Chapter - 4 Motion in A Plane

Motion in a
4 Plane
SCALARS AND VECTORS (v) Unit vector : Vector which has unit magnitude. It represents
Scalars : The physical quantities which have only magnitude r
direction only. For example take a vector B . Unit vector in
but no direction, are called scalar quantities.
For example - distance, speed, work, temperature, mass, etc. r B
· Scalars are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by the direction of B is , which is denoted as B̂ . B̂ , is
|B |
ordinary laws of algebra. read as “B cap” or "B caret".
Vectors: For any quantity to be a vector, (vi) Orthogonal unit vector : A set of unit vectors, having the
(i) it must have magnitude.
directions of the positive x, y and z axes of three dimensional
(ii) it must have direction.
(iii) it must satisfy parallelogram law of vector addition. rectangular coordinate system are denoted by î, ˆj and kˆ .
For example – displacement, velocity, force, etc. They are called orthogonal unit vectors because angle
Electric current has magnitude as well as direction but between any of the two unit vectors is 90º.
still it is not treated as a vector quantity because it is added by Z
ordinary law of algebra.
k̂
Types of Vectors
(i) Like vectors : Vectors having same direction are called like
vectors. The magnitude may or may not be equal. ˆj
o Y
A î
B
r r
A and B are like vectors. These are also called parallel X
vectors or collinear vectors.
The coordinate system which has shown in fig. is called
(ii) Equal vectors : Vectors having same magnitude and same
direction are called equal vectors. right handed coordinate system. Such a system derives its
name from the fact that right threaded screw rotated through
A 90º from OX to OY will advance in positive Z direction as
B shown in the figure.
r r r r
Here A and B are equal vectors A = B (vii) Null vector (zero vector) : A vector of zero magnitude is
Thus, equal vector is a special case of like vector. called a zero or null vector. Its direction is not defined. It is
(iii) Unlike vectors : Vectors having exactly opposite directions denoted by 0.
are called unlike vectors. The magnitude may or may not be Properties of Null or Zero Vector :
equal. ur
(a) The sum of a finite vector A and the zero vector is
A
B equal to the finite vector
r r ur ur
A and B are unlike vectors. i.e., A + 0 = A
(iv) Negative vectors : Vectors having exactly opposite direction (b) The multiplication of a zero vector by a finite number n
and equal magnitudes are called negative vectors. is equal to the zero vector
i.e., 0 n = 0
A ur
(c) The multiplication of a finite A by a zero is equal to
B zero vector
r r r r ur
Here A and B are negative vectors, A = -B i.e., A 0 = 0
Thus negative vectors is a special case of unlike vectors.
68 PHYSICS
(viii) Axial vector : Vector associated with rotation about an axis ur ur

Direction of R : Let the resultant R makes an angle b with the
i.e., produce rotation effect is called axial vector. Examples ur
are angular velocity, angular momentum, torque etc. direction of A . Then from right angle triangle QNO,
(ix) Coplanar vectors : Vectors in the same plane are called QN QN B sin q
coplanar vectors. tan b = = =
ON OP + PN A + B cos q
(x) Position vectors and displacement vectors : The vector ur
drawn from the origin of the co-ordinate axes to the position (i) | R | is maximum, if cosq = 1, q = 0° (parallel vector)
ur ur
of a particle is called position vector of the particle. If A (x1, A B
y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) be the positions of the particle at ¾¾® P ¾¾®
two different times of its motion w.r.t. the origin O, then
Rmax = A 2 + B2 + 2AB = A + B
position vector of A and B are ur
Y (ii) | R | is minimum, if cosq = –1, q = 180° (opposite vector)
uur uuur
B¾ ¾¾
¬¾ A®
Pa
A D
th
Rmin = A 2 + B2 - 2AB = A - B
of
isp
ve lace
pa
rA (iii) If the vectors A and B are orthogonal,

rti
c mto
r ent
cl
e
B i.e., q = 90 o , R = A 2 + B2
rB Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
O X
It states that if two vectors are represented in magnitude and
uur uuur
rA = OA = x1 î + y1 ˆj + z1 kˆ direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their
uur uuur resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
rB = OB = x 2 î + y2 ˆj + z 2 kˆ . diagonal of the parallelogram.
ur ur
The displacement vector is Let the two vectors A and B , inclined at angle q are represented
uuur uuur
AB = OB - OA . by sides OP and OS of parallelogram OPQS, then resultant vector
ur uuur
= (x 2 - x 2 )iˆ + (y 2 - y1 )ˆj + (z 2 - z1 )kˆ R is represented by diagonal OQ of the parallelogram.
Laws of Vector Algebra S Q
r r r r
1. A + B = B + A (Commutative law of addition)
r r r r r r
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C (Associative law of addition) R
r r B
3. mA = Am q
r r b
4. m(nA) = (mn)A O
P
r r r A
5. (m + n)A = mA + nA B sin q
r r r r R = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos q ; tan b =
6. m(A + B) = mA + mB A + B cos q
ur ur ur ur
ADDITION OF VECTORS If q < 90° , (acute angle) R = A + B , R is called main
(major) diagonal of parallelogram
Triangle Law of Vector Addition ur ur ur ur
It states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the same time If q > 90° , (obtuse angle) R = A + B , R is called minor
diagonal.
are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
triangle taken in one order, their resultant vector is represented Polygon Law of Vector Addition
in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n–1)
in opposite order. sides of an n-sided polygon then the resultant is given by the
closing side or the nth side of the polygon taken in opposite
Q
order. D D C
C
E
R B B
E
q
b R B
O A P N O A
A
ur ur ur ur ur ur
ur So, R = A + B + C + D + E
Magnitude of R is given by R = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos q uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
ur ur or, OA + AB + BC + CD + DE = OE
where q is the angle between A and B .
Motion in a Plane 69
15. Magnitude of a vector is independent of co-ordinate axes

system.
1. Resultant of two unequal vectors cannot be zero. 16. Component of a vector perpendicular to itself is zero.
2. Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be 17. (a) Resultant of two vectors is maximum when angle
zero. between the vectors is zero i.e., q = 0°
3. Minimum no. of coplanar vectors for zero resultant is 2 (for Rmax = A + B
(b) Resultant of two vectors is minimum when
equal magnitude) and 3 (for unequal magnitude).
q = 180°
4. Resultant of three non coplanar vectors cannot be zero. Rmin = A – B
Minimum number of non coplanar vectors whose sum can
be zero is four. (c) The magnitude of resultant of A and B can vary
between (A + B) and (A – B)
5. Polygon law should be used only for diagram purpose for
calculation of resultant vector (For addition of more than 2 SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
vectors) we use components of vector. We convert vector subtraction into vector addition.
Keep in Memory B
r r r r q
1. If A = B , then A - B = 0 is a null vector..
2. Null vector or zero vector is defined as a vector whose A
–B 180° – q
magnitude is zero and direction indeterminate. Null vector
differs from ordinary zero in the sense that ordinary zero is
not associated with direction. A - B = A + (-B )
r
A If the angle between A and B is q then the angle between
3. Â = r is called a unit vector. It is unitless and
|A|
A
dimensionless vector. Its magnitude is 1. It represents
direction only. a
r r r r
180
4. If A = B , then | A |=| B | and Â = B̂ , where Aˆ and B ˆ are –B

°–q
unit vectors of A and B respectively.

5. A vector can be divided or multiplied by a scalar. R
6. Vectors of the same kind can only be added or subtracted.
A and - B is (180° – q).
It is not possible to add or subtract the vectors of different
kind. This rule is also valid for scalars.
| A - B |= A 2 + B2 - 2AB cos q
7. Vectors of same as well as different kinds can be multiplied.
8. A vector can have any number of components. But it can B sin(180 o - q) B sin q
have only three rectangular components in space and two tan a = =
A + B cos (180o - q) A - B cos q
rectangular components in a plane. Rectangular
components are mutually perpendicular. RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
9. The minimum number of unequal non-coplanar whose
vector sum is zero is 4. Rectangular Components of a Vector in Plane
ur Y
10. When A = A x î + A y ˆj + A z kˆ
r r
| A |= A 2x + A 2y + A z2 , where | A | is modulus or
A y ˆj A y ˆj
r A
magnitude of vector A .
11. î + ˆj makes 45° with both X and Y-axes. It makes angle 90°
q
with Z-axis.
A x î X
12. î + ˆj + k̂ makes angle 54.74° with each of the X, Y and
Z-axes. The vector A may be written as
uur
13. A -B ¹ B -A A = Axiˆ + Ay ˆj
14. If | A + B | = | A - B | then angle between A and B is
where A x î is the component of vector A in X-direction and
p
.
2 A y ĵ is the component of vector A in the Y-direction.
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70 PHYSICS
Also Ax = A cos q and Ay = A sin q Solution :

\ A = ( A cos q) î + ( A sin q) ĵ Here OP = 6 cos 60° î + 6 sin 60 ° ĵ = 3 î + 5.2 ĵ `
Þ A cos q and A sin q are the magnitudes of the components of PQ = 4 î and QM = 3 ˆj
A in X and Y-direction respectively.. \ OM = OP + PQ + QM = 7 î + 8.2 ˆj
uur Example 3.
Also | A |= Ax2 + Ay2 The resultant of two forces F1 and F2 is P. If F2 is reversed,
Rectangular components of a vector in 3D : Three rectangular the resultant is Q. Show that P 2 + Q 2 = 2( F12 + F22 ) .
components along X, Y and Z direction are given by
A x î , A y ˆj, A z k.
ˆ Therefore, F1
r
vector A may be written as
ur F2 P F2
q
Q
A = Ax î + A y ˆj + A z kˆ and A = A 2x + A 2y + A 2z
q
If a , b and g are the angles subtended by the rectangular a
components of vector then F1

A Ay Az Solution :
cos a = x , cos b = and cos g = r r
A A A Suppose q be the angle between the forces F1 and F2 ,
2 2
Also, cos a + cos b + cos 2 g =1 then P 2 = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 cos q ......(i)
CAUTION : Do not resolve the vector at its head. The vector
is always resolved at its tail. F1
B cos q
q B sin q Q
P
F2 F2
B
q
B
B sin q q
F1
B cos q
Wrong Correct When the force F2 is reversed, then the magnitude of their
Example 1. resultant is
X and Y component of vector A are 4 and 6 m respectively. Q 2 = F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos(180° - q)
uur uur
The X and Y component of A + B are 10 m and 9 m = F12 + F22 - 2F1F2 cos q ......(ii)
respectively. Calculate the length of vector B and its angle
with respect to X-axis Adding equations (i) and (ii),
Solution : P 2 + Q 2 = 2F12 + 2F22 = 2(F12 + F22 )
A = 4 î + 6 ˆj and A + B = 10 î + 9 ˆj Example 4.
r
Find the components of vector A = 2iˆ + 3jˆ along the
\ B = ( A + B ) – A = (10î + 9 ĵ) – ( 4 î + 6 ˆj) = 6 î + 3 ĵ
directions of î + ˆj and î – ˆj .
\ length of B is | B |= 6 2 + 3 2 = 3 5 m Solution :
r
By
3 1 æ1ö Here A = 2î + 3ˆj
Also tan q = = Þ q = tan -1 ç ÷
= r
Bx
6 2 è2ø In order to find the component of A along the direction of
r r
where q is the angle which (A + B) is making with î + ĵ , let us find out the unit vector along î + ĵ . If â is the
X-axis.
Example 2. unit vector along î + ĵ , then
Find the resultant of vectors given in figure
î + ˆj î + ˆj
Y M â = =
| î + ˆj | 2
3 cm r
Hence, the magnitude of the component vector of A along
P 4 cm
Q î + ĵ
6cm
r î + ĵ 1 5
60° = A.â = (2î + 3ˆj). = (2 + 3) =
X 2 2 2
O
Therefore, component vector of A along î + ˆj Solution :

F2
r 5 æ î + ˆjö 5 ˆ ˆ r r
= (A.a)a
ˆ ˆ= ç ÷ = (i + j) F2 = 250ˆj , F1 = 250iˆ
2è 2ø 2 F1
r r
Similarly, if b̂ is the unit vector along the direction of î - ĵ , F2 - F1 = 250ˆj - 250iˆ ,
r r
then magnitude of the component vector of A along î - ĵ | F2 - F1 | = 2502 + 2502 = 250 2 N (N-W direction)
r (î - ĵ) (î - ĵ) (2 - 3) 1 N

= ( A.b̂) = (2î + 3 ĵ). = (2 î + 3 ĵ). = =-
| î - ĵ | 2 2 2
\ Component vector of A along î - ˆj 135°

W E
r æ ˆ ˆö
ˆ ˆ = - 1 i - j = - 1 (iˆ - ˆj)
= (A.b)b ç ÷ 2
2è 2ø S
Example 5.
250
If 0.3î + 0.4 ĵ + ck̂ is a unit vector, then find the value of c. tan q = = -1 Þ q = 135 °
-250
Solution : Example 9.
r r r
Unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude. r r r
If a,b and c are unit vectors such that a +b + c = 0 , then
\ 0.32 + 0.4 2 + c 2 = 1 Þ 0.09 + 0.16 + c 2 = 1 r
r
find the angle between a and b .
Þ c 2 = 1 - 0.25 = 0.75 Þ c = 0.75 Solution :
r r r r
Example 6. Given : ar + b + cr = 0 Þ c = -(a + b)
What is the vector joining the points (3, 1, 14) and r r r
(–2, –1, –6) ? Also, | a | = | b | = | c | = 1
Solution : r r
Let angle between a and b = q
If P and Q be the points represented by the coordinates
(3, 1, 14) and (–2, –1, –6) respectively then, \ 1 = 12 + 12 + 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ cos q
PQ = p.v. of Q – p.v. of P \ cos q = -1/ 2 Þ q = 120° = 2 p / 3
= (-2î - ĵ - 6k̂ ) - (3î + ĵ + 14 k̂ ) = -5î - 2 ĵ - 20k̂ PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
uuur uuur Scalar or Dot Product
and QP = - PQ = 5iˆ + 2jˆ + 20kˆ
The scalar or dot product of two vectors A and B is a scalar,
Example 7. r r
Find the angle between two vectors of magnitude 12 and which is equal to the product of the magnitudes of A and B and
18 units, if their resultant is 24 units. cosine of the smaller angle between them.
r r
Solution : i.e., A . B = A B cosq
r B
Magnitude of first vector (A) = 12; Magnitude of second
r r
r r r
e.g. W = F × s;P = F × vr
vector (B) = 18 and resultant of the given vectors (R) = 24
q
X
\ 24 = 2 2
A + B + 2AB cos q B cosq
A
Properties of Scalar or Dot Product:
2 2
24 = (12) + (18) + 2 ´ 12 ´ 18 cos q
1. iˆ . iˆ = ˆj . ˆj = kˆ . kˆ =1
or (24)2 = 144 + 324 + 432 cos q or 432 cos q = 108
108 iˆ . ˆj = ˆj . kˆ = kˆ . iˆ = 0
or cos q = = 0.25 or q = 75°52¢ r r
432 2. A . B = A (B cosq) = B (A cosq)
Example 8.
r r The dot product of two vectors can be interpreted as the
Two forces F1 = 250N due east and F2 = 250 N due north
th product of the magnitude of one vector and the magnitude
have their common initial point. Find the magnitude and of the component of the other vector along the direction of
r r the first vector.
direction of F2 - F1
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72 PHYSICS
r r r r
3. A . B = B . A Dot product of two vectors is commutative. S R
r r k
4. A . A = A2
B
r r r r r r r
5. A.( B + C ) = A . B + A .C Dot product is distributive. q
r r P Q
6. A .B = (A x î + A y ˆj + A z k).(B
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
x i + B y j + B z k) A
= (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz) r r
| A ´ B |= A( B sin q)
Vector or Cross Product = area of parallelogram PQRS
The vector product of two vectors is defined as a vector having
= 2 (area of DPQR)
magnitude equal to the product of two vectors and sine of the
angle between them. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane 8. A unit vector which is perpendicular to A as well as B is
containing the two vectors (direction of the vector is given by uur uur r r
A´B A´ B
right hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule. uur uur =
ur ur ur | A ´ B | AB sin q
C = A ´ B = (AB sin q) n̂
ur ur
The direction of (A ´ B) perpendicular to the plane containing Keep in Memory
ur ur ur ur
vectors A and B in the sense of advance of a right handed A x B x + A y B y + A z Bz A.B
ur ur 1. cos q = = ur ur
screw rotated from A to B is through the smaller angle between A 2x + A 2y + A z2 B2x + B2y + Bz2 | A || B |
them.
r r
A | A ´ B | A B sin q
2. tan q = r r =
q A.B A B cos q
ur ur ur
( A ´ B) = C B r r r r
3. | A ´ B |2 + | A.B |2 = A 2 B2
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
e.g., v = w´ r ; t = r ´ F; L = r ´ p
4. | A + B | ´ | A – B |= 2 | (B) ´ (A ) |
Properties of Vector or Cross Product r r r r r r r r r
i 5. If A + B + C = 0 , then A ´ B = B ´ C = C ´ A
1. iˆ ´ iˆ = ˆj ´ ˆj = kˆ ´ kˆ = 0 k
r r r r
6. | A.B |2 - | A ´ B |2 = A 2 B 2 cos 2q
2. iˆ ´ ˆj = kˆ; ˆj ´ kˆ = iˆ; kˆ ´ iˆ = ˆj
r r p
3. A´ A = 0 7. If | A ´ B |= A . B then angle between A and B is .
j 4
r r r r r r r r
4. A ´ B ¹ B ´ A (not commutative) [Q A ´ B = - B ´ A]
8. If A || B then A ´ B = 0
r r r r r r r
5. A ´ ( B + C ) = ( A ´ B) + ( A ´ C ) (follows distributive law)
9. Division by a vector is not defined. Because, it is not
r r
6. A ´ B = ( Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ ) ´ ( B x iˆ + B y ˆj + B z kˆ ) possible to divide by a direction.
î ˆj 10. The sum and product of vectors is independent of

kˆ
co-ordinate axes system.
= Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz CONDITION OF ZERO RESULTANT VECTOR AND LAMI'S
THEOREM
= (Ay Bz – Az By) î + (Az Bx – Ax Bz) ĵ If the three vectors acting on a point object at the same time are
represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a
+ (Ax By – Ay Bx) k̂ triangle taken in order, then their resultant is zero and the three
7. The cross product of two vectors represents the area of the vectors are said to be in equilibrium.
parallelogram formed by them. r r r
i.e. F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
ur uur
R ˆ s = 2cos 45º iˆ - 2 sin 45º ˆj
s1 = 4j, 2
uur
a s3 = -2 cos 45º î - 2 sin 45º ˆj
F3 F2 r ur uur uur
s = s1 + s 2 + s3 = 4jˆ + 2 î - 2 ˆj - 2 î - 2 ˆj
r
b g \ Displacement s = (4 - 2 2)jˆ = (1.17)jˆ = (1.17)
P Q
F1 (northward)
And total distance covered = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7m
Lami's Theorem
It states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, Example 12.
r r
then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between Prove that vectors A= iˆ + 2jˆ +3kˆ and B = 2iˆ - ˆj are
the other two forces.
r r r F2 perpendicular to each other.
F1 F F Solution :
= 2 = 3 g
sin a sin b sin g r r
a Here, A = î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂ and B = 2î - ĵ
r r r b
F1 F2 F3 F1 r r
or, = = Two vectors are perpendicular to each other if, A.B = 0
PQ QR PR
F3 r r
Example 10. Now A.B = (î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂ ) . (2î - ĵ) = 0
Calculate the area of a parallelogram formed from the
r r = 1 × 2 + 2 × (–1) + 3 × (0) = 2 – 2 + 0 = 0
vectors A = î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂ and B = 2î - 3 j + k̂ , as adjacent r r r r
Sin ce A.B = 0 , therefore vectors A and B are
sides.
Solution : perpendicular to each other.
r r
The area of a parallelogram is given by | A ´ B | Example 13.
Here, r
Find the angle between the vectors A = iˆ + ˆj - 2kˆ and
î ˆj kˆ r
r r B = -iˆ + 2 ˆj - kˆ .
A ´ B = 1 +2 3
Solution :
2 -3 1 r r
= î [(2 × 1) – (–3 × 3)] + ĵ [(3 × 2) – (1 × 1)] Here A = î + ĵ - 2k̂ , B = - î + 2 ĵ - k̂
r r
+ k̂ [(1 × –3) – (2 × 2)] r r A.B
We know that A.B = AB cos q or cos q =
AB
= 11 î + 5 ĵ – 7 k̂
ur ur Now A= 12 + 12 + ( -2) 2 = 6,
\ | A ´ B |= (11)2 + (5)2 + (-7) 2 @ 14
B = ( -1)2 + 22 + ( -1)2 = 6
Example 11.
r r
A particle suffers three displacements 4m in the northward, A.B = (iˆ + ˆj - 2k).(
ˆ -î + 2ˆj - k)
ˆ = -1 + 2 + 3 = 3
2 m in the south-east and 1 m in the south-west directions.
What is the displacement of the particle and the distance 3 3 1
cos q = = = or q = 60°
covered by it? 6´ 6 6 2
Solution : Example 14.
Taking a frame of reference with the x-axis in the eastward A particle is displaced from a point (3, – 4, 5) to another point
and the y-axis in the northward direction
(–2, 6, – 4) under a force 2î + 3 ĵ - k̂ . Find the work done by
North (N) the force.
Y Solution :
r
F = 2î + 3 ĵ - k̂
West (W) X East (E) The displacement of the particle is
r
s = position vector of point (–2, 6, – 4) – position vector of
point (3, – 4, 5)
South (S) r
s = (-2î + 6 ĵ - 4k̂ ) - (3î - 4 ĵ + 5k̂ ) = -5î + 10 ĵ - 9k̂
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74 PHYSICS
\ work done by the force is Dr ˆ Dx

rr Average velocity v = =i + ˆj Dy = vxiˆ + vy ˆj
W = F.s = (2î + 3 ĵ - k̂ ).(-5î + 10 ĵ - 9k̂ ) Dt Dt Dt
W = (2) (–5) + (3) (10) + (–1) (–9) = 29 units. Y
Dr
Example 15. Instantaneous velocity vinst = lim
Dt ® 0 Dt v ^
r vy j
A force F = 6iˆ + xjˆ acting on a particle displaces it from the q
The magnitude of v = v x2 + v y 2 vx î
point A (3, 4) to the point B (1, 1). If the work done is 3 units,
X
then find value of x. O
vy v y
Solution : The direction of the velocity, tan q = \ q = tan -1
r r vx vx
d = -2iˆ - 3jˆ , F = 6iˆ + xjˆ
rr Acceleration
\ W = F.d ; 3 = – 12 – 3x Þ x = –5 The average acceleration in a x–y plane in time interval Dt is the
change in velocity divided by the time interval.
MOTION IN A PLANE OR MOTION IN TWO r
DIMENSIONS a = ax iˆ + a y ˆj
The motion in which the movement of a body is restricted to a
The magnitude of a = ax2 + a y2
plane is called motion in a plane.
Example : A ball is thrown with some initial velocity (u) and Dv Dvx ˆ Dv y ˆ
making angle q with harizontal. Average acceleration a = = i+ j
Dt Dt Dt
The general approach to solve problem on this topic is to resolve Instantaneous acceleration
the motion into two mutually perpendicular co-ordinates. One
along X-axis and other along Y-axis. These two motions are Dv Dv x ˆ Dv y
ainst = lim = lim i + lim ˆj
independent of each other and can be treated as two separate D t ® 0 Dt D t ® 0 Dt D t ® 0 Dt
rectilinear motions. In two or three dimensions, the velocity and acceleration vectors
The velocity v and acceleration a can be resolved into its x and y may have any angle between 0°and 180° between them.
components. RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Y If two objects A and B moving with velocities VA and VB with
respect to some common frame of reference, then :
vy v (i) Relative velocity of A w.r.t B
b r r r
u vx v AB = v A - vB
u sin q P(x,y)
(ii) Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A
r r r
q vBA = vB - v A
X
O u cos q r r r r
Therefore, v AB = v BA and vAB = vBA
v = v x î + v y ˆj
PROJECTILE MOTION
a = axi + ay j
Projectile is the name given to a body thrown with some initial
x-component of motion y- component of motion velocity in any arbitrary direction and then allowed to move
vx = ux + axt vy = uy + ayt under the influence of gravity alone.
1 2 1 Examples : A football kicked by the player, a stone thrown from
x = ux t+ at y = uyt + a t2 the top of building, a bomb released from a plane.
2 x 2 y
The path followed by the projectile is called a trajectory.
vx2 – ux2 = 2 axx vy2 – uy2 = 2 ayy The projectile moves under the action of two velocities:
(1) A uniform velocity in the horizontal direction, which does
æ u + vx ö æ u y + vy ö not change (if there is no air resistance)
x= ç x ÷t y = çç ÷÷ t
è 2 ø è 2 ø (2) A uniformly changing velocity in the vertical direction due
to gravity.
Velocity The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other.
The ratio of the displacement and the corresponding time interval Types of Projectile:
is called the average velocity. 1. Oblique projectile : In this, the body is given an initial
r velocity making an angle q with the horizontal and it moves
v = v x î + v y ˆj
under the infuence of gravity along a parabolic path.
2. Horizontal projectile : In this, the body is given an initial Case 2: If a particle is projected at an angle (q) in upward direction
velocity directed along the horizontal and then it moves from the top of tower of height h with velocity u, then
under the influence of gravity along a parabolic path. uy = u sin q
Motion along x-axis g
ay = – g
ux = u, ax = 0 o ux = u x ux = u cos q
y
P(x,y) ax = 0
1
uy = 0
x = uxt + axt2 x b vx = ux = u
2 1
h = + u sin q.t - gt 2 and x = u cosq.t
2
x = ut + 0 vy=gt v
x y
\ t= …… (1)
u +
Motion along y-axis u sin q u
uy = 0, ay = g A q
–
1 1 u cos q
y = uyt + ayt2 Þ 0 + gt2
2 2 h
1
y = gt2 …… (2)
2
x B
æ g ö 2
From equations (1) and (2) we get y = çè 2 ÷ø x
2u Case 3: If a body is projected at an angle (q) from the top of tower
which is the equation of a parabola. in downward direction then
Velocity at any instant : uy = – u sin q, ux = u cosq, ax = 0
r
v = v î + v ˆj
x y 1 2
ay = +g , - h = - u sin q.t - gt and x = u cosq.t
v= u 2 + g2 t 2 2
r
If b is the angle made by v with the horizontal, then
+ ucos q
vygt q u
tanb = = –
vx u usin q
Time of flight and horizontal range: h
If h is the distance of the ground from the point of projection, T
is the time taken to strike the ground and R is the horizontal range
of the projectile then
2h x
2h
T= and R = u
g g Equation of Trajectory
Let the point from which the projectile is thrown into space is
taken as the origin, horizontal direction in the plane of motion is
Case 1: If the projectile is projected from the top of the tower of taken as the X-axis, the vertical direction is taken as the Y-axis,
height 'h', in horizontal direction, then the height of tower h, Let the projectile be thrown with a velocity u making an angle q
range x and time of flight t are related as : with the X-axis.
1 Y
h = gt 2 and x = vt
2
vy v
b
u vx
u
u sin q P(x,y)
q
h X
1b v x O u cos q
v The components of the initial velocity in the X-direction and Y-
vy direction are u cos q and u sin q respectively. Then at any instant
x of time t,
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Motion along x – axis Keep in Memory

ux = ucosq, ax = 0
1. The horizontal range of the projectile is same at two angles
1
x = ux t + a x t2 of projection for q and (90° – q).
2
2. The height attained by the projectile above the ground is
x = (u cosq) t ...(1)
Motion along y–axis the largest when the angle of projection with the horizontal
uy = u sin q, ay = –g is 90° (vertically upward projection). In such a case time of
flight is largest but the range is the smallest (zero).
1 2
y = uyt + at 3. If the velocity of projection is doubled. The maximum height
2 y
attained and the range become 4 times, but the time of flight
1 2 is doubled.
y = u sinq t + gt ...(2)
2 4. When the horizontal range of the projectile is maximum, (q =
From equations (1) and (2) we get 45°), then the maximum height attained is ¼th of the range.
g 5. For a projectile fired from the ground, the maximum height is
y = x tanq - 2 2
x2 attained after covering a horizontal distance equal to half of
2u cos q
which is the equation of a parabola. Hence the path followed by the range.
the projectile is parabolic. The velocity of the projectile is minimum but not zero at the
Velocity at any Point highest point, and is equal to u cosq i.e. at the highest point
Let vy be the vertical velocity of projectile at time t. (at P) of the trajectory, the projectile has net velocity in the
And vx be the horizontal component of velocity at time t. horizontal direction (vertical component is zero). Horizontal
\ v y = u sin q - gt ¼¼ (1) component of velocity also remains same as the component
of g in horizontal direction is zero i.e., no acceleration in
vx = u cos q ¼¼ (2) horizontal direction.
v = vx2 + v y2 Example 16.
A boat takes 2 hours to travel 8 km and back in still water
= u 2 cos 2 q + u 2 sin 2 q - 2gt u sin q + g 2 t 2 lake. If the velocity of water is 4 km h–1, the time taken for
going upstream of 8 km and coming back is
(a) 2 hours
v = u 2 + g 2 t 2 - 2gt u sin q
(b) 2 hours 40 minutes
and the instantaneous angle (b) with horizontal is given by (c) 1 hour and 20 minutes
v y u sin q - gt gt (d) can't be estimated with given information
tan b = = = tan q - Solution : (b)
vx u cos q u cos q
Total distance travelled by boat in 2 hours = 8 + 8 = 16 km.
Time of Flight :
Therefore speed of boat in still water, vb = 16/2 = 8 km h–1.
The time of flight of the projectile is given by Effective velocity when boat moves upstream = vb – vw
2u sin q = 8 – 4 = 4 km h –1.
T = 2t = ,
g Therefore time taken to travel 8 km distance
where 't' is the time of ascent or descent. = 8/4 = 2h.
Maximum Height : Effective velocity when boat moves along the stream
Maximum height attained by the projectile is given by = vb + vw = 8 + 4 = 12 km h –1.
The time taken to travel 8 km distance = 8/12 = 2/3h = 40 min.
u2 Total time taken = 2h + 40 min = 2hours 40 min.
H= sin 2 q .
2g Example 17.
In case of vertical motion, q = 90º so maximum height attained A boat man can row a boat with a speed of 10 km/h in still
water. If the river flows at 5 km/h, the direction in which
u2 the boat man should row to reach a point on the other
H=
2g bank directly opposite to the point from where he started
Horizontal Range : (width of the river is 2 km).
The horizontal range of the projectile is given by (a) is in a direction inclined at 120º to the direction of river
flow
u 2 sin 2q u2 (b) is in a direction inclined at 90º to the direction of
R= and R max = at q = 45º river flow.
g g
(c) is 60º in the north-west direction
(Q maximum value of sin2q = 1) (d) is should row directly along the river flow
Solution : (a) 2 u 2 sin q cos q 2 u 2 sin 2 q

Refer to fig., the boat man should go along OC in order to \ =
cross the river straight (i.e. along OB). g 2g
Solving we get tan q = 2 .....(3)
C B
Hence sin q = (2 / 5 ) and cos q = (1 / 5 )
2u2 2 1 4u2
From eqn. (2) R = ´ ´ =
2km g 5 5 5g
nb
q
Example 21.
O nr A A body is projected downwards at an angle of 30º to the
horizontal with a velocity of 9.8 m/s from the top of a tower
CB n r 5 1 29.4 m high. How long will it take before striking the
sin q = = = = = sin 30º ; q = 30º; ground?
OC n b 10 2 Solution :
\ Boat man should go along in a direction inclined at The situation is shown in fig.
90º + 30º = 120º to the direction of river flow.
Example 18. 30°
–
A man swims at an angle q = 120º to the direction of water u
flow with a speed vmw = 5km/hr relative to water. If the +
speed of water vw = 3km/hr, find the speed of the man.
Solution :
r r r
v mw = v m – v w
r r r
v m = v mw + v w
r r A B
Þ vm = | v mw + v w| = v 2mw + v 2w + 2 v mw . v w cos q
The time taken by the body is equal to the time taken by the
freely falling body from the height 29.4 m with initial velocity
Þ vm = 5 2 + 3 2 + 2 (5) (3) cos120 º u sin q. This is given by
Þ vm = 25 + 9 - 15 = 19 m/sec. 9.8
u sinq = = 4.9 m / s
Example 19. 2
A gun throws a shell with a muzzle speed of 98 m/sec. When 1
the elevation is 45º, the range is found to be 900 m. How Applying the formula, s = u t + g t2, we have
2
much is the range decreased by air resistance?
Solution : 1
29.4 = 4.9 t + (9.8) t2 or 4.9 t2 + 4.9 t – 29.4 = 0
Without air resistance, the expected range 2
u 2 sin 2 q (98) 2 ´ sin 90 (98) 2 (because s, u and g are all in downward direction)
R= = = = 980 m t2 + t – 6 = 0or t = 2 or –3
g 9.8 9.8 \ Time taken to reach ground = 2 second
Decrease in range = 980 m – 900 m = 80 m
Example 20. Example 22.
A particle is projected with velocity u at an angle q with Two boys stationed at A and B fire bullets simultaneously
the horizontal so that its horizontal range is twice the at a bird stationed at C. The bullets are fired from A and B
greatest height attained. The horizontal range is at angles of 53° and 37° with the vertical. Both the bullets
(a) u2/g (b) 2 u2/3 g fire the bird simultaneously. What is the value of vA if
2 vB = 60 units? (Given : tan 37° = 3/4)
(c) 4 u /5 g (d) None of these
Solution :
Solution : (c)
The vertical components must be equal.
Greatest height attained
u 2 sin 2 q
H= …… (1)
2g
Horizontal range,
u 2 sin 2 q 2 u 2 sin q cos q
R= = …… (2)
g g
[Qsin 2q = 2 sin q cosq]
Given that R = 2 H
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\ vA cos 53° = vB cos 37° Condition for horizontal range R on the inclined plane to be
cos 37° maximum :
or vA = vB cos (90° - 37°) u2
Since R = [2sin(q - a ) cos q]
g cos 2 a
60
or vA = 60 cot 37° = tan 37° [QvB = 60 units] u2
= [sin(2q - a) - sin a]
g cos 2 a
60 ´ 4
= = 80 units {2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B)+sin(A–B)}
3
R is maximum when sin (2q –a) is maximum
PROJECTILE ON AN INCLINED PLANE
Let a body is thrown from a plane OA inclined at an angle a with p a
i.e., sin (2q – a) = 1 or q = +
the horizontal, with a constant velocity u in a direction making an 4 2
angle q with the horizontal.
The body returns back on the same plane OA. Hence the net u2
displacement of the particle in a direction normal to the plane OA Þ R max = [1 - sin a]
is zero. g cos 2 a
R max (on horizontal plane)

or Rmax(on inclined plane) =
x 1 + sin a
u2
A where Rmax (on horizontal plane) = .
2g
a)
y sin(
g Condition for time of flight T to be maximum :
u ) g cos(a)
-a a
(q 2 u sin(q - a )
q T= so T is max when sin (q – a) is maximum
uy a g g cos a
O B p 2u
i.e., sin (q –a) = 1 or q = +a Þ T =
ux = u cos (q – a ) along the incline, + x-axis) 2 g cos a
uy = u sin (q – a ) along the incline, + y-axis) It means that if q1 is the angle for projectile for which T is maximum
ax = g sin a along – x-axis, as retardation and q2 is the angle for which R is maximum, then q1 = 2q2.
ay = g cos a along – y-axis, as retardation Example 23.
The time of flight of the projectile is given by The slopes of wind screen of two cars are b1 = 30° and
1 2 b2 = 15° respectively. At what ratio v1/v2 of the velocities
s = ut + at
2 of the cars will their drivers see the hailstorms bounced by
windscreen of their cars in the vertical direction? Assume
1
or 0 = u sin(q - a )T - g cos aT 2 hailstorms falling vertically.
2 Solution :
v
2 u sin(q - a ) From the fig tan a = and a = 90° - 2b1
T= v1
g cos(a )
where v is velocity of hail
If maximum height above the inclined plane is H, v
tan(90° - 2b1 ) = cot 2b1 =
v1
u 2 sin 2 (q - a )
H=
2g
v b1 b
1
The horizontal range R of the projectile is given by a
–v1
2 u 2 sin(q - a) cos q
OB = u cos q t = =R
g cos a b1
The range of the projectile at the inclined plane is given by v
Similarly, cot 2b 2 =
v2
OB 2u 2 sin(q - a)cos q
OA = = =R v1 cot 2b 2 cot 30
cos a g cos 2 a = = = 3.
v 2 cot 2b1 cot 60
Example 24. Angular displacement : Change in angular position is called

A particle is projected up an inclined plane of inclination angular displacement (dq).
a to the horizontal. If the particle strikes the plane
horizontally then tan a = ... . Given angle of projection B DS
with the horizontal is b. A
dq
(a) 1/2 tanb (b) tanb q2
(c) 2 tanb (d) 3 tanb q1
Solution : (a) O
If the projectile hits the plane horizontally then
A
Angular velocity : Rate of change of angular displacement is called
angular velocity w
b dq
i.e., w =
a B dt
C
Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (w).
1 r r r
Tplane = Thorizontal plane
v = w´r
2 In magnitude, v = r w
2u sin(b - a ) u sin b Angular acceleration : Rate of change of angular velocity is called
or = angular accelaeration.
g cos a g
2 sinb cos a –2 cosb sina = cosa sinb d w d 2q
i.e., a = =
tan b dt dt 2
or sinb cosa = 2 cosb sina or tan a =
2 Relation between linear acceleration and angular accelaration.
r ur r
Keep in Memory a = a´r
1. Equation of trajectory of an oblique projectile in terms of In magnitude, a = r a
range (R) is Centripetal acceleration : Acceleration acting on a body moving
in uniform circular motion is called centripetal acceleration. It
æ xö arises due to the change in the direction of the velocity vector.
y = x tan q - çè1 - ÷ø Magnitude of certipetal acceleration is
R
2. There are two unique times at which the projectile is at the v2

ac = = rw2
same height h(< H) and the sum of these two times. r
2p æ 1 ö
1 2 Q w= = 2pu çè u = = frequency÷ø
Since, h = (u sin q)t - gt is a quadratic in time, so it has T T
2
\ ac = 4p2 u2 r
two unique roots t1 and t2 (say) such that sum of roots
This acceleration is always directed radially towards the centre of
2u sin q 2h the circle.
(t1 + t2) is g and product (t1t2) is g .
Centripetal force: The force required to keep a body moving in
uniform circular motion is called centripetal force.
mv2
2
4u sin q 2
8h Fc = = mr w2
The time lapse (t1– t2) is - . r
g2 g It is always directed radially inwards.
Centrifugal force : Centrifugal force is a fictitious force which
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION acts on a body in rotating (non-inertial frames) frame of reference.
Uniform Circular Motion mv2
An object moving in a circle with a constant speed is said to be Magnitude of the centrifugal force F = .
r
in uniform circular motion.Ex. Motion of the tip of the second This force is always directed radially outwards and is also called
hand of a clock. corolious force.
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80 PHYSICS
Non-uniform Circular Motion : Solution :

An object moving in a circle with variable speed is said to be in Centripetal force is provided by component T sin q, therefore
non-uniform circular motion.
mn 2
If the angular velocity varies with time, the object has two T sin q = ;
accelerations possessed by it, centripetal acceleration (a c) and r
Tangential accelaration (aT) and both perpendicular to each other. and, T cos q = mg;
so,
aT v2 r O
a tan q = = ;
rg l2 - r 2
b q l
é r ù
êQ tan q = ú
ac êë l 2 - r 2 úû
1/2
T cos q
é r 2g ù T
v = ê 2 2 1/2 ú q
ë (l - r ) û T sin q A
Net acceleration B r
1/2
é 0.09 ´ 10 ù
=ê 1/2 ú
a = ac 2 + aT 2 ë (0.25 - 0.09) û mg
= 1.5 m/s.
a = (r 2 w4 + r 2a 2 ) Example 26.
A cyclist is riding with a speed of 27 km/h. As he approaches
a circular turn on the road of radius 80 m, he applies
a = r w4 + a2 brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rate of 0.50
m/s every second. What is the magnitude and direction of
ac the net acceleration of the cyclist on the circular turn ?
and, tan b =
aT Solution :
5
Keep in Memory Speed, v = 27 km/h = 27 ´ ms -1 = 7.5ms -1
18
1. Angular displacement behaves like vector, when its v2
magnitude is very very small. It follows laws of vector centripetal acceleration, a c =
addition. r
2. Angular velocity and angular acceleration are axial vectors. (7.5) 2 -2
or a c = ms = 0.7ms -2
3. Centripetal acceleration always directed towards the centre 80
of the circular path and is always perpendicular to the
instantaneous velocity of the particle. v
4. Circular motion is uniform if aT = ra = 0, that is angular
velocity remains constant and radial acceleration
ac
v2 P
ac = = rw2 is constant. q
r a at
5. When aT or a is present, angular velocity varies with time
and net acceleration is
P is the point at which cyclist applies brakes. At this point,
a = a c2 + a T 2 tangential acceleration at, being negative, will act opposite
r
to v .
6. If aT = 0 or a = 0, no work is done in circular motion.
Total acceleration, a = a 2c + a 2t
Example 25.
A sphere of mass 0.2 kg is attached to an inextensible string or, a = (0.7) 2 + (0.5) 2 ms -2 = 0.86ms -2
of length 0.5 m whose upper end is fixed to the ceiling. The a c 0.7
tan q = = = 1.4
sphere is made to describe a horizontal circle of radius a t 0.5
0.3 m. What will be the speed of the sphere? \ q = 54°28¢
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82 PHYSICS
1. It is found that A + B = A . This necessarily implies, 10. Given that A + B = R and A2 + B2 = R2. The angle between
A and B is
(a) B = 0 (a) 0 (b) p/4
(b) A, B are antiparallel (c) p/2 (d) p
(c) A, B are perpendicular
11. Given that A + B = R and A = B = R. What should be the
(d) A.B £ 0 angle between A and B ?
2. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) 0 (b) p/3
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a (c) 2p/3 (d) p
process. 12. Let A = iA cos q + jA sin q be any vector. Another vector B,
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative which is normal to A can be expressed as
values. (a) i B cos q – j B sin q (b) i B cos q + j B sin q
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from (c) i B sin q – j B cos q (d) i B sin q + j B cos q
one point to another in space. 13. Three particles A, B and C are projected from the same point
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with same initial speeds making angles 30º, 45º and 60º
with different orientations of the axes. respectively with the horizontal. Which of the following
3. Two balls are projected at an angle q and (90º – q) to the statements is correct?
horizontal with the same speed. The ratio of their maximum (a) A, B and C have unequal ranges
vertical heights is (b) Ranges of A and C are equal and less than that of B
(a) 1 : 1 (b) tanq : 1
(c) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater than that of B
(c) 1 : tanq (d) tan2q : 1
(d) A, B and C have equal ranges
4. Which of the following is not correct ?
r r r 14. Two particles of equal masses are revolving in circular paths
(a) A ´ B = - B ´ A of radii r1 and r2 respectively with the same period. The
r r r
(b) A ´ B ¹ B ´ A ratio of their centripetal force is
r r r r r r r
(c) A ´ ( B + C ) = A ´ B + A ´ C (a) r1/r2 (b) r2 / r1
r r r r r r
(d) A ´ ( B + C ) = ( A ´ B ) + C
(c) (r1/r2)2 (d) (r2/r1)2
5. The greatest height to which a man can through a ball is h.
15. A bomb is released from a horizontal flying aeroplane. The
What is the greatest horizontal distance to which he can
trajectory of bomb is
throw the ball?
h (a) a parabola (b) a straight line
(a) 2h (b) (c) a circle (d) a hyperbola
4
h 16. A projectile can have the same range for two angles of
(c) (d) None of these projection. If h 1 and h2 are maximum heights when the
2
6. If A and B are two vectors, then the correct statement is range in the two cases is R, then the relation between R, h 1
(a) A + B = B + A (b) A – B = B – A and h2 is
(c) A × B = B × A (d) None of these
(a) R = 4 h1h 2 (b) R = 2 h1h 2
7. Three vectors A, B and C satisfy the relation
A · B = 0 and A · C = 0. The vector A is parallel to (c) R = h1h 2 (d) None of these
(a) B (b) C
(c) B · C (d) B × C 17. A bomb is dropped from an aeroplane moving horizontally
at constant speed. If air resistance is taken into
8. If n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the vector A, then consideration, then the bomb
A (a) falls on earth exactly below the aeroplane
(a) n̂ = (b) n̂ = A A
A (b) falls on the earth exactly behind the aeroplane
A (c) falls on the earths ahead of the aeroplane
(c) n̂ = (d) nˆ = nˆ × A (d) flies with the aeroplane
A
18. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, another vector C lies
9. A projectile thrown with a speed v at an angle q has a range
outside this plane, then the resultant of these three vectors
R on the surface of earth. For same v and q, its range on the
i.e., A + B + C
é g Earth ù
surface of moon will be ê g moon = (a) can be zero
ë 6 úû (b) cannot be zero
(a) R/6 (b) R
(c) lies in the plane containing A + B
(c) 6 R (d) 36 R
(d) lies in the plane containing A – B
19. A cannon on a level plane is aimed at an angle q above the (a) vA = vB = vC (b) vA = vB > vC
horizontal and a shell is fired with a muzzle velocity n0 towards (c) vB > vC > vA (d) vA > vB = vC
a vertical cliff a distance D away. Then the height from the 22. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed releases a bomb.
bottom at which the shell strikes the side walls of the cliff is As the bomb moves away from the aeroplane, it will
(a) always be vertically below the aeroplane only if the
g D2 aeroplane was flying horizontally
(a) D sin q -
2 v 0 2 sin 2 q (b) always be vertically below the aeroplane only if the
aeroplane was flying at an angle of 45° to the horizontal
g D2 (c) always be vertically below the aeroplane
(b) D cos q - (d) gradually fall behind the aeroplane if the aeroplane was
2 v 0 2 cos 2 q
flying horizontally.
23. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector and
g D2
(c) D tan q - acceleration vector are
2 v 0 2 cos2 q (a) perpendicular to each other
(b) same direction
g D2 (c) opposite direction
(d) D tan q -
2 v0 2 sin 2 q (d) not related to each other
24. The time of flight of a projectile on an upward inclined plane
20. A projectile thrown with velocity v making angle q with
depends upon
vertical gains maximum height H in the time for which the
(a) angle of inclination of the plane
projectile remains in air, the time period is
(b) angle of projection
(a) H cos q / g (b) 2 H cos q / g (c) the value of acceleration due to gravity
(d) all of the above.
(c) 4H / g (d) 8H / g 25. At the highest point on the trajectory of a projectile, its
21. Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top of a (a) potential energy is minimum
tower with the same speed. A is thrown up, B is thrown (b) kinetic energy is maximum
down and C is horizontally. They hit the ground with speeds (c) total energy is maximum
vA, vB and vC respectively then, (d) kinetic energy is minimum.
1. A projectile is projected with a kinetic energy E. Its range is R. (a) 20 (b) 23

