Formula to calculate loss of each magnetic flux density component:

Formula C-3-1: Wh [ W ] =  { Wh e (B max, f ) × V e }

Formula C-3-2: Wh [ W ] =  { Wh e ( B max, f ) × V e }

|B| |B| |B| |B|

Example of sin wave Example of offset Example of constant magnitude

• B k : Amplitude ( k = 1 – nloop ) of k -th loop for each component (X, Y, Z or r, theta, z) of

Joule Loss Calculation Formula When [FFT] is Selected

Using the Iron Loss Formula

The formula used to determine the loss is as follows:

• Magnetic flux density B k (T) at frequency order k :

• Coefficients of Joule loss Ke , Ke = constant, or Ke ( B k , f k )

Using the Iron Loss Table

The formula used to determine the loss is as follows: