Theories behind Jean Watson's Caring Theory

Jean Watson's Caring Theory stands as a seminal framework in nursing, emphasizing the
significance of holistic care, human connection, and the interplay of mind, body, and spirit. To
understand the genesis of Watson's theory, it is essential to examine the prior theories and
philosophical underpinnings that laid the foundation for her work. This essay explores the key
theories and philosophies that influenced Jean Watson's development of the Caring Theory,
shedding light on the rich tapestry of ideas that shaped this renowned nursing framework.

First of all, Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory. One of the earliest and most influential
figures in nursing, Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory emphasized the environment's
impact on patient well-being. Nightingale's focus on creating a supportive and healing
environment resonates with Watson's emphasis on the physical and psychological aspects of
care (Nightingale, 1860).

Secondly, Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Approach. Jean Watson drew from Carl Rogers'
humanistic psychology, particularly his person-centered approach. Rogers stressed the
importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening in fostering
therapeutic relationships (Rogers, 1957). Watson's Caring Theory similarly underscores the
value of authentic, empathetic connections between nurses and patients.

Additionally, there is also Existential Philosophy. Watson's work is also influenced by existential
philosophy, particularly the ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger. Existentialism's
focus on authenticity, choice, and the human experience of "being" resonates with Watson's
emphasis on the nurse's presence and the patient's lived experience (Sartre, 1943; Heidegger,
1927).

Furthermore, Jean Watson also used the Holistic Nursing Models as another foundation.
Watson integrated ideas from holistic nursing models, including Martha Rogers' Science of
Unitary Human Beings and Margaret Newman's Health as Expanding Consciousness. These
models emphasize the interconnectedness of individuals with their environment and the
importance of a broader perspective in nursing (Rogers, 1970; Newman, 1994).

Finally, Jean Watson also integrated some Eastern Philosophical Traditions. Watson's
exploration of Eastern philosophical traditions, such as Buddhism and Taoism, informed her
holistic view of health and healing. Concepts like interconnectedness, mindfulness, and balance
are evident in her Caring Theory (Watson, 1999).

Jean Watson's Caring Theory is a testament to the rich mosaic of ideas that influenced her
nursing philosophy. By drawing from prior theories and philosophical traditions, including
Nightingale's environmental focus, Rogers' person-centered approach, existential philosophy,
holistic nursing models, and Eastern traditions, Watson crafted a comprehensive framework that
underscores the centrality of caring in nursing practice. This fusion of diverse influences has
made Watson's Caring Theory a cornerstone of nursing education and practice, highlighting the
enduring relevance of her work in an ever-evolving healthcare landscape.

References:

Nightingale, F. (1860). Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not. Harrison.

Rogers, C. R. (1957). The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality

Change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103.

Sartre, J.-P. (1943). Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology.

Washington Square Press.

Heidegger, M. (1927). Being and Time. Harper & Row.

Rogers, M. E. (1970). An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing. F.A. Davis Company.

Newman, M. A. (1994). Health as Expanding Consciousness. National League for Nursing.

Watson, J. (1999). Postmodern Nursing and Beyond. Churchill Livingstone.