It will have the minimum kinetic energy, after covering a
(c) 5 33 (d) 26
horizontal distance equal to
(a) 0.25 R (b) 0.5 R 6. If range is double the maximum height of a projectile, then q is
(c) 0.75 R (d) R (a) tan–1 4 (b) tan–1 1/4
(c) tan 1 –1 (d) tan–1 2
2. The range of a projectile when launched at an angle of 15º
with the horizontal is 1.5 km. What is the range of the 7. A body is projected such that its KE at the top is 3/4th of its
projectile when launched at an angle of 45º to the horizontal initial KE. What is the angle of projectile with the horizontal?
(a) 1.5 km (b) 3.0 km (a) 30º (b) 60º (c) 45º (d) 120º
(c) 6.3 km (d) 0.75 km 8. Consider a vector F = 4 i – 3 j. Another vector that is
perpendicular to F is
3. A gun fires two bullets at 60º and 30º with horizontal. The
(a) 4 i + 3 j (b) 6 i
bullets strike at some horizontal distance. The ratio of
(c) 7 k (d) 3 i – 4 j
maximum height for the two bullets is in the ratio
9. From a point on the ground at a distance 2 meters from the
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1
foot of a vertical wall, a ball is thrown at an angle of 45º
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 which just clears the top of the wall and afterward strikes
4. The angular speed of a fly-wheel making 120 revolutions/ the ground at a distance 4 m on the other side. The height of
minute is the wall is
(a) p rad/sec (b) 4p rad/sec
2 3
(c) 2p rad/sec (d) 4p2 rad/sec (a) m (b) m
3 4
r r
5. Consider two vectors F1 = 2iˆ + 5kˆ and F2 = 3jˆ + 4kˆ . The 1 4
(c) m (d) m
magnitude of the scalar product of these vectors is 3 3
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84 PHYSICS
10. The velocity of projection of a body is increased by 2%. 18. A body is projected horizontally from a point above the
Other factors remaining unchanged, what will be the ground and motion of the body is described by the equation
percentage change in the maximum height attained? x = 2t, y = 5t2 where x, and y are horizontal and vertical
(a) 1% (b) 2 % coordinates in metre after time t. The initial velocity of the
(c) 4 % (d) 8 % body will be
11. A ball is thrown from the ground with a velocity of 20 3 (a) 29 m / s horizontal (b) 5 m/s horizontal
m/s making an angle of 60º with the horizontal. The ball will (c) 2 m/s vertical (d) 2 m/s horizontal
be at a height of 40 m from the ground after a time t equal to uur
(g = 10 ms–2) 19. A vector P1 is along the positive x-axis. If its vector product
(a) 2 sec (b) 3 sec with another vector P2 is zero then P2 could be
(c) 2 sec (d) 3 sec
12. Forces of 4 N and 5 N are applied at origin along X-axis and (a) 4 ĵ (b) - 4î
Y-axis respectively. The resultant force will be
(c) ( ĵ + k̂ ) (d) - (î + ˆj)
æ5ö æ4ö
(a) 41N, tan -1 ç ÷ (b) 41N, tan -1 ç ÷ 20. A wheel rotates with constant acceleration of
è4ø è5ø 2.0 rod/s2, if the wheel starts from rest the number of
revolutions it makes in the first ten seconds will be
æ5ö æ4ö
(c) - 41N, tan - 1 ç ÷ (d) - 41N, tan - 1 ç ÷ approximately
è4ø è5ø
(a) 32 (b) 24
13. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revolutions (c) 16 (d) 8
per second. The acceleration of the particle in meter per
21. A projectile of mass m is fired with velocity u making angle
second2 is
q with the horizontal. Its angular momentum about the point
(a) p2 (b) 8 p2 of projection when it hits the ground is given by
(c) 4 p2 (d) 2 p2
14. The vector sum of the forces of 10 N and 6 N can be 2mu sin 2 q cos q 2mu 3 sin 2 q cos q
(a) 2 N (b) 8 N (a) (b)
g g
(c) 18 N (d) 20 N
15. A bomb is dropped on an enemy post by an aeroplane flying mu sin 2 q cos q mu3 sin 2 q cos q
horizontally with a velocity of 60 km h–1 and at a height of (c) (d)
2g 2g
490 m. At the time of dropping the bomb, how far the
aeroplane should be from the enemy post so that the bomb 22. A bucket, full of water is revolved in a vertical circle of
may directly hit the target ? radius 2 m. What should be the maximum time-period of
revolution so that the water doesn’t fall out of the bucket?
400 500
(a) m (b) m (a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
3 3
(c) 3 sec (d) 4 sec
(c)
1700
m (d) 498 m. r r r r r r
3 23. If | a + b | = | a - b | then angle between a & b is
16. A projectile is thrown horizontally with a speed of (a) 45º (b) 30º
20 ms–1. If g is 10 ms–2, then the speed of the projectile (c) 90º (d) 180º
after 5 second will be nearly 24. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then the
(a) 0.5 ms–1 (b) 5 ms–1 magnitude of their difference is
(c) 54 ms–1 (d) 500 ms–1
17. A ball is projected at such an angle that the horizontal range (a) 3 (b) 2
is three times the maximum height. The angle of projection
of the ball is 1
(c) 5 (d)
2
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 4 ö
(a) sin ç ÷ (b) sin ç ÷ 25. Out of the following sets of forces, the resultant of which
è4ø è3ø
cannot be zero ?
æ4ö æ4ö (a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20
(c) cos -1 ç ÷ (d) tan -1 ç ÷
è3ø è3ø (c) 10, 20, 20 (d) 10, 20, 40
r
26. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is 3 32. The angles which the vector A = 3iˆ + 6jˆ + 2kˆ makes with
times the scalar product. The angle between vectors is the co-ordinate axes are :
p 3 4 1
(a)
p
(b) (a) cos -1 , cos -1 , cos -1
4 6 7 7 7
-1 3 6 2
(b) cos , cos -1 , cos -1
p p 7 7 7
(c) (d)
3 2 4 5 3
(c) cos -1 , cos -1 , cos -1
27. If A = B + C and the magnitudes of A, B and C are 5, 4 and 3 7 7 7
units, the angle between A and C is (d) None of these
(a) cos–1 (3/5) (b) cos–1 (4/5) 33. The resultant of two forces 3P and 2P is R. If the first force
is doubled then the resultant is also doubled. The angle
p
(c) (d) sin–1 (3/4) between the two forces is
2 (a) 60º (b) 120º
28. A rectangular sheet of material has a width of 3 m and a (c) 70º (d) 180º
length of 4 m. Forces with magnitudes of 3 N and 4N. r r r
34. Let C = A + B
respectively, are applied parallel to two edges of the sheet,
r r
as shown in the figure below. (a) | C | is always greater than | A |
r r r r
4N 4m (b) It is possible to have | C | < | A | and | C | < | B |
r r r
F (c) C is always equal to A + B
3m q r r r
(d) C is never equal to A + B
35. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x – y) act so
3N
that the resultant may be (x 2 + y 2 ) ?
A third force F, is applied to the centre of the sheet, along a (a) cos -1[-(x 2 + y2 ) / 2(x 2 - y 2 )]
line in the plane of the sheet, at an angle q = tan 0.75 with
(b) cos -1[-2(x 2 - y 2 ) /(x 2 + y 2 )]
respect to the horizontal direction. The sheet will be in
translational equilibrium when F has what value? (c) cos -1[-(x 2 + y 2 ) /(x 2 - y 2 )]
(a) F = 3 N (b) F = 4N
(c) F = 5 N (d) F = 7N (d) cos -1[-(x 2 - y 2 ) /(x 2 + y 2 )]
29. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by :
uur uur ur 36. A force of – Fk̂ acts on O, the origin of the coordinate
v = w´ r system. The torque about the point (1, –1) is
If w = î - 2ˆj + 2 k̂ and r = 4 ĵ - 3k̂ , then the magnitude of
Z
v is
(a) 29 units (b) 31 units
O
(c) (d) Y
37 units 41 units
30. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18 N
and their resultant is 12 N which is perpendicular to the X
smaller force. Then the magnitudes of the forces are
(a) 12 N, 6 N (b) 13 N, 5 N (a) F(î - ˆj) (b) - F(î + ĵ)
(c) 10 N, 8 N (d) 16N, 2N.
r r r r r r (c) F(î + ĵ) (d) - F(î - ˆj)
31. For any two vectors A and B , if A . B = | A ´ B | , the
r r r r
magnitude of C = A + B is 37. The component of vector a = 2iˆ + 3jˆ along the vector
i + j is
(a) A + B (b) A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB
5
(a) (b) 10 2
2 2 AB 2
(c) 2
A +B 2 (d) A +B +
2 (c) 5 2 (d) 5
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86 PHYSICS
38. A body is projected at an angle of 30º to the horizontal with (a) It would depend upon the weights of the bullets.
speed 30 m/s. What is the angle with the horizontal after 1.5 (b) The slower one.
seconds? Take g = 10 m/s2. (c) The faster one.
(a) 0º (b) 30º (d) Both will reach simultaneously.
(c) 60º (d) 90º -1
39. A projectile is moving at 60 m/s at its highest point, where it 47. A cricket ball is hit with a velocity 25 m s , 60° above the
breaks into two equal parts due to an internal explosion. horizontal. How far above the ground, ball passes over a
One part moves vertically up at 50 m/s with respect to the fielder 50 m from the bat (consider the ball is struck very
ground. The other part will move at a speed of close to the ground)?
(a) 110 m/s (b) 120 m/s Take 3 = 1.7 and g = 10 ms–2
(c) 130 m/s (d) 10 61 m / s (a) 6.8 m (b) 7 m
40. A particle having a mass 0.5 kg is projected under gravity (c) 5 m (d) 10 m
with a speed of 98 m/sec at an angle of 60º. The magnitude 48. The equation of a projectile is
of the change in momentum (in N-sec) of the particle after 10 gx 2
seconds is y = 3x -
(a) 0.5 (b) 49 2
(c) 98 (d) 490 The angle of projection is given by
41. A large number of bullets are fired in all directions with the 1
same speed v. What is the maximum area on the ground on (a) tan q = (b) tan q = 3
3
which these bullets will spread?
p
p v2 pv4 (c) (d) zero.
(a) (b) 2
g 2
g
49. A body is thrown horizontally with a velocity 2gh from
2 2 4
v p v the top of a tower of height h. It strikes the level ground
(c) p2 (d)
g 2
g 2 through the foot of the tower at a distance x from the tower.
The value of x is
42. A force of (3iˆ + 4j)
ˆ N acts on a body and displaces it by
gh
(a) gh (b)
(3iˆ + 4j)
ˆ m. The work done by the force is 2
(a) 5 J (b) 30 J 2gh
(c) 2h (d)
(c) 25 J (d) 10 J 3
43. A person aims a gun at a bird from a point at a horizontal 50. A plane flying horizontally at a height of 1500 m with a
distance of 100 m. If the gun can impact a speed of 500 ms– velocity of 200 ms–1 passes directly overhead on antiaircraft
1 to the bullet. At what height above the bird must he aim
gun. Then the angle with the horizontal at which the
his gun in order to hit it? (g = 10 ms–2) gun should be fired from the shell with a muzzle velocity of
(a) 10.4 cm (b) 20.35 cm 400 ms–1 to hit the plane, is
(c) 50 cm (d) 100 cms (a) 90° (b) 60°
r ˆ ˆ ˆ r (c) 30° (d) 45°
44. If a = i - j + k and b = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ , then the unit vector along
51. A projectile A is thrown at an angle of 30° to the horizontal
® ® from point P. At the same time, another projectile B is thrown
a + b is with velocity v2 upwards from the point Q vertically below
3i + 4 k -3i + 4 k v
(a) (b) the highest point. For B to collide with A, 2 should be
5 5 v1
Highest
-3i - 4 k point
(c) (d) None of these
5
45. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8 ms–1 making an v1
angle of 30º with the horizontal. It will hit the ground after a v2
time A B
30°
(a) 3.0 s (b) 2.0 s
P Q
(c) 1.5 s (d) 1 s
(a) 1 (b) 2
46. Two bullets are fired horizontally, simultaneously and with
different velocities from the same place. Which bullet will (c) 1 (d) 4
hit the ground earlier ? 2
52. The velocity of projection of oblique projectile is (a) -4(xˆ + y)

ˆ y
(6î + 8ˆj) m s -1 . The horizontal range of the projectile is P
(b) 4(xˆ + y)
ˆ
(a) 4.9 m (b) 9.6 m
(c) 19.6 m (d) 14 m (c) -(xˆ + y)
ˆ / 2 O x
Q
53. A gun is aimed at a horizontal target. It takes 1 s for the
2 (d) (xˆ - y)
ˆ /4
bullet to reach the target. The bullet hits the target x metre 59. A projectile is thrown in the upward direction making an
below the aim. Then, x is equal to angle of 60° with the horizontal direction with a velocity of
9.8 9 .8 147 ms–1. Then the time after which its inclination with the
(a) m (b) m
4 8 horizontal is 45°, is
(c) 9.8 m (d) 19.6 m. (a) 15 s (b) 10.98 s
54. The equation of trajectory of projectile is given by (c) 5.49 s (d) 2.745 s
x gx 2 60. A cyclist moving at a speed of 20 m/s takes a turn, if he
y= - , where x and y are in metre.
3 20 doubles his speed then chance of overturn
The maximum range of the projectile is (a) is doubled (b) is halved
8 4 (c) becomes four times (d) becomes 1/4 times
(a) m (b) m
3 3 61. A person swims in a river aiming to reach exactly on the
3 3 opposite point on the bank of a river. His speed of swimming
(c) m (d) m is 0.5 m/s at an angle of 120º with the direction of flow of
4 8
water. The speed of water is
55. A bullet is fired with a speed of 1500 m/s in order to hit a
target 100 m away. If g = 10 m/s2. The gun should be aimed (a) 1.0 m/s (b) 0.5 m/s
(a) 15 cm above the target (c) 0.25 m/s (d) 0.43 m/s
(b) 10 cm above the target 62. The position vector of a particle is
(c) 2.2 cm above the target
r
(d) directly towards the target r = (a cos wt )î + (a sin wt ) ĵ. The velocity of the particle is
56. A projectile of mass m is thrown with a velocity v making an
angle 60° with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, the (a) directed towards the origin
change in momentum from the departure A to its arrival at B, (b) directed away from the origin
along the vertical direction is (c) parallel to the position vector
v (d) perpendicular to the position vector
63. A ball whose kinetic energy is E is thrown at an angle of 45º
with horizontal. Its kinetic energy at highest point of flight
will be
60°
A B (a) E (b) E/2
(a) 2 mv (b) 3mv E

(c) (d) O
mv 2
(c) mv (d)
3 64. Two projectiles are fired from the same point with the same
57. A person sitting in the rear end of the compartment throws speed at angles of projection 60º and 30º respectively.
a ball towards the front end. The ball follows a parabolic Which one of the following is true?
path. The train is moving with velocity of 20 m/s. A person (a) Their maximum height will be same
standing outside on the ground also observes the ball. How (b) Their range will be same
will the maximum heights (ym) attained and the ranges (R)
(c) Their landing velocity will be same
seen by the thrower and the outside observer compare with
(d) Their time of flight will be same
each other?
(a) Same ym different R (b) Same ym and R 65. A body of 3kg. moves in X-Y plane under the action of force
(c) Different ym same R (d) Different ym and R given by 6t î + 4 tĵ . Assuming that the body is at rest at time
58. A particle moves in a circle of radius 4 cm clockwise at
t = 0, the velocity of body at t = 3 sec is
constant speed 2 cm/s. If x̂ and ŷ are unit acceleration
vectors along X and Y-axis respectively (in cm/s2), the (a) 9î + 6ˆj (b) 18î + 6 ĵ
acceleration of the particle at the instant half way between P
and Q is given by (c) 18î + 12ˆj (d) 12î + 68 ĵ
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88 PHYSICS
66. From a 10 m high building a stone A is dropped, and Directions for Qs. (71 to 75) : Each question contains
simultaneously another identical stone B is thrown STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
horizontally with an initial speed of 5 ms–1. Which one of (ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
the following statements is true? (a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(a) It is not possible to calculate which one of the two
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
stones will reach the ground first
correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Both the stones (A and B) will reach the ground
simultaneously (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
(c) A stone reaches the ground earlier than B a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) B stone reaches the ground earlier than A (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
67. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector r r
differences. In that case, the forces 71. Statement -1 : tr = rr ´ F and rt ¹ F ´ rr
(a) cannot be predicted Statement -2 : Cross product of vectors is commutative.
(b) are equal to each other r
(c) are equal to each other in magnitude 72. Statement -1 : If dot product and cross product of A and
(d) are not equal to each other in magnitude r r r
B are zero, it implies that one of the vector A and B must
æ 20 ö be a null vector
68. A particle moves along a circle of radius ç ÷ m with
è p ø Statement -2 : Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude.
constant tangential acceleration. It the velocity of particle 73. Statement-1 Two stones are simultaneously projected from
is 80 m/sec at end of second revolution after motion has level ground from same point with same speeds but different
begun, the tangential acceleration is angles with horizontal. Both stones move in same vertical
(a) 40 p m/sec2 (b) 40 m/sec2 plane. Then the two stones may collide in mid air.
(c) 640 p m/sec 2 (d) 160 p m/sec2
r r r r r r Statement-2 : For two stones projected simultaneously from
69. If | A ´ B |= 3A.B then the value of | A + B | is same point with same speed at different angles with
horizontal, their trajectories may intersect at some point.
(a) (A 2 + B 2 3AB)½ (b) (A 2 + B 2 + AB)½
74. Statement-1 : K.E. of a moving body given by as2 where s is
½ the distance travelled in a circular path refers to a variable
æ 2 AB ö
(c) çç A + B2 + ÷÷ (d) A + B acceleration.
è 3ø Statement-2 : Acceleration varies with direction only in this
Ù Ù Ù case of circular motion.
70. If a vector 2 i + 3 j + 8 k is perpendicular to the vector
Ù Ù Ù
75. Statement-1 : Centripetal and centrifugal forces cancel each
4 j - 4 i + a k , then the value of a is other.
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2 Statement-2 : This is because they are always equal and
(c) 1 (d) –1 opposite.
Exemplar Questions 3. Figure shows the orientation of two vectors u and v in the
xy-plane.
1. The angle between A = iˆ + ˆj and B = iˆ - ˆj is Y
(a) 45° (b) 90°
(c) – 45° (d) 180° v
u
2. Which one of the following statements is true?
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a
process O X
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative If u = aiˆ + bjˆ and v = piˆ + qjˆ
values Which of the following is correct?
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from (a) a and p are positive while b and q are negative
one point to another in space (b) a, p and b are positive while q is negative
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers (c) a, q and b are positive while p is negative
with different orientation of the axes (d) a, b, p and q are all positive
r
4. The component of a vector r along X-axis will have maximum Average velocity vector (Vav ) from t = 0 to t = 5s is : [2014]
value if
1 7 ˆ ˆ
(a) r is along positive Y-axis (a) (13iˆ + 14j)
ˆ (b) (i + j)
(b) r is along positive X-axis 5 3
(c) r makes an angle of 45° with the X-axis 11 ˆ ˆ
(c) 2(iˆ + ˆj) (d) (i + j)
(d) r is along negative Y-axis 5
5. The horizontal range of a projectile fired at an angle of 15° is 12. A ship A is moving Westwards with a speed of 10 km h–1
50 m. If it is fired with the same speed at an angle of 45°, its and a ship B 100 km South of A, is moving Northwards with
range will be a speed of 10 km h –1. The time after which the distance
(a) 60 m (b) 71 m between them becomes shortest, is : [2015]
(c) 100 m (d) 141 m
(a) 5h (b) 5 2 h
6. Consider the quantities, pressure, power, energy, impulse,
gravitational potential, electrical charge, temperature, area. (c) 10 2 h (d) 0 h
Out of these, the only vector quantities are : r r wt wt
(a) impulse, pressure and area 13. If vectors A = cos wtiˆ + sinwtjˆ and B = cos î + sin ˆj
(b) impulse and area 2 2
(c) area and gravitational potential are functions of time, then the value of t at which they are
(d) impulse and pressure orthogonal to each other is : [2015 RS]
7. In a two dimensional motion, instantaneous speed v0 is a p p
(a) t = (b) t =
positive constant. Then, which of the following are 2w w
necessarily true? p
(c) t = 0 (d) t =
(a) The average velocity is not zero at any time 4w
(b) Average acceleration must always vanish r
14. The position vector of a particle R as a function of time is
(c) Displacements in equal time intervals are equal given by:
(d) Equal path lengths are traversed in equal intervals r
8. In a two dimensional motion, instantaneous speed v0 is a R = 4sin(2pt)iˆ + 4cos(2pt) ˆj
positive constant. Then, which of the following are Where R is in meter, t in seconds and î and ĵ denote unit
necessarily true?
vectors along x-and y-directions, respectively.
(a) The acceleration of the particle is zero
Which one of the following statements is wrong for the
(b) The acceleration of the particle is bounded
motion of particle? [2015 RS]
(c) The acceleration of the particle is necessarily in the
plane of motion v2
(a) Magnitude of acceleration vector is , where v is
(d) The particle must be undergoing a uniform circular R
motion the velocity of particle
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions (b) Magnitude of the velocity of particle is 8 meter/second
(c) path of the particle is a circle of radius 4 meter.
9. ( )
The velocity of a projectile at the initial point A is 2$i + 3$j (d) Acceleration vector is along - R
r
m/s. It’s velocity (in m/s) at point B is [2013] 15. A particle moves so that its position vector is given by
r
r = cos wtxˆ + sin wtyˆ . Where w is a constant. Which of the
following is true ? [2016]
r
(a) Velocity and acceleration both are perpendicular to r
r
(b) Velocity and acceleration both are parallel to r
r
(c) Velocity is perpendicular to r and acceleration is
directed towards the origin
(a) -2$i + 3 $j (b) 2$i - 3$j r
(d) Velocity is perpendicular to r and acceleration is
(c) 2$i + 3$j (d) -2$i - 3 $j directed away from the origin
r r r r r r r 16. If the magnitude of sum of two vectors is equal to the
10. Vectors A, B and C are such that A × B = 0 and A × C = 0.
r magnitude of difference of the two vectors, the angle
Then the vector parallel to A is [NEET Kar. 2013] between these vectors is : [2016]
r r r r
(a) B and C (b) A ´ B (a) 0° (b) 90°
r r r r (c) 45° (d) 180°
(c) B + C (d) B ´ C
11. A particle is moving such that its position coordinate (x, y) 17. The x and y coordinates of the particle at any time are x = 5t
are – 2t2 and y = 10t respectively, where x and y are in meters
(2m, 3m) at time t = 0 and t in seconds. The acceleration of the particle at t = 2s is
(6m, 7m) at time t = 2 s and (a) 5 m/s2 (b) –4 m/s2 [2017]
(c) –8 m/s 2 (d) 0
(13m, 14m) at time t = 5s.
EBD_7751
90 PHYSICS
Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 u 2 sin 2 q
1. (b) 2. (d) 16. (a) h1 =
2g
H1 u 2 sin 2 q / 2g
3. (d) = 2 2 = tan 2 q
H 2 u sin (90º -q) / 2g u 2 sin 2 (90 - q) u 2 sin 2q
h2 = , R =
4. (d) 5. (a) 2g g
6. (a) In vector addition, the commutative law is obeyed Range R is same for angle q and (90° – q)
r r r r
i.e., A + B = B + A u 2 sin 2 q u 2 sin 2 (90 - q)
\ h1h 2 = ´
Vector subtraction does not follow commutative law. 2g 2g
r r r r r
7. (d) Since A.C = 0 = A.B , it means that A is perpendicular
r r r r r u 4 (sin 2 q) ´ sin 2 (90 - q)
= [Q sin(90 - q) = cos q]
to both C & B , hence A is parallel to (B ´ C) or 4g 2
r r
(C ´ B ) . u 4 (sin 2 q) ´ cos 2 q
r = [Q sin 2q = 2sin q cos q]
8. (a) The unit vector of any vector A is defined as 4g 2
r
A u 4 (sin q cos q)2 u 4 (sin 2q)2
Â = r = =
|A| 4g 2 16g2
9. (c) On earth, R = u2 sin 2q/g.
On moon, g' = g/6 (u 2 sin 2q)2 R2
= =
R' = u2 sin 2q/g' = 6u2 sin2q/g = 6R. 16g 2 16
R 2 - A 2 - B2 R2 - R2 or, R2 = 16 h1h2 or R = 4 h1h 2

10. (c) cos q = = =0
2AB 2A B 17. (b) If there is no resistance, bomb will drop at a place exactly
below the flying aeroplane. But when we take into
\ q = p/2 account air resistance, bomb will face deceleration in
its velocity. So, it will fall on the earth exactly behind
11. (c) R 2 = [A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos q ]
the aeroplane.
R 2 = R 2 + R 2 + 2 R 2 cos q 18. (b)
19. (c) From the resultant path of the particle, when it is
- R 2 = 2 R 2 cos q or cos q = -1 / 2 or q = 2p / 3 projected at angle q with its velocity u is
12. (c) The dot product should be zero. A
u 2 sin 60º 3 2
13. (c) R 30º = = (u / g)
g 2
on
y
n
Ca
u 2 sin 90 1 gx 2
R 45º = = u2 / g y = x tan q -
g 2 u 2 cos 2 q
q
O D B
2 2 2
u sin120º u cos 30º u
R 60 º = = = ( 3 / 2) Where y denotes the instantaneous height of particle
g g g
when it travels an instantaneous horizontal distance x.
so R 30º = R 60º > R 45º or R A = R C > R B here x = D, u = vo
gD 2
14. (a) F1 = mr1w 2 ; F2 = mr2 w 2 so y = D tan q - 1
2 v 20 cos 2 q
2p
since period T is same, so w is same, because T = .
w v 2 sin 2 (90 - q)
20. (d) Max. height = H = .....(i)
F1 æ r1 ö 2g
Hence =ç ÷
F2 çè r2 ÷ø 2 v sin( 90 - q )
Time of flight, T = ...(ii)
15. (a) A parabola g
EXERCISE - 2
v 1. (b) K.E. is minimum at the highest point. So, the horizontal
Vertical distance is half of the range R i.e., 0.5 R.
u 2 sin 2 q u 2 sin 30 u2 u2
q 2. (b) R1 = = or 1.5 = or =3
g g 2g g
u 2 sin 90 u 2
R2 = = = 3 km
Horizontal g g
3. (b) The bullets are fired at the same initial speed
v cos q 2H
From (i), = ,From (ii), H u 2 sin 2 60º 2g sin 2 60º
g g = ´ 2 =
H¢ 2g u sin 2 30 º sin 2 30º
2H 8H
T=2 = ( 3 / 2) 2 3
g g = =
(1/ 2) 2 1
21. (a) For A: It goes up with velocity u will it reaches its
maximum height (i.e. velocity becomes zero) and comes 4. (b)
r r
back to O and attains velocity u. 5. (a) F1 .F2 = ( 2 î + 5k̂ ).(3ˆj + 4k̂ ) = 20
Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as Þ v A = u 2 + 2gh
u 2 2 sin q cos q u 2 sin 2 q
u 6. (d) = 2´ or tan q = 2
g 2g
O u = vx 1 3 1
7. (a) m(u cos q)2 = ´ m u 2
u 2 4 2
h 2 3 3
or cos q = or cos q = = cos 30 º .
4 2
vB vA 2 2
u = vX vc = v x + v y 8. (c)
2
u2 u2 gx
vC 9. (d) R= or 6 = ; y = x tan q -
For B, going down with velocity u g g 2 u cos 2 q
2
Þ v B = u 2 + 2gh 4 æ1ö 2 4
or h = 2 tan 45 º - ç ÷ = 2- = m
For C, horizontal velocity remains same, i.e. u. Vertical 2 cos 2 45 º è 6 ø 3 3
velocity = 0 + 2gh = 2gh
(u sin q) 2 u 2 sin 2 q
10. (c) We know that, y m = H = =
The resultant v C = v 2x + v 2y = u 2 + 2gh . 2g 2g
Hence v A = v B = v C DH 2 Du Du
\ = . Given = 2%
22. (c) Since horizontal component of the velocity of the bomb H u u
will be the same as the velocity of the aeroplane, DH
therefore horizontal displacements remain the same at \ = 2 ´ 2 = 4%
H
any instant of time.
23. (a) In uniform circular motion speed is constant. So, no 1 2
11. (c) As, s = u sin qt - gt
tangential acceleration. 2
1
v2 so 40 = 20 3 ´ ( 3 / 2 ) t - ´ 10 ´ t 2
It has only radial acceleration a R = [directed towards 2
R
or 5t2 – 30t + 40 = 0 or t2 – 6t + 8 = 0
center]
and its velocity is always in tangential direction. So these or t = 2 or 4.
two are perpendicular to each other. The minimum time t = 2s.
2u sin (q - a) 12. (a) R = 4 2 + 5 2 = 41N

24. (d) T=
g cos a
25 (d) Velocity and kinetic energy is minimum at the highest
point.
5N R
1
K.E = m v 2 cos 2 q q
2
4N
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92 PHYSICS
5 æ 5ö 50
The angle q will be given by tan q = or q = tan-1 ç ÷ \ Number of revolution = = 16
4 è 4ø 3.14
r r
1 21. (b) L = R´p
13. (c) Here T = sec the required centripetal acceleration
2
for moving in a circle is u 2 sin 2q
Where R = range =
g
v2 (rw )2
aC = = = rw 2 = r ´ (2p / T) 2 r r
r r The angle between R and p = q
Also, p = m u.
so a c = 0.25 ´ (2p / 0.5) 2 = 16 p 2 ´ .25 = 4.0p 2
u 2 sin 2q
14. (b) R max = (10 + 6) = 16N , R min = (10 - 6) = 4N Hence, L = ´ mu sin(q)
g
Þ Values can be from 4N to 16N
15. (b) Time taken for vertical direction motion 2mu3 sin 2 q cos q
=
2h 2 ´ 490 g
t= = = 100 = 10 s
g 9.8 22. (c) Let its angular velocity be w at all points (uniform
The same time is for horizontal direction. motion). At the highest point weight of the body is
balanced by centrifugal force, so
æ 5ö 500
\ x = vt = ç 60 ´ ÷ ´ 10 = m g
è 18 ø 3 mw2 r = mg Þ w =
r
16. (c) Even after 5 second, the horizontal velocity v x will be
2p r 2 2p
20 m s -1 . The vertical velocity v y is given by T= = 2p = 2p =
w g 10 5
v y = 0 + 10 ´ 5 = 50 m s -1
2 ´ 3.14
= = 3 sec .
2 2 2
Now, v = v x + v y = 20 + 50 » 54 ms 2 -1 2. 1
r r r r r r r r
23. (c) | a + b | = | a - b | Þ | a + b |2 = | a - b |2
u 2 sin 2q u 2 sin 2 q r r r r
17. (d) Given =3
g 2g Þ | a |2 + | b |2 + 2a . b = | a |2 + | b |2 - 2a . b
24. (a)
-1 æ 4 ö 25. (d) R2 = P2 + Q2 – PQ cos q
Þ q = tan ç ÷
è3ø (40)2 = (10)2 + (20)2 – 2 × 10 × 20 × cosq
18. (d) The horizontal velocity of the projectile remains 400 cos q = 500 – 1600 = – 1100
constant throughout the journey. 1100 11
Since the body is projected horizontally, the initial cos q = - =- which is not possible.
400 4
velocity will be same as the horizontal velocity at any In this way, the set of forces given in option (d) can not
point. be represented both in magnitude and direction by the
dx sides of a triangle taken in the same order. Thus their
Since, x = 2t , =2 resultant can not be zero.
dt r r r r
\ Horizontal velocity = 2 m/s 26. (c) Here, | A ´ B |= 3 | A.B |
\ Initial velocity = 2 m/s
19. (b) Vector product of parallel vectors is zero. Þ ABsin q = 3ABcos q Þ tan q = 3
20. (c) For circular angular motion, the formula for angular p
displacement q and angular acceleration a is Þ q = 60° =
3
1 27. (a) See fig. Clearly A is the resultant of B and C. Further B
q = wt + a t 2 where w = initial velocity
2 is perpendicular to C
1
or q = 0 + 1 at 2 or q = ´ (2)(10)2
2 2 4
or q = 100 radian 5
2p radian are covered in 1 revolution B 4
A
1
\ 1 radian is covered in revolution q
2p
100 C=3
or 100 radian are covered in revolution
2p cos q = 3/5 or q = cos–1 (3/5)
28. (c) A body is in translational equilibrium when the ur r ur

36. (c) Torque t = r ´ F = (iˆ - ˆj) ´ (-Fk)
ˆ
components of all external forces cancel.
For the sheet : F cos q = 4 N, F sinq = 3 N. The magnitude = F[- î ´ kˆ + ˆj ´ k]
ˆ = F(ˆj + î) = F(iˆ + ˆj)
of F is found by adding the squares of the components:
F2cos2 q+ F2 sin 2 q = F2 = 42 + 32 = 25 N2. Therefore F éSince kˆ ´ iˆ = ˆj and ˆj ´ kˆ = iˆ ù
ë û
= 5 N. The F vector points in the proper direction, r r r
r a.b
since tan q = 0.75 = 3/4. 37. (a) Component of a along b = r
|b|
î ˆj kˆ
r 38. (a) u x = 30cos30º = 30 3 / 2, , uy = 30 sin 30°,
29. (a) v = 1 -2 2
v y = 30sin 30° - gt
0 4 -3
v y = 30 sin 30 º - 10 ´ 1. 5 = 0
r
v = î[6 - 8] + ˆj[0 + 3] + k̂[4 - 0] As vertical velocity = 0,
r uur Angle with horizontal a = 0º
v = -2î + 3ˆj + 4k̂ Þ | v |= 29 units . It is a state, when a particle reach to a highest point of
its path.
P sin q
30. (b) Use tan a = 39. (c) From conservation of linear momentum,
Q + P cos q
r mr mr
mv = v + v
Þ tan 90° =
P sin q 2 1 2 2
=¥
Q + P cos q v1 = 50m/sec
\ Q + P cos q = 0 Þ P cos q = -Q. ode y
p l
Ex
R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos q
120 m/s
R= P 2 + Q 2 - 2Q 2 or R = P 2 - Q 2 = 12 q
144 = (P + Q)(P - Q) or P - Q = 144/18 = 8.
\ P = 13 N and Q = 5 N.
r r r r 50 m/s
v2
31. (b) | A.B |=| A ´ B | Þ AB cos q = ABsin q
(here we take particle & earth as a system so in this
1 case external force is zero & linear momentum is
Þ tanθ = 1 Þ cosθ =
2 conserved)
r
r r Where v is velocity of particle before explosion &
Now, | A + B |= A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos q r r
v1, v2 are velocity of its equal pieces.
= A 2 + B2 + 2AB.
1
2 2 here vr = 60iˆ (in x direction),
2 = A + B + 2AB r
v1 = 50ˆj (in y direction)
3iˆ + + bjˆ + 2kˆæ3 6 2 ö r r
32. (b) Â = = ç î + ˆj + kˆ ÷ . If a, b and g are so v 2 = 120iˆ - 50ˆj or | v2 |= 130m / sec &
9 + 36 + 4 è 7 7 7 ø
[From conservation of linear momentum]
angles made by A with coordinate axes, then -50
tan q =
3 6 2 120
cos a = , cos b = and cos g = .
7 7 7 40. (b) There is no change in horizontal velocity, hence no
33. (b) Solve two equations : R2 = 9P2 + 4P2 + 12P2 cosq and change in momentum in horizontal direction. The
4R2 = 36P2 + 4P2 + 24P2 cosq. vertical velocity at t = 10sec is
34. (b) v = 98 ´ sin 60 º - (9.8) ´ 10 = –13.13 m/sec
2 so change in momentum in vertical direction is
æ x 2 + y 2 ö = (x + y)2 + (x - y)2 + 2(x + y)(x - y) cos q
35. (a) ç ÷
è ø = (0.5 ´ 98 ´ 3 / 2) - [ -(0.5 ´ 13.13)]
Þ x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 2xy + x 2 + y 2 - 2xy + 2(x 2 - y 2 ) cos q = 42.434+6.56 = 48.997 » 49
41. (b) Maximum possible horizontal range = v2/g
or 2(x 2 - y2 ).cos q = -(x 2 + y 2 ) Maximum possible area of the circle
2
é -(x 2 + y2 ) ù æ v2 ö p v4 é v2 ù
-1
Þ q = cos ê ú = pç ÷ = ê Here r = ú
2 2
êë 2(x - y ) úû ç g ÷ g2 êë g úû
è ø
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94 PHYSICS
r
42. (c) Here , F = (3iˆ + 4ˆj)N 49. (c) 2gh
r rr
d = (3iˆ + 4j)m
ˆ \ W = F.d = (9 + 16)J = 25J
43. (b) Let the gun be fired with velocity u from point O on the
h
bird at B, making an angle q with the horizontal direction.
Therefore the height of the aims of the person is at height
BA (=h) above the bird.
A x
uy = 0, sy = –h, ay = –g, ty = ?
1
h s = ut + at 2
u 2
q 1 2h
O B \ -h = - gt 2 Þ t =
100 m 2 g
u 2 sin 2q x
Here, horizontal range = = 100 velocity =
g t
2h
5002 sin 2q \ x = 2gh ´ = 2h
or = 100 or sin 2q g
10
50. (b) Horizontal distance covered should be same for the
100 ´ 10 1 time of collision.
= 2
= = sin14¢
(500) 250 1
400 cos q = 200 or cos q = or q = 60°
7 p 2
or 2q = 14' or q = 7' = ´ radian 51. (c) This happen when vertical velocity of both are same.
60 180
arc v2 1
\ v2 = v1 sin30° or =
As, angle = \ q = AB v1 2
radius OB
or AB = q × OB 52. (b) v = 6 î + 8ˆj
7 p
= ´ ´ (100 ´ 100) cm = 20.35 cm
60 180
r r
44. (a) a + b = 3iˆ + 4kˆ 10 8
\ Required unit vector
r r
a+b 3iˆ + 4kˆ 3iˆ + 4kˆ q
= r r = = .
|a+b| 32 + 4 2 5 6
uur
2 u sin q Comparing with v = vx î + v yˆj , we get
45. (d) Time of flight =
g
v x = 6 m s -1 and v y = 8 m s -1
2 ´ 9.8 ´ sin 30º 1
= = 2 ´ = 1 sec . 2 2
Also, v 2 = v x + v y = 36 + 64 = 100
9. 8 2
46. (d) The initial velocity in the vertically downward direction or v = 10 m s -1
is zero and same height has to be covered.
8 6
1 gx 2 sin q = and cos q =
47. (c) y = x tan q - 10 10
2 u 2 cos 2 q
v 2 sin 2q 2v 2 sin q cos q
R= =
10 ´ 50 ´ 50 =5 m g g
y = 50 tan 60° -
2 ´ 25 ´ 25 ´ cos 2 60° 8 6 1
48. (b) Comparing the given equation with R = 2 ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ ´ ´ = 9.6 m
10 10 10
gx 2 1 2
y = x tan q - , we get 53. (b) x= gt
2u 2 cos 2 q 2
1 1 1 9.8
tan q = 3 = ´ 9.8 ´ ´ = m
2 2 2 8
54. (b) Comparing the given equation with the equation of Hence, change in momentum is given by :
trajectory of a projectile,
Dp = mvsin 60° - (-mv sin 60°) = 2mv sin 60°
gx 2
y = x tan q - 3
2u 2 cos 2 q = 2mv = 3mv
2
1 57. (a) The motion of the train will affect only the horizontal
we get, tan q = Þ q = 30°
3 component of the velocity of the ball. Since, vertical
20 component is same for both observers, the ym will be
and 2u 2 cos 2 q = 20 Þ u 2 = same, but R will be different.
2cos 2 q
v2
10 10 40 58. (c) a= = 1 cm/s. Centripetal acceleration is directed
= = = r
cos 2 30° æ 3ö
2 3
towards the centre. Its magnitude = 1. Unit vector at
çç ÷÷ the mid point on the path between P and Q is
è 2 ø
ˆ / 2.
-(xˆ + y)
u2 40 4
Now, R max = = = m
59. (c) v sin 45°
g 3 ´ 10 3
v
55. (c) The bullet performs a horizontal journey of 100 cm with
constant velocity of 1500 m/s. The bullet also performs 45°
a vertical journey of h with zero initial velocity and u sin 60° u
A v cos 45°
downward acceleration g.
Distance 60°
\ For horizontal journey, time (t) = O u cos 60° B
Velocity
Velocity of projectile u = 147 ms–1
100 1 angle of projection a = 60°
\t= = sec … (1)
1500 15 Let, the time taken by the projectile from O to A be t
The bullet performs vertical journey for this time. where direction b = 45°. As horizontal component of
1 2 velocity remains constant during the projectile motion.
For vertical journey, h = ut + gt Þ v cos 45° = u cos 60°
2
1 1 147 -1
2 Þ v× = 147 ´ Þ v = ms
1 æ1ö 2 2 2
h = 0 + ´10 ´ ç ÷
2 è 15 ø For Vertical motion, vy = uy – gt
Þ v sin 45° = 45sin 60° – 9.8 t
10 10 ´ 100
or, h = m= cm 147 1 3
2 ´ 15 ´ 15 2 ´ 15 ´ 15 Þ ´ = 147 ´ - 9.8 t
2 2 2
20 147
or, h = cm = 2.2cm Þ 9.8 t = ( 3 - 1) Þ t = 5.49 s
9 2
60. (d) When a cyclist moves on a circular path, it experiences
æ 20 ö a centrifugal force which is equal to mv2 / r. It tries to
The gun should be aimed ç ÷ cm above the target.
è 9 ø overturn the cyclist in outward direction. If speed
increases twice, the value of centrifugal force too
56. (b)
increases to 4 times its earlier value. Therefore the
PA= mv sin 60°
v chance of overturning is 1/4 times.

61. (c) Here v = 0.5 m/sec. u = ?
u u 1
so sin q = Þ = or u = 0.25 ms–1
60° B v .5 2
A
60° B u C direction
of flow
PB= mvsin 60° v

river
30º
As the figure drawn above shows that at points A and 120º
B the vertical component of velocity is v sin 60° but
their directions are opposite. A
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96 PHYSICS
r r r
62. (d) r = (a cos wt ) î + (a sin wt )ˆj 69. (b) | A ´ B |= A B sin q
r r
r d(r ) d A.B = A B cos q
v= = {(a cos wt )î + (a sin wt )ˆj} r r r r
dt dt | A ´ B |= 3 A.B
= (- aw sin w t )î + (aw cos w t ) ĵ Þ AB sin q = Ö3 AB cos q or tan q = Ö3
= w[( -a sin wt ) î + (a cos wt )ˆj] \ q = 60º
r r r r
r .v = 0 \| A + B |= A2 + B2 + 2ABcos 60º
\ velocity is perpendicular to the displacement.
1 2E = A 2 + B 2 + AB
63. (b) Since E = mv 2 Þ v = 70. (b) For two vectors to be perpendicular to each other
2 m
Now at highest point of flight, the vertical component ® ®
A × B =0
of velocity is zero & only horizontal component is non
Ù Ù Ù Ù Ù Ù
1 2 ( 2 i + 3 j+ 8 k ) · ( 4 j - 4 i + a k ) = 0
zero. So K.E. at highest point is E ' = m(v cos 45º )
2 4 1
=E /2 –8 + 12 + 8a = 0 or a=- =-
8 2
64. (b) Given, u1 = u2 = u, q1 = 60º, q2 = 30º 71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (a)
In Ist case, we know that range
u 2 sin 2(60°) u 2 sin 120° u 2 sin(90° + 30°) EXERCISE - 3
R1 = = =
g g g
Exemplar Questions
2 2
u (cos 30 ° ) 3u
= = 1. (b) Given, A = iˆ + ˆj
g 2g
B = iˆ - ˆj
In IInd case when q 2 = 30° , then As we know that
2 2 r r
u sin 60° u 3 A × B =| A || B | cos q
R2 = = Þ R1 = R2
g 2g
(iˆ + ˆj ) × (iˆ - ˆj ) = ( 12 + 12 )( 12 + 12 ) cos q
(we get same value of ranges).
6t 4t (i + j )(i - j ) = 2 ´ 2 cos q
65. (a) F = 6tiˆ + 4tjˆ or a x = ,a y =
3 3 where q is the angle between A and B
so u x = òot a x dt = t 2 Þ (u x ) t=3 = 9m/sec 1- 0 + 0 -1
cos q = =0
2 2
2t 2 Þ ( u )
and u y = òot a y dt = y t = 3 = 6 m / sec \ q = 90°
3
2. (d) A scalar quantity does not depend on direction so it
(because ux & uy = 0 at t = 0 sec) has the same value for observers with different
1 2 orientations of the axes.
66. (b) s = gt , s and g are same for both the balls, so time
2 3. (b) From the diagram, u = aiˆ + bjˆ
of fall ‘t’ will also be the same for both of them (s is
As u is in the first quadrant, so both components a
vertical height)
r r r and b will be positive.
67. (c) P = vector sum = A + B
For v = piˆ + qjˆ, as it is in positive x-direction and
r r r
Q = vector differences = A - B located downward so x-component p will be positive
r r and y-component q will be negative.
Since P and Q are perpendicular Hence, a, b and p are positive but q is negative.
r r 4. (b) Let r makes an angle q with positive x-axis component
\ P.Q=0
r r r r of r along x-axis.
Þ (A + B).(A - B) = 0 Þ A2 = B2 Þ A = B rx =| r | cos q
68. (b) Circumference of circle is 2pr = 40m
(rx )maximum =| r | (cos q) maximum
Total distance travelled in two revolution is 80m. Initial
velocity u =0, final veloctiy v = 80 m/sec =| r | cos 0° =| r |
so from (Q cos q is maximum of q = 0°)
v2 =u2+2as q = 0°.
Þ (80)2 = 02+2×80×a Hence the vector r has maximum value along positive
Þ a = 40m/sec2 x-axis.
5. (c) Consider, projectile is fired at an angle q. NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions

According to question, 9. (b) At point B the direction of velocity component of the
q = 15° and R = 50 m projectile along Y - axis reverses.
®
Y Hence, VB = 2i$ - 3j$
10. (d) Vector triple product
u r r r r r r r r r
A ´ ( B ´ C ) = B( A × C ) - C ( A × B ) = 0
r r r r r r r
q Þ A || ( B ´ C ) [Q A × B = 0 and A × C = 0] 1.
X r r r
R (a) ( A + B )2 = (C ) 2
r r
u 2 sin 2q Þ A2 + B 2 + 2 A.B = C 2
Range, R =
g r r
Þ 32 + 42 + 2 A.B = 52
r r
u 2 sin(2 ´ 15°) Þ 2 A.B = 0
R = 50 m = r r
g or Þ A.B = 0
1 r r
50 ´ g = u 2 sin 30° = u 2 ´ \A^ B
2 uur uur
50 × g × 2 = u2 Here A2 + B2 = C2. Hence, A ^ B
r
r Dr (displacement)
u 2 = 50 ´ 9.8 ´ 2 = 100 ´ 9.8 = 980 11. (d) vav =
Dt (time taken)
u = 980 = 31.304 m/s = 14 5
(13 - 2)iˆ + (14 - 3)ˆj 11 ˆ ˆ
(Q g = 9.8 m/s 2 ) = = (i + j)
5-0 5
Now, q = 45°; ur
2
u sin 2 ´ 45° u 2 12. (a) ( )
V A = 10 –i$
R= = ur
g g V B = 10 ( $j)
ur
(14 5)2 14 ´14 ´ 5 V BA = 10 $j + 10 î = 10 2 km / h
R= = = 100 m
g 9.8
Distance OB = 100 cos 45° = 50 2 km
6. (b) As we know that,
N($j)
æ Dp ö
Impulse, I = F Dt = ç ÷ Dt = Dp
è Dt ø
where F is force, Dt is time duration and Dp is change
in momentum. As Dp is a vector quantity, hence impulse
is also a vector quantity. Sometimes area can also be w 10 km/h A 100 km
treated as vector. 45°
7. (d) As speed is a scalar quantity, hence it will be related
with path length (scalar quantity) only. 100 km O
V BA = 10 2 km / h
total distance travelled
Hence, Speed v0 = B
time taken
S
So, total distance travelled = Path length Time taken to reach the shortest distance between
= (speed) × time taken
OB 50 2
Hence, path length which is scalar and traversed in A and B = uuuur = = 5h
equal intervals. VBA 10 2
8. (c) As given that in two dimensional motion the 13. (b) Two vectors are
instanteous speed v0 is positive constant and we know r ˆ ˆ
A = cos wti + sin wtj
that acceleration is rate of change of velocity or
r wt wt
instantaneous speed and hence it will also be in the B = cos î + sin ˆj
plane of motion. 2 2
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98 PHYSICS
r r r r r r r r
For two vectors A and B to be orthogonal A.B = 0 16. (b) A+B = A-B
r r wt wt
A.B = 0 = cos wt.cos + sin wt.sin Squaring on both sides
2 2
r r2 r r2
æ wt ö æ wt ö A+B = A-B
= cos ç wt - ÷ = cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø r r r r r r
Þ A · A + 2A · B + B · B
wt p p
So, = \ t= r r r r r r
2 2 w
= A · A – 2A · B + B · B
14. (b) Here,x = 4sin(2pt) ...(i)
y = 4cos(2pt) ...(ii) r r
Squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii) Þ 4A · B = 0 Þ 4AB cos q = 0
x2 + y2 = 42 Þ R = 4 Þ cos q = 0 Þ q = 90°
Motion of the particle is circular motion, acceleration
17. (b) Given:
ur V2
vector is along – R and its magnitude = x = 5t – 2t2 y = 10t
R
Velocity of particle, V = wR = (2p) (4) = 8p dx dy
15. (c) Given: Position vector vx = = 5 – 4t vy = = 10
dt dt
r = cos wt + sin wt ŷ
r x̂
r
\ Velocity, v = – wsin wt x̂ + wcos wt ŷ dv x dv y
ax = =–4 ay = =0
and acceleration, dt dt
r r r
a = –w2 cos wt x̂ – w2sin wt ŷ = – w2 r a = a xi + a y j r
r a = -4i m / s2
r . r = 0 hence r ^ vr and
r v
r is directed towards the origin. Hence, acceleration of particle at (t = 2 s) = –4m/s2
a

Chapter - 4 Motion in A Plane

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Chapter - 4 Motion in A Plane

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Motion in a

(viii) Axial vector : Vector associated with rotation about an axis ur ur

rA (iii) If the vectors A and B are orthogonal,

